Xu Qingfu is an influential and noteworthy figure in the modern history of China. His "On Saving the Country by Economic Revolution" was published in April 1932. It is a reformist economic work that tries to save the country and enrich the country through economic reform, but it fully embodies his patriotic spirit of opposing imperialist aggression, feudal tradition and hoping that the motherland will be independent and prosperous. The book contains many reasonable or progressive contents, which are still of reference value even in today's socialist modernization. The extensive exposition, detailed analysis and bold innovation in "On Saving the Nation by Economic Revolution" show his extensive knowledge and broad mind. Studying these contents has practical significance. For Xu's works, it is impossible to make a systematic comment here, but only give a brief introduction to let the villagers know about Xu Zhishengping.
Xu Qingfu, formerly known as Xu Ding, was born in Gujiaqiao, LAM Raymond Township (now Xiaogang Street, Beilun District) in March of Guangxu Five Years 1879. The family is poor and lonely, and it depends on the income of mother and sister to raise people. At the age of 3, I went to Hangzhou with my mother and studied in a private school for two years and a voluntary school for two years. After that, he studied Shen Han studies in the Warring States Period and took part in the rural examination. Eager to make a living, he traveled in southern Anhui and northern Anhui for 4 years. After the defeat of the Opium War in Daoguang period, Chinese people began to learn from the West to find ways to save the country and enrich the people. By the 1990s of 19, domestic academic groups studying politics, economy and technology had sprung up everywhere. Young Xu Qingfu began to understand that there was no way to save the country without learning new knowledge. So, he managed to buy books on arithmetic such as Fahrenheit's Bi Tan, Mei Jiuzhang and Chinese and Western Arithmetic Dacheng, and taught himself.
In the winter of the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), he returned to Hangzhou from Anhui to seek a museum to make a living temporarily. He went to a Japanese school in Hangzhou to learn Japanese. Because of the hardship of life, I can't even pay the tuition fee of 2 yuan per month, so I have to discuss with four friends in the same industry: I will study Japanese alone and come back to teach. In this way, five people only need to pay tuition once. Because Xu was the youngest and had a good memory, he volunteered to study in a Japanese school. After that, he went to learn Japanese every morning, went home at noon, had classes in the afternoon and taught four friends Japanese in the evening. After a while, the contract was cancelled due to various inconveniences. Fortunately, at that time, Xu ranked first in the quarterly exam, so he was exempted from tuition and continued his studies.
Starting from the following winter, Xu Qingfu worked as a translator, teaching assistant and professor in Zhejiang Military Equipment School for seven years. During the period, seven people, including aspiring young Jiang Zungui from Qiushi College and Zhejiang Military Equipment School, formed a "survival meeting". Soon, due to the arrest of the Qing government and lack of funds, they stopped their activities. At this time, Xu has further realized that if we don't update the knowledge of Chinese people, we can't make the country rich and strong. Therefore, he opened a bookstore (called Bookstore) in Hangzhou Jewelry Lane with his own funds, and worked as a professor in armament school in his spare time, engaged in translation and publishing. In two or three years, due to the loss of the bookstore, he lost all the translation fees and lost more than 2000 yuan. In order to repay the loan and family life, he lost the opportunity to study abroad.
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the debt was slightly lighter, that is, he went to other places to find a job. Xuantong worked in Fengtian and Hubei respectively for three years (19 1 1). First, he was introduced by a friend as the director of the Fengtian patrol general bureau, and then he was changed to the administrative director. He was appointed auditor of Qingzhang, Hubei Province and negotiator of Jianghan Customs. Since then, he has been re-appointed as the administrative chief of Toyota Police Station. In the meantime, he was sent to Changbai Mountain to inspect the administrative affairs of Antu (now Antu County, Jilin Province) for two months, and went to Japan to inspect industrial, financial and colonial affairs for three months. After returning home, he was sent to organize Fengtian Industrial Bank. Because of the change of plans, he went to Fengtian Audit Bureau. He was hired by Ye Jingkui (2), supervisor of Daqing Bank, to conduct a secret investigation in three northeastern provinces, but was suspended due to the political changes of the Revolution of 1911.
After the Revolution of 1911, Xu Qingfu returned to the south with his family as soon as possible. Many of his old friends and disciples were heroes of Hangzhou's recovery, and some of them were invited to work in the military department. Seeing that there were too many people and too few things at this time, Xu stayed in Shanghai to do business.
19 12 winter, Jiang Zungui was the governor of Zhejiang province, and Xu Qingfu was recommended by Zhuji colleagues as the magistrate of Zhuji county, with a term of two years. 19 14 years left Zhejiang, transferred to Beijing, enfeoffed Hubei province, and served as Tongcheng county magistrate for one year.
