Related content "Vulgar Literature in the Absurd World of Da * * *" is deeply involved: What did Da * * * say? This document is an almost square parchment covered with dense brown Latin letters and a dark green wax seal at the bottom. The rope winds around the city of London. It is a red gold carriage made for Edward VII. A small camera is installed on the ceiling of the carriage, which can transmit files in real time during the journey. "Big * * *" visited Dragon City, the financial center of London in Panyu. People wear fish to ride Segway, pirate ships, a group of Marseille dancers and Napoléon Bonaparte. You can imagine, 12 15, the year when Da * * * was blocked for the first time, how did the copy of Da * * * spread? The public appearance of the copy is part of the mayor's performance, and it is a year to celebrate the inauguration of the mayor of London (by the way, the mayor's first performance also took place in 12 15). But the real significance of this outing is to remind people that uping year will be an important year: 20 15, the 800th anniversary of the birth of a document regarded as the cornerstone of modern democracy, is a symbol of human inalienable rights, and is also the spiritual ancestor of the US Constitution and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Obviously, the book Big * * * that I hitchhiked in London last year can be traced back to 1297, that is, the year when this book was reissued and stamped by King Edward I of England of England. It is not "original"; Even if the version of 1225 is reissued on the basis of the original version, it is the reissue of 12 17 and 12 16. This is a copy of a copy, showing how Da * * * has developed from actually solving civil emergencies to today's free totem worship. It tells the story of how the great * * * developed, because there is no better term, viral.
The story of how the great * * * spread and formed. King John, a bearded villain in British history, and a group of angry barons, whose main coup was to control London, held fierce negotiations at Lannimide Ranch on the Thames from June 12 15 to June 19. The settlement agreement was reached, and John swore to support the agreement in exchange for the loyalty oath of the barons.
The settlement agreement was quickly released by the king as a royal * * * *; Most of the 63 articles involve his dissatisfaction with the disadvantages of feudal customs and detailed actions to limit feudal customs. John suffered heavy losses in the defeat of the French war. He always used feudal rights to extort money from nobles. When they couldn't afford the money, he confiscated their land and took their family members hostage.
Buried in the Thames clause about removing fish ponds and clearly defining rights, several clauses about rich widows may have existed for centuries, although no one knew at that time. This ensures the freedom of the church to handle affairs without interference from the throne; No free man can be imprisoned or banned unless a legal judgment is made by an equal person; The right to justice cannot be betrayed, refused or delayed. As the myth of the Great Myth may imply, this is not the first time that Britain has recorded these things. Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain had become an established political entity with customary law and written law. On the contrary, Da * * * is the first time to combine these laws with the implicit statement that the king himself is bound by these laws. But how can people hear about it without printing presses, telegrams, 24-hour news circulation or the Internet? "
The answer is ambiguous. What happened in Lannimide is not clear, except for a wide range of blows, although the decisive battle between John and his barons may not include an official document as we thought. Of course, he won't leave a mark on anything dramatically; This is not a dramatic moment, no matter what those over-imaginative historians will believe later.
The lithograph of 1864 shows that King John signed the Grand * * * in Lenimede, which is an imaginary scene that may never have happened in real life. (Stapleton Collection/Corbis) "I think when the public goes to see Da * * *, the main assumption is that they think what they see is something on Lonemede Island, or that the king signed or sealed it, and everyone read it, which is almost certainly not the case," explained Tessa Webber, a lecturer in paleogeography at Cambridge University. More likely, in the past few weeks and months, the draft text has been read out to participants in open and secret negotiations. Once John is sworn in, these 63 clauses will be merged into one * * *, not big * * ("big * * *"), but "freedom * * *". It is unknown who actually wrote the first text, but some evidence points to Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, one of the architects who negotiated with Ronnie Meade. This passage was then copied on parchment in short medieval Latin by trained royal judges and scribes from the King's Records and Communications Office. These "preconceptions", called "preconceptions", were later stamped with the king's seal, which was the physical expression of the king's authority and sent by the royal messenger. Simple, right? "
When I try to imagine what will happen to 12 15, it is not like creating a document. It's more like sending an email to multiple recipients and then copying or cutting and pasting it, "said Julian Harrison, co-director of the British Library's large-scale exhibition. In addition, this is a message that needs to be manually copied by a group of experts who are pressed for time. It can only travel as fast as a rider, and in the end, even the person who needs to make it may not understand it. It's not that simple.
