National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 7: 4. From left to right, it consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles: green, white and red, with the Mexican national emblem painted in the middle of the white part. Green symbolizes independence and hope, white symbolizes peace and religious belief, and red symbolizes national unity.
National emblem: A winged eagle holds a snake in its mouth, one claw holds the snake, and the other claw steps on a cactus growing on a rock in the lake. This set of patterns depicts the history of the founding of the Aztecs, the ancestors of Mexicans. Legend has it that a long time ago, in order to save the wandering ancestors of Mexicans, the sun god gave them dreams and settled there as long as he saw an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in his mouth. Inspired by the sun god, the Aztecs living in northern Mexico found the place depicted in the pattern and settled down, and established Mexico City. Cactus is the national flower of Mexico, which symbolizes the Mexican nation and its tenacious fighting spirit. At the bottom of the pattern are branches and leaves of oak and laurel, symbolizing strength, loyalty and peace.
Mexico is the hometown of cactus. Among more than 2,000 kinds of cactus, Mexico accounts for more than half, so it enjoys the reputation of "cactus kingdom".
National bird: eagle. Mexicans regard the eagle as a symbol of the motherland. The national emblem of Mexico is an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. There is an eagle in the middle of its national flag, and its coin is also a symbol of the eagle.
National flowers: cactus, dahlia.
National Stone: Obsidian
Independence Day: September 16 (18 10).
State dignitaries: President vicente fox quesada, who took office on June 5438+February 1 day, 2000, with a term of six years; President-elect Calderon was elected in July 2006.
Physical geography: area 1964375 square kilometers, it is the third largest country in Latin America and the largest country in Central America. Located in the south of North America and the northwest end of Latin America, it is the only place for land transportation in North and South America, and is known as the "land bridge". It borders the United States to the north, Guatemala and Belize to the south, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California to the west. Coastline length11122km. Among them, the Pacific coast is 7828 kilometers, and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast are 3294 kilometers. It has an exclusive economic zone of 3 million square kilometers and a continental shelf of 358,000 square kilometers. The famous Tevantepec isthmus connects North America and Central America. About five-sixth of the country's area is plateau and mountain. The Mexican Plateau is located in the middle, flanked by East and West Madre Mountains, to the south by Neovolcanic Mountains and South Madre Mountains, and to the southeast by the flat Yucatan Peninsula, with many long and narrow coastal plains. Mount Orisaba, the highest peak in China, is 5700 meters above sea level. The main rivers are bravo river, Balthas River and Yaki River. Lakes are mostly distributed in the intermountain basins of the central plateau, and the largest is Chapala Lake, with an area of 1 109 square kilometers. The climate in Mexico is complex and diverse. The coastal and southeast plains have a tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 25-27.7℃. The climate of the Mexican plateau is mild all year round, with 24℃ in the intermountain basin and high terrain 17℃. Northwest China has a continental climate. Most areas are divided into dry season and rainy season, and the rainy season accounts for 75% of the annual precipitation. The average annual precipitation in northwest China is less than 250 mm, in mainland China it is 750- 1000 mm, and in the central part of the Gulf Coast and the southern part of the Pacific Coast it is 1000-2000 mm.. Mexico enjoys the reputation of "Pearl of the Plateau" because of its plateau topography, no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer and evergreen seasons. Pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid
Population: 97.48 million (February 2000), ranking eighth in the world after Brazil in Latin America. Among them, Indo-European hybrids account for 90%, Indians account for 10%, and white. The official language is Spanish, and 8% people speak Indian. 92.6% residents believe in Catholicism and 3.3% believe in Protestantism.
Capital: Ciudad de Mexico, with an area of 1525 square kilometers, a population of 20 million (including satellite city) and an altitude of 2,240 meters. May average temperature 12-26℃,1October average temperature 65438+6- 19℃.
