1, products with zero marginal production cost and marginal congestion cost. In order to realize the optimal allocation of social resources, the pricing of products and services should make the average income equal to the marginal cost. Otherwise, it will bring efficiency loss. University library is an essential resource for universities, and every student who enters the university will leave a figure in the library. However, the opening of university libraries will lose the interest of some college students.
2. The marginal cost is 0, and the marginal congestion cost is not 0. For example, university libraries are open to the public for free. When congestion occurs, the manufacturer's marginal cost is still zero. At this time, if it is still free of charge, there will be excessive consumption. In order to avoid excessive consumption, there is only a charge. However, the cost of congestion is borne by consumers rather than manufacturers. Therefore, this product should be provided by the public sector and charged according to the editing congestion cost. Therefore, the purpose of charging is to limit the overcrowding of university libraries caused by excessive use of university libraries by the public.
3. Products with spillover characteristics are also called public products. University library is a sailboat carrying dreams. With the increase in the number of readers, the knowledge and quality of social readers will be further improved, which will further affect people around them and benefit more people. This phenomenon is called profit spillover. That is, part of the revenue provided by the library lock opener belongs to the university, which is separable and thus has the characteristics of private products, but the other part of the revenue can be enjoyed by people other than the owner, which is inseparable and has the characteristics of public products.