There are four existing 12 15 * * *, two of which are collected by the British Library and one in Lincoln and Salisbury Cathedral. The stamp date of each document is1265438+June 15, although it is not clear whether they really existed that day; There are precedents to prove that the date on the document is verbally agreed, not the date actually stamped. There may be as many as 4 1 copy, one for each county or county, one for five ports and one for five ports along the coast of Kent and Sussex. Each of the remaining paintings is in the hands of different people, each with different sizes and shapes. One is a landscape painting, two are portraits, and the other is almost square, written on parchment.
Sheepskin is soaked in concentrated lye to make parchment, which makes it easier to scrape off hair and meat. Then, the skin is stretched on the frame, dried under tension, leveled and trimmed with a crescent knife (called a wheel knife). A single sheepskin determines the shape and size of parchment, and the result is: "You deal with the sheep you own," Weber said. Given that the text is about 4,000 words, which may be one of the longest documents so far, it is unlikely that a sheep will produce more than one big * * *.
Ink is made of the same water, mineral powder, gum (as a binder) and oak powder, also known as oak apple. Oak gall is a unique treasure in nature: when gall bees lay eggs on the bark or leaves of oak trees, oak trees will form a smooth ball around the larvae, just like boiling. The ball contains tannic acid, which can be almost etched on parchment after combining with other components. Black ink will be drawn with a feather pen, and feathers will be taken from geese or swans. The right-handed scribe holds a left-wing feather in his hand, which bends into a hand; About every 10 line of narrow spider-like scratches, he would stop to trim the nib with a knife and then dip it in ink.
Not delicious: there are parasitic bee larvae in an oak apple gall. (provided by Flickr user Charlie Barnes, CC BY-NC 2.0) Each copy must be completed by a scribe to reduce the chance of tampering and appearance. Weber explained: "you shouldn't make any changes ... you shouldn't leave any space." Alteration can be understood as a forged sign, and space can leave enough space to squeeze unwanted things. " . This is not to say that a mistake has been made, as evidenced by the slight change between 12 15 * * *, but that it is an accurate, cramped and dazzling job (at least those scribes who work on the big * * * will enjoy more daytime work because it is summer).
Once the copy is completed, it is not traditional to stamp it separately without signature. In any case, there is no evidence that John can write such a statement: the king's seal is made of softened beeswax and resin and tied to the bottom of the document with a rope. However, the king himself did not do so; His chief justice, the guardian of the SEALs and * * *, maybe even another man named "Spider-Man", really painted the seals with wax. Weber explained: "The royal family is evolving and becoming more and more complex." Titles are quite respected, which means you get a series of privileges ... but people who really do things get less in return. Basically, this is bureaucracy. "Of the four * * * of 12 15, only one still has the seal of King John, although this one was seriously damaged in the fire of 173 1; The wax has melted and now looks like a piece of chewed gum. "
I don't know how long it will take to make a large copy, but we know that at least seven copies will be ready for distribution by June 24, 2005. From that day on, there was a memorandum to the effect that two copies were given to Bishop Lincoln, one to Bishop Worcester and four to the housekeeper of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Another memo shows that on July 22, another six copies were delivered to the housekeeper of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The relatively hasty production and distribution of these documents gave people some clues about the importance of the documents; A time charter party can bear a little loss.
It can be traced back to at least 10 century, and there has been a fairly sound communication system between the royal family and the state. This is largely in the form of a sealed writ, and a faded memo with the king's seal will be sent to the county. Julia Barrow, director of the Institute of Medieval Studies at Leeds University, said that although * * * is a more formal document, it was also carried by a royal messenger in the same way. Any * * *, big * * * is no exception, and it can only be carried by couriers who travel as fast. Ride 20 to 25 miles a day at most, which is roughly equivalent to the distance from Renimed to the Tower of London (then in the hands of the rebel baron). Barrow said that if there is evidence that the messenger changed his mount at the post station, he can travel 60 to 80 miles a day, and the copy can reach all corners of the kingdom within a week.
Some of them are, but not all copies will be hastily transferred by the royal messenger. Take the replica of Lincoln Cathedral for example. It was written by Bishop Hugh of Wales. Bishop Hugh arrived in Ronnie Meade before June 30th, that is, 12 15. Harrison tends to think that today, I really regret it.