Scrap metal cactus on the streets of Mexico City >>& gt
Administrative Districts: It is divided into 3 1 state and 1 federal district (Mexico City), and each state has jurisdiction over 2394 cities (towns) and villages. The state names are as follows: Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Baja California Baja, Campeche, Abela, Colimma, Chiapas, Chihuahua, durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacá n, morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Cretaro and Quintana. "Silver Capital of the World"-Guadalajara, the second largest city in Mexico, and tasco, Mexico.
The Independence Monument on the paseo de la reforma in Mexico City.
Brief history: Mexico is one of the centers of ancient Indian civilization in the American continent. The world-famous Maya culture, Tortek culture and Aztec culture were all created by ancient Mexican Indians. The pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid, built in the north of Mexico City in BC, are the representatives of this splendid ancient culture. The ancient city of Teotihuacan, where the pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid are located, was declared as the common heritage of mankind by UNESCO. In ancient Mexico, Indians planted corn, so Mexico was called "the land of corn". In different historical periods, Mexico has also won the reputation of "cactus country", "silver kingdom" and "country floating on the oil sea". Spanish colonists invaded Mexico in 15 19, and Mexico became a Spanish colony in 152 1 year. 1522, a new Spanish governor was established in Mexico. 18 10 September 16, Father Miguel Hidalgo-Costia launched an uprising in dolores City and started the War of Independence (1 81year,1year, In order to commemorate the uprising, it was decided that 9. 182 1 declared independence on August 24th. In May of the following year, Ituri Bide established the "Mexican Empire". 1823 12 declares the establishment of the Mexican Republic. 1824 10 formally established the Republic of China. 1846 the United States launched a war of aggression against Mexico. 1848 In February, Mexico signed a peace treaty with the United States, and Mexico was forced to cede 2.3 million square kilometers of land in the north to the United States. Juarez became president on 1858. 1867, French, British and Spanish invaders were driven out of Mexico. Diaz seized power at 1876. 19 10 broke out the bourgeois-democratic revolution, and in the same year 165438+ 10/0, an armed uprising was launched, and1910 overthrew the Diaz regime. The United States invaded Mexico 19 14, 19 16, and the two countries broke off diplomatic relations once. 19 17 promulgated the bourgeois democratic constitution with the name of the United Mexican States. The PRI has been in power for 7 1 year since 1929. In July 2000, the National Action Party won the general election and came to power in June 5438+February of the same year.
On September 16, 2002, Mexico held a military parade to celebrate the independence192nd anniversary.
Politics: The first constitution after independence was promulgated in 1824. 1965438+On February 5, 2007, the Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated to strengthen the power of the state government. The Constitution came into effect on May 1 of the same year and has been implemented ever since. During this period, nearly 200 revisions were made. According to the constitution, the state is a federal system with presidential system, and the legislative, executive and judicial powers are separated; The president is elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of six years, and cannot be re-elected for life. The president is the head of state and government and has the highest executive power of the country. The Federal Parliament, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, is the national legislature. Its main powers are: the president approves treaties and appoints senior officials in courts, finance, diplomacy and the army; Amend the constitution; Approve the president's visit; Appoint an interim president when necessary. The Senate has 128 members, consisting of 3/kloc-0 members from each state and 4 members from the federal district, with a term of six years. There are 500 members in the House of Representatives, 300 of whom are elected by majority vote and 200 by proportional representation of political parties. The term of office is three years. The Cabinet is the executive organ of the government and is directly led by the President. Mexico formulates its own constitution, but the power of the state government is bound by the state basic law. 199 1 12. The Parliament passed the constitutional amendment, announcing the cessation of the land reform implemented since the constitution came into effect and the privatization of village community land; Recognize that the church enjoys the status of a citizen group as a legal person.