19 15, Yuan Shikai usurped the achievements of the Revolution of 1911, and further created the public opinion that "democracy * * * is not suitable for the country, and China must implement an imperial system" (Yuan Shikai officially announced the implementation of an imperial system in 12, and changed the Republic of China to "Chinese Empire"). See Xu Qingfu.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/922, Governor Zhang Zaiyang of Zhejiang appointed Xu Qingfu as the director of provincial government affairs. At that time, Xu was visiting the affairs of China Bank in other places, but he refused to resign after returning to Hangzhou, thus returning to politics. 1In September, 923, Zhejiang Local Industrial Bank broke away from the government. With the assistance of Xu Qingfu, it was agreed that Hangzhou, Haimen and Lanxi branches would be taken over by the government and renamed as Zhejiang Local Bank. Shanghai Branch and Hankou Branch are taken over by commercial joint-stock companies and are Zhejiang Industrial Bank. 1924, due to the Zhejiang warlord (Qilu) war, Zhang Zaiyang resigned and Xu left the provincial government office at the same time.
1926, when the left wing of the Kuomintang cooperated with the * * * production party, Xu Qingfu served as the financial member of Zhejiang Province. At the beginning of 1927 ~ 1932, Xu Xiying returned to his hometown, looked around the world, studied China's national conditions, thought about the strategy of saving the country, and wrote a book on saving the country by economic revolution. This book systematically comments on western economics, expounds the author's theoretical viewpoints, and puts forward thirteen strategies for saving the country and enriching the people, as well as the steps of reform. The theory of saving the nation by economic revolution was published in April 1932 and issued by Zhejiang Economic Society. Mr. Wei Songtang said in the postscript: "Today's China has reached the extreme of internal troubles and foreign invasion ... I, Mr. Xu Qingfu from Zhejiang, are willing to save the country. Based on his decades of learning, I published the book" On Saving the Country by Economic Revolution. "
1934 In the second half of the year, Xu Qingfu acted as the chairman of Zhejiang Province. Lv Diping, then chairman of the provincial government, often "rested" in Moganshan. During Chiang Kai-shek's three years in office, he had to go down the mountain to handle official business only when he arrived in Hangzhou. The work in every office is extremely chaotic and the finances are very difficult. He makes a living by issuing bonds. At the same time, with the undercurrent of the "Guangxi" against Chiang Kai-shek becoming more and more obvious, Huang ran between the Kuomintang Central Committee and "Guangdong and Guangxi" and tried his best to smooth and reconcile, hoping that "civil war" would not happen. In the fierce political struggle, Huang asked Xu Qingfu, director of civil affairs, to act as chairman. In the same year, 65438+February 2 1, Huang went to Hangzhou as the chairman of the province, and Xu Qingfu was transferred to the director of the provincial civil affairs department. At the beginning of Huang's administration in Zhejiang, Zhejiang's economic crisis was severe, and 20 million yuan of public debt was issued, which made it impossible to make ends meet. The real financial power fell into the hands of a few financial giants. Huang reported this situation to Chiang Kai-shek, who said, "Xu Qingfu of Zhenhai County knows how to manage money. You can ask him. " Huang Sui nominated Xu Qingfu as Chief Financial Officer.
Xu Qingfu was praised for his honesty. After liberation, Shen (Xu's subordinate), who worked in the People's Bank of Zhejiang Province, said in the data that the financial director at that time was a fat job, but Xu did not make money for himself, and all the income that should not be private was calculated and turned over to the society, which was commendable among the government officials at that time.
1at the beginning of August, 937, China * * * went to Hangzhou on behalf of Zhou Enlai, and continued to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek on the same program and cooperation organization form of both sides after the incident. On the 5th of the same month, Zhejiang Anti-Enemy Support Association was established. Presumably, the Standing Committee of the Committee is composed of more than ten people, including Xu Qingfu, Zhu Kezhen and Ma Yinchu. 1April, 938, Xu and other eight people were presumed to be Zhejiang guoshi. 1In February, 939, the Provisional Senate of Zhejiang Province was established, and the KMT Central Government designated more than 20 senators, including Speaker Xu Qingfu, Deputy Speaker Chen Youhuai and Zhang Yuanji. In the same year, my family went to Hong Kong because I was anxious to miss my son (his son Xu Jizang, manager of China Postal Savings Bank, was in Hong Kong at this time). 1940 moved to Chongqing again.
