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The wind of "killing white ducks" prevailed in Qing dynasty: fierce death and wrong case.
"Slaughtering white ducks" is a popular saying.

Slaughter is slaughter, and "white duck" refers to the poor man who takes the fall for the murderer.

"Slaughtering white ducks" refers to some rich children who have power and influence. In order to escape the punishment of the law, they pay money to buy off poor families or people who are in urgent need of money to plead guilty to the real murderer.

"Slaughter a white duck" is a figurative metaphor. Those poor people who die for money are like slaughtered white ducks.

Slaughtering white ducks is an ugly judicial phenomenon in feudal society, which seriously disturbed judicial justice.

Those rich people can walk away with a few stinking dollars, treating life like dirt.

It is extremely sad that the poor have to work hard for money.

In fact, this kind of thing has existed since ancient times, but it has not formed a scale.

The death of villains dates back to the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, because local government corruption was prevalent and people's grievances were boiling, they became thieves. The government also called in troops to punish them. "The poor may sell their heads to reward them, their fathers and brothers are disabled, and their wives will split up with each other." (A total of 57 people).

In the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the wind of "killing white ducks" rose.

Emperor Kangxi written by February River once mentioned the plot of "killing white ducks": a bully robbed a woman in cloth and was sentenced to death. On the day of execution, Kangxi made a private visit and went to a teahouse near the execution ground for tea. When Kangxi saw that the condemned man was not the one he sentenced himself, he felt very strange and asked the teahouse owner what was going on. The owner of the teahouse told the truth: "Now, there is such a big family, which has broken the law and is unwilling. Every white duck is either too poor to live, or something big happens at home, and he is in a hurry to use money, so he has to change his life. "

During the Kangxi period, the writer Fang Bao also wrote about the phenomenon of "killing white ducks" in prison in Miscellaneous Notes: "If a brother with a surname controls the public warehouse, he should obey the law." The verdict has come into effect, and a small official said to them, "Give me 1200 gold and I will let you both live." The two prisoners were greatly surprised and quickly asked what to do. The little official said, "I'll find two prisoners to die for you, and you just take the money." The petty official's colleagues were shocked and said, "If the presiding officer knows, we will all die." The petty official said with a smile, "Once exposed, the presiding officer will also be jointly and severally liable, so as not to ruin the future of two lives." As a result, the two brothers were really replaced by two innocent prisoners and died.

After emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, the wind of "killing white ducks" prevailed.

Qianlong reigned for 60 years. In recent years, this buddy has done a good job and worked hard like a good emperor.

After a long time, I began to get high, and my extravagant personality was exposed.

History books call him "boastful by nature", "eager for success", "tired in his later years" and "in power for a while".

Under the profligacy of Qianlong, the national treasury began to empty.

This buddy has also come up with many ways to make money, buying and selling officials.

In this social atmosphere, rich and powerful people are even more immoral. They believe that money can solve all problems.

Especially in the Qing Dynasty, fights and fights prevailed in Fujian and Guangdong, and it was inevitable that murders would occur under fists and feet, which was a high incidence of "killing white ducks".

Here, duels between Fujian and Guangdong can be divided into three categories: duels within Fujian (1) and armed conflicts from the middle of the Qing Dynasty18th century to the end of the 9th century. On the one hand, it is mainly the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou governments in southern Fujian, and on the other hand, it is mainly the Hakka people in Jiaying (Meizhou), Huizhou and Chaozhou in Guangdong. 2. Duels in southern Fujian are typical of duels in Zhang Quan. 3. In Guangdong Province, the struggle between natives was the most serious in the "Siyi area" during Xianfeng and Tongzhi years. The war between Fujian and Guangdong was big and small, and it continued throughout the Qing Dynasty.

All right, keep saying "kill the white duck"

Let's look at a case in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty.

In Quanzhou, Fujian Province, there is an official named Chen who is in charge of hearing a murder case. The murderer in this case is only 16 years old, a big boy with a childish face. Call him Zhang San for the time being. Although he is young, his modus operandi is very cruel. The victim had more than ten stab wounds, and the attack was fierce. Master Chen is still very dedicated. He was only 16 years old when he analyzed the suspect, and his methods would not be so vicious. And after reading the autopsy report, it is inferred that there may be more than one murderer. Therefore, Master Chen interrogated Zhang San again based on the principle of judicial justice. Unexpectedly, Zhang San confessed to the facts of the crime and told the story of the crime like a storyteller, only seeking a quick death. This old man Chen is not simple. He was not in a hurry to close the case, but constantly enlightened Zhang San and asked him to tell the truth. At the insistence of Master Chen, Zhang San finally cried and said that because his family was too poor, he accepted other people's money to die for the murderer. Master Chen announced that the case would be sent to the following county for retrial, but the county still upheld the original judgment. Master Chen interrogated Zhang San again. At this time, the little boy decided not to retract his confession, so the boy was convicted of murder. The boy said to master Chen, "I thank you for your great kindness in finding out the truth for me, but even if I don't die, my family will be retaliated." I go in, I go out, and I die. I might as well die in the name of honoring my parents. " After listening to this, Master Chen "cried for it" and resigned and went home directly.

During Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, Zhang Wentao, a famous official, was appointed as the magistrate of Laizhou. On one occasion, he reviewed a murder case in Jimo County. The confession of the murderer Wang Xiaoshan was fluent, as if he were reciting it. This situation attracted the attention of Zhang Wentao, and then looked at Wang Xiaoshan carefully, and saw that he was only twenty years old and his hands were weak. I'm afraid Zhang Wentao has a grudge. Under his repeated persuasion, Wang Xiaoshan finally admitted that he suffered for generations. The real murderer is Qu Peiqiu, a rich boy. It turned out that his family was heavily in debt, so he had to accept two hundred and twenty pieces of silver from Qu's family and agreed to be Qu Peiqiu's "post creation". Zhang Wentao was honest and finally sentenced Qu Peiqiu, a rich boy, to death. Wang Xiaoshan should be punished by law for his hard work. But out of filial piety, he should be exempted from punishment.

There are too many such cases, up to hundreds every year, and some irresponsible judges are unwilling to reverse the case as long as the suspect pleads guilty, which leads to misjudged cases.

Until one day, there was a big case that caused a sensation in the court, and the cause was a mule.

This is an ordinary mule in the seventh year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (188 1). Because it has no fertility, it can only work wholeheartedly.

On this day, I was arranged to carry the prison car. Because of one person, it went down in history and became an extraordinary mule.

In zhenping county, Nanyang, Henan, there was a small official named Hu Ti 'an. Although he is a public official on the surface, he is a Jiang Yang thief in secret, specializing in looting houses. At first, he could only steal some small houses. After a long time, he stole things with ease and courage. He began to contact the home of a local "giant room". Generally speaking, all the people who can become "giant rooms" in one place are domestic officials and people in the DPRK. How can we stand such a foolish loss? Tu Zongying, the governor of Henan Province, ordered the arrest of Hu Ti 'an after reporting to the province by name.

Hu-day began to panic at this time.

So he began to discuss with his friends. At this time, someone gave him a bad idea. Bad luck suddenly befell the handyman Wang, making Xiao Wang a "white duck". Xiao Wangcai 15 years old, has not married a wife. He doesn't want to take the blame for his own life and death, but Hu has bribed county officials and minions. Under the coercion and inducement of extorting a confession by torture, combining hard and soft, money temptation and promising not to impose the death penalty, Xiao Wang obeyed. The magistrate Ma was confused. In order to close the case quickly, he quickly sentenced Xiao Wang to death. On the day he went to the execution ground, Xiao Wang seemed to remember that he couldn't die so early without his wife, shouting injustice and saying that he was the number one murderer.

At this time, the mule, the protagonist of the story, appeared, probably because he couldn't stand it anymore and wanted to do justice. The mule brothers began to fret with their wagons on their backs. Suddenly, they spread their legs and ran out of control. The people who watched the execution ground dispersed, crying and shouting, which alarmed the governor Tu Zongying in the nearby governor's yamen.

Xiao Wang started his road to safeguarding rights, but it was full of twists and turns.

Tu Zongying is also a good official. After listening to Wang's grievances, he decided to retry the case and suspend the execution. During the trial, Wang confessed that his biological father was Wang Jifu, a farmer in Dengzhou, not Hu Ti 'an. Therefore, Tu Zongying asked Zhu Guangdi, the magistrate of Dengzhou, to summon Wang Jifu to the case. At this juncture, unfortunately, Tu Zongying was promoted to Governor Tonghu, and Governor Li Henian of Hezhou succeeded him. This case must be re-investigated. The new official has a good buddy named Ren Kai, who is one level higher than Zhu Guangdi, the magistrate of Dengzhou. He was the magistrate of Nanyang and participated in the retrial of Wang's case. Ren Kai was heartbroken, and he opposed Zhu Guangdi's summoning Wang Jifu.

There is a second good official here. Zhu Guangdi did not give in. He insisted on summoning Ji Fu to the case and proved his biological father-son relationship with Xiao Wang by confronting him in class. The truth is out, Xiao Wang is not Hu Ti 'an. But what I didn't expect was that he wore a pair of trousers and ordered the case handlers to turn Wang into an accessory to a robber. He insisted on killing Xiao Wang in accordance with the provisions of the Qing law that "thieves will be beheaded regardless of their first obedience". In this way, officials at all levels in the original trial and the second trial can be exempted from responsibility. By this time, the people all over the country knew about the case, and public opinion had risen. After getting wind of it, science and technology officials in Jiangnan, Beijing, exposed impeachment one after another. In order not to cause public outcry, the imperial court wanted to continue investigating the case, so it sent He Changmei as an imperial envoy to re-investigate Xiao Wang's case. It's a pity that this old Man Mei is also a madman, and most of his men are Li Henian's old men, so after pretending to be interrogated, he still thinks that Xiao Wang is an accessory and sentenced him to death.

As soon as the news came out, public opinion exploded. What can the court do? Let's change people to continue the trial and send Pan Zuyin, the minister of punishments, to a retrial. This time, Zhao Shuqiao, a doctor of punishments and general manager of Qiushenchu, presided over the case. Zhao Shuqiao is a good man. After several months of trial, Xiao Wang was finally acquitted. Then the emperor decreed that Xiao Wang was not guilty. After all, I have to thank the mule for coming forward to have the next turn.

Sadly, the chaos of "slaughtering white ducks" was still not contained until the demise of the Qing Dynasty.