Mexican stock exchange building
Economy: Mexico is a Latin American economic power, and its GDP ranks first in Latin America. Of the 6.5438+0.97 million square kilometers of land in China, five-sixths are plateaus and mountains. Rich in mineral resources, underground natural gas, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc and other 15 mineral reserves rank among the top in the world, mainly including oil, natural gas, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, bismuth, mercury, cadmium, antimony, apatite, celestite, graphite, sulfur, fluorite and barite. Among them, the output of silver ranks first in the world for many years, and it is known as the "Silver Kingdom". The output of bismuth, cadmium and mercury is the second in the world, barite and antimony are the third, and iodine and mercury are the fourth. The proven oil reserves are 20.5 billion barrels (according to Xinhua News Agency on March 7, 2004). With a natural gas reserve of 70 billion cubic meters, it is the largest oil producer and exporter in Latin America, ranking 13 in the world and occupying an important position in Mexico's national economy. The forest area is 45 million hectares, accounting for about 1/4 of the total land area. Hydraulic resources are about 6.5438+million kilowatts. Seafood mainly includes prawns, tuna, sardines and abalone, among which prawns and abalone are traditional export products. Mexico's industrial and mining industries are relatively complete, but their development is uneven. Manufacturing occupies an important position. Previously depressed industries such as construction, textile and clothing began to recover, and industries such as transportation equipment, cement, chemical products and electric power continued to grow. Oil production continues to rank fourth in the world, and Mexico is the main honey producer in the world, with an annual output of 60 million kilograms, ranking fourth in the world. 90% of the honey produced is exported, and the annual foreign exchange income of this part is about 70 million US dollars.
Pyramid of the sun.
China has 35.6 million hectares of arable land, of which 23 million hectares have been cultivated. The main crops are corn, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, rice, cotton, coffee, cocoa and so on. Mexico's ancient Indians planted corn, so the country enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of corn". Sisal, also known as "green gold", is also a coquettish agricultural product in Mexico, and its output ranks among the top in the world. The national pasture covers an area of 79 million hectares, mainly raising cattle, pigs, sheep, horses and chickens, and some livestock products are exported. Mexico's main export commodities are crude oil, automobiles, auto parts, coffee beans, vegetables, steel products and chemical and mechanical products. Imported goods are automobile materials, electrical appliances, chemical products, food, beverages, paper pulp, textiles and petrochemical products. The long history and culture, unique plateau customs, cultural landscape and long coastline provide unique advantages for Mexico to develop tourism, and tourism, which ranks first in Latin America, has become one of Mexico's main sources of foreign exchange. In 200 1 year, the tourism revenue reached $8.4 billion. Mexico City, Acapulco, Tijuana and Cancun are all famous tourist attractions. Travel Notes: Mexico Butterfly Valley Experience >>& gt Mexican Currency >>& gt
It is listed as "human culture" by UNESCO.
Urban water supply aqueduct built by historical and cultural cities Greta rot 1726 to 1738. The aqueduct arcade is 3840 feet long and has 74 arches.
Several students are walking in the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
On the playground in front of the library. Mexican national autonomy
This university is the largest and oldest university in Mexico and the largest institution of higher learning in Latin America.
Press and publication: There are about 300 newspapers and more than 65,438+000 national publications in China. On average, every 100 people subscribe to newspapers 14.4. The main newspapers are El Pais, which was founded on 1929, and is now an official newspaper with a circulation of more than 38,000 copies, as well as Supreme Newspaper, Supreme Evening News, Mexican Sun, Financial News and Voice News, which were founded on 19 17. Mexican news agency is the official news agency, which belongs to the Ministry of the Interior. There are 1365 approved radio stations (1997) and 556 TV stations (including cable TV stations). Trevisa and Aztec are two major TV groups in Mexico, with more than 95% TV viewers in the country. Mexico publishes 65.438+200,000 kinds of books and periodicals every year, with a total circulation of 250 million copies.
Culture and art: Mexico is an ancient American civilization, which once gave birth to Maya, Aztec, Tortek, Hormga, Teotihuacan and other ancient Indian cultures. Wandering music and Zapatero dance combine the characteristics of Spanish and Indian music and dance and become a unique national art form in Mexico. Mexico has 2 1 monuments declared as "human cultural and natural heritage" by the United Nations.