No matter how important and unprecedented the great * * * is, its direct influence is a dull fact. At the request of John, Pope Innocent III issued a papal proclamation, declaring it invalid (and communicating with the rebels) and sealed it 10 weeks later. Harrison said: "The Pope thinks this is disgusting." He was shocked by what he thought was the overthrow of social natural order and the violation of God's laws. * * * copies have not been destroyed, which is both a mystery and a miracle; After all, this is a failed treaty, which has been condemned by the highest authorities of the country. It is possible that they are just archived in the cathedral and forgotten; It is meaningful, then, that three-quarters of the surviving replicas are confirmed replicas of the cathedral. As Weber pointed out, the church is the safest place for important files: "They have stone buildings, cabinets and boxes to ensure the safety of things ... they have better resources than secular institutions; Religious institutions have institutional continuity. "
In the course of several months' operation, the nobles openly rebelled again, which plunged the country into a more serious civil war than the one that led to the great civil war. If it hadn't been for 12 16, King John died of dysentery in June (it is said that he ate too many peaches and new cider), this document might have been completely forgotten. John's 9-year-old son, now King Henry III, was placed under the guardianship of the shrewd knight marshal William pembroke, who was John's most loyal ally and one of the designers of the great agreement. Barro said that as the regent of the young king, Marshal released the revised version of Da * * * in June of1212006, with a view to bringing the remaining rebel barons back under his command and "unifying the kingdom". It didn't work completely. Marshal released it again in 12 17, and made some changes. It was only after this that * * * was called the big * * *.
"This idea is too important to give up," Barrow explained. In fact, the importance of the big * * * in the British legal, political and social structure began to snowball. 1225, Henry III acted according to his own "free will", but in response to the demands of his barons, he sealed the amendment of * * * and reduced the articles to 37. It won't be the last time that Henry III used Big * * * as a bargaining chip and exchanged good promises for loyalty: during his 56-year rule, Henry promised to defend Big * * * more than 10 times. 1265, in another baronet rebellion, Henry III was placed under house arrest, reconfirmed Da * * *, and ordered it to be read in the county court once a year, which is very important for the continued dissemination of this document. The church also played an important role in consolidating Dayu's social status (especially because the first article guaranteed the freedom of the church). Since the 1950s of 12, the book of Da * * * has been frequently read in the church in Latin, Anglo-Norman and now English. From 1253, anyone who violates any regulation of * * * will face communication.
Finally, in 1297, Edward I of England, an iron-fisted tyrant, known as "Long Legs", faced the discontent of his increasingly irritable and overburdened subjects. His archbishops reissued the 1225 edition with his seal and ordered it to be read twice a year in the cathedral. Most importantly, it was added to the statute collection and written into British law. Any copy of 12 15 Da * * * can be preserved, which is even more remarkable, because it has been reissued many times, and most copyright owners will destroy the meaningless old version when the new Da * * * is released. In some cases, the discovery of replicas is purely accidental; One story may be fiction. There is a copy of Big * * * in the British Library, which was discovered by a tailor in London in the17th century when he was preparing to cut it into patterns.
20 14 During the London Mayor Show, a copy of 1297 "Big * * *" passed the Royal Court of London. (provided by Rachel Clarke, Flickr user, CC BY-NC 2.0) is called the law in judicial procedure. As the standard of political rhetoric, Da * * * is becoming a totem against the tyranny of the king, not only for political elites, but also for ordinary people. By the end of 13, the influence of Da * * * had gone far beyond its original intention, because it protected the rights of a few barons (throwing a few bones to laymen) and it began to show the luster of its iconic document. In the17th century, this was so ingrained that a proposal to remove the court meeting called "judge" from the ventilated corner of Westminster Hall was shocked and opposed by the Chief Justice on the grounds that even moving to "one inch" would violate * * *. Unwilling to revise almost completely outdated words means that it was not until19th century or even 20th century that Article 23 "No one shall be forced to build a bridge on the river bank except those who should do so according to tradition and law" was abolished. Now, there are only three and a half clauses left in the book.
However, everyone likes big ones. Sir Edward Shepard keresey, a professor of history at Cambridge University, pointed out interestingly in a pamphlet entitled "Constitution Textbook": "Big * * *, especially, everyone is talking about it, but no one is in his hand; Although people have been talking about it, people usually know nothing about its content. " But starting from 12 15, he can speak almost at any time. Today, it did buy a big nipple on its lips, or at least on the lips of a baby whose parents can't stand it. This is just one of a series of confusing big nipples. But Harrison said, as an idea, "it has been reinvented, which proves that it has strong adaptability." . Harrison said that now, one of his colleagues often receives emails from people asking if Big * * * can help them avoid parking fines.
12 15 things that travel by express parcel are almost as sacred as the Bible in medieval cathedrals. Through enlightenment and beyond enlightenment, it is not just the big words that become the touchstone of human rights law. This is what people believe them to say. In the inaugural address of 194 1, President franklin delano roosevelt declared: "The desire for democracy is not only the latest stage in human history ... it is written in the great * * *." "Democratic desire" and "democratic desire" are not complete, but they are close enough.