194 1 During the autumn and winter, Xu Qingfu wrote a book "Research on Grain Problems" and analyzed the crux of the grain problem. The situation of food supply and demand in wartime was studied. On the perfection of grain management policy. 1945, 1 1 In June, he put forward the proposal of establishing a general capital joint venture company at the meeting of all political parties in Zhejiang Province. Its main content is the separation of responsibilities between government and enterprises. By establishing joint ventures with general capital at all levels, we can better play the role of capital and promote economic development. 1946 put forward a formal proposal in the Zhejiang Provincial Assembly and decided to call on the central and provincial governments to adopt it. At the same time, he also openly talked about his ideas in Hangzhou. Xu's speech was recorded by the Institute and published in Zhejiang Daily with the title of "Relationship between Joint Venture and Zhejiang Economy". Later, Zhejiang Economic Monthly asked Xu to revise this article and reprinted it in the fifth issue of the first volume of Zhejiang Economy, entitled "The Relationship between Joint Ventures and Economic Development", which aroused repercussions in Zhejiang economic theory circles. In the sixth issue of the first volume of Zhejiang Economy, Shen and Hu discussed Xu Wen. In June, 5438+the following year 10, the first issue of the second volume of Zhejiang Economy published Xu's third paper, Three Lectures on the Relationship between General Capital Joint Ventures and Economic Development. In July of the following year, the first issue of the third volume of Zhejiang Economy also published Xu's article "Grain Control".
Xu Qingfu is a patriotic banker and economist. He reads widely, not only many books, but also blindly follows, and dares to say whatever he sees, which can be clearly seen from his works. Chen Xunci, former director of Zhejiang Library, said that Xu Qingfu studied very hard. He reads both old and new books, as well as Marx's Das Kapital. He can read both English and Japanese. Moreover, he has strong self-confidence and has a definite view on the problem. What is commendable is that Xu's writings stand on the standpoint of saving the country and enriching the people, and directly put forward his own views from the perspective of a banker and economist, many of which are still brilliant today. After liberation, all his tens of thousands of books were donated to Zhejiang Library. It is also worth mentioning that after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Xu was deeply dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's civil war. When Xiong met at home, he said that some things done by the Nanjing government were unpopular, and the * * * production party won the hearts of the people, and the * * * production party must win. Commenting on the revolutionary movement led by the China * * * production party, Xu said: "For the * * * production party, although its organization, purpose and means are unknown, ... Marx is a scholar who is enthusiastic about society. He created this theory for private property and wanted to save the world, so he knew that the Third International was to save the world. In 1930s, Xu publicly showed that this view was valuable.
In On Saving the Nation by Economic Revolution, Xu Qingfu also made two brilliant expositions on distribution according to work and children's education. He said: "Labor is divided into two parts: the heart plays a big role, the force plays a small role, and it is appropriate to have a thick heart and a thin heart;" Labor is divided into wisdom and stupidity, the wise man has achieved a lot, and the fool has achieved something, so it is appropriate to be wise and foolish; There are always scattered points in labor, and the relationship between total and scattered is heavy, and the relationship between scattered and scattered is light, so it is appropriate to accumulate thick and thin; Labor can be divided into diligence and laziness. Diligent people succeed more, lazy people succeed less, so be diligent and lazy. There is a difference between dystocia and dystocia. The difficulty is high, the easy is low, the thick is difficult, and the thin is easy. All classes in society should respect each other from the perspective of equality, distinguish between mental and intellectual stupidity, always disperse the responsibility of inspection, and take the difficulty of checking laziness as the distribution standard. " Xu has his own unique views on children's education, which is more practical today. He said: "In order to leave more property for future generations, it is only to cultivate their arrogance and laziness, reduce their ability, degrade their personality, damage their health and lose their reputation. For the sake of children and grandchildren, only by not giving them property, but giving them knowledge and ability, so that they can be independent anytime and anywhere without danger, can they truly cherish their children and grandchildren. "
After the founding of New China, Xu Qingfu attended people's congresses from all walks of life in Zhejiang Province (Xu Qingfu has always participated in social activities as a non-partisan person) and also served as the chairman of the Zhejiang Provincial Public Debt Preparation Committee. In order to encourage people from all walks of life, especially the former industrialists and businessmen, to buy construction bonds, Xu sold his furniture and bought more than 20 thousand yuan of bonds.
1955, Xu Qingfu was elected as a member of the first Committee of Zhejiang CPPCC. In the list of CPPCC members of that year, Xu Qingfu wrote in his own name: "Xu Qingfu, 77, a Manchu juror. Former Director of Finance and Civil Affairs Department of Zhejiang Province, acting as Chairman of Zhejiang Province. Address: No.34 Changsheng Road, Hangzhou. " 1958 10, Xu Qingfu was elected as a member of the second Committee of Zhejiang CPPCC.
196 1 03 16, Xu Qingfu died of illness in Hangzhou at the age of 83.
Note: ① Jiang Zungui, whose real name is Bai Qi (1883 ~ 1928), is from Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as commander-in-chief of Zhejiang Province and military adviser to the President.
(2) Ye Jingkui, a native of Hangzhou (1874 ~ 1949), was a supervisor of Daqing Bank and the chairman and manager of Zhejiang Industrial Bank.
③ Zhang Zaiyang, a native of Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province (1876 ~ 1947), was the commander of the Second Division of Zhejiang Army and the governor of Zhejiang Province during the Beiyang Government.