Modern architecture in China basically refers to the buildings built in the historical period of modern social development in China (1840- 1949).
From the perspective of style research, there are three main types of modern architecture in China.
In the ancient feudal society of China for thousands of years, although there were more than 20 emperors in politics and many foreign exchanges in culture, China culture was basically a continuous unitary culture. China's architecture has its own characteristics in different times under the overall influence of China's overall environment, but its basic methods and principles are always the same.
After the history entered the19th century, the feudal Qing dynasty experienced a "prosperous period of kanggan" and declined day by day. Capitalist countries in Europe and America have developed rapidly because of the industrial revolution. Cultural exchanges between China and the West began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and were not at the same starting line. After the Opium War, it was completely in the form of aggression and aggression. Marked by the Opium War of 1840, China entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial modern society, and the historical process of modern architecture in China, which began with this, was passively developed under the impact, stimulation and promotion of western architectural culture. In the meantime, on the one hand, it is the continuation of China's traditional architectural culture, on the other hand, it is the spread of western foreign architectural culture. The interaction of these two architectural activities (collision, intersection and integration) constitutes the main line of China's modern architectural history.
/kloc-From the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, with the large-scale invasion of foreign cultures, in addition to the continuation and evolution of traditional ancient buildings in China, foreign European architectural styles gradually increased, forming a trend characterized by imitating or copying western architecture in the modern architectural history of China. After the 1920s, another trend appeared, which was characterized by imitating or transforming the ancient buildings in China. These two trends appear and disappear in the history of modern architecture in China. Coupled with the impact of "internationalization" new architectural thoughts in Europe and America in 1930s, the modern architectural history of China presents a complex state of coexistence, collision and blending of Chinese and western, ancient and modern, old and new systems. The modern architecture in China bears witness to this multi-culture.
1,1the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century-foreign architecture:
Modern architecture in China characterized by imitating or copying western architecture.
Due to the vast territory of China, the development of different regions is very uneven. Due to the rise of shipping industry, foreign invasion and the signing of unequal treaties, some cities along the coast of China and the Yangtze River opened as commercial ports earlier, so they were greatly influenced by western culture, and some foreign-style buildings appeared in these cities. However, most cities in inland areas are still isolated from the outside world because of inconvenient transportation, and China has a strong traditional architectural culture; Only a few cities are near the border, or because of the development of railway construction, there are also foreign-style buildings.
Houses in coastal cities are represented by Shanghai Bund, Nanjing Road, Tianjin Jiuguo Concession, Guangzhou 13th Line, Xiamen Shamian, Gulangyu Island and Qingdao Jiaoao Concession.
Western-style buildings in cities along the Yangtze River are represented by those in Xiaguan, Nanjing and Hankou Concession, Wuhan.
The early buildings of Harbin, a border city in inland areas, were mainly built and opened by the Middle East Railway. Influenced by Russian traditional architecture and the "Art Nouveau" style popular in Europe at the end of19th century, it is mostly manifested in the railway system in the Middle East and the buildings of Orthodox churches. The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (1903- 19 10) is the first railway in southwest China, and its completion has accelerated the modernization of Yunnan. In the process of participating in the construction of Yunnan-Vietnam railway and the development of Kunming commercial port, Vietnamese indirectly brought the influence of French architectural culture to cities along Yunnan-Vietnam railway and Kunming.
Western-style buildings in Beijing originated from the buildings in the embassy district of Dongjiaominxiang, represented by senior consultants and Dali College.
The designers of foreign houses are basically foreign architectural firms or architects coming to China.
2.1920s-Traditional Architecture:
Modern architecture in China characterized by imitating or transforming ancient architecture in China.
In the last two decades of this century, the architectural history of China reflects the influence of modern architectural thoughts in the world, and also reflects the national consciousness inspired by China architects in the face of the invasion of foreign powers. These two factors have a fierce collision, intersection and integration.
The typical representative of traditional architecture can be said to be the legendary first-generation architect Lv Yanzhi (1893? Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (1925? 929). The overall plan of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is bell-shaped, which evokes the idea of "Mu Duo warning the world" and has far-reaching implications. The tomb behind the memorial hall conforms to China's idea, with simple and simple style and solid architecture, and the situation and charm are very similar to Dr. Sun Yat-sen's spirit and verve.
Lv Yanzhi is only 36 years old, but he established his position in the history of modern architecture in China by designing and presiding over the construction of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. 1926, he designed the Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, which is the largest hall building in modern China.
1927 After the establishment of the National Government, 1929 made the "Capital Planning" with Nanjing as its capital, which was an earlier and larger-scale urban planning and design in China. In the detailed planning of "Capital Plan", all government office buildings adopt the traditional architectural style of China, and vigorously advocate "China's inherent form", which means to carry forward our traditional culture. This was a breakthrough idea in the 1920s.
In Beijing, traditional architecture is typical of the new school building of Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), the campus building of yenching university, Fu Jen Catholic University and the National Beiping Library.
It is thought-provoking that the designers of earlier traditional buildings were mainly foreign architectural firms or architects coming to China. It reflects the absorption and pursuit of local traditional culture by foreign architects under the multicultural background of modern China society.
3. 1930s-New buildings:
Modern architecture in China under the impact of "internationalization" new architectural trend in Europe and America.
Since the 1920s, the history of modern architecture in China has entered an important period of development. Its symbol is the establishment of modern architectural education in China, and it is becoming more and more complete; China architectural firms opened one after another, and China architects grew up; China Construction Group has been established and academic activities have been carried out.
Yang Tingbao (190 1- 1983) is an outstanding figure among the first generation of architects in China. His design works adopt a combination of Chinese and western architectural techniques, unconventional and deliberately innovative, and have been well-known in the north and south since the early 1930 s. Guan Chuyang's architectural firm is a large-scale architectural firm in early modern China. China has considerable influence, and many important projects in Tianjin, Shanghai and Nanjing are from Ji Tai.
In addition, Union Architects Shang Gai, Zhuang Jun Architects, Fan Architects, Dong Architects and Xingye Architects are all extremely important architectural design forces in modern China, which are distributed in Shanghai, Tianjin, Beiping, Nanjing, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuxi, Guilin, Guiyang and Kunming.
Liang Sicheng (190 1- 1972) is the pioneer of modern architectural education in China and the founder of the study of ancient architectural history in China. Architectural design is not the main part of his life's architectural activities, but he has written many works about architectural design, and a few of them show the influence of modern architectural trends in the world, represented by his pavement reconstruction design of Beijing Ren Li Company in 1932.
Many important buildings designed and created by the first generation of China architects in China's modern architectural history are the precious wealth of China today, which has become an important landscape of local cities and added elegance to China.
China's modern architecture is a historical witness under multi-culture, but it can't be a model for contemporary China architects.
As early as the beginning of this century, two China architects made different attempts in Beijing and Nanjing respectively: Shen Qi, who works in the construction department of the War Department, designed a western-style main building with many decorations in China for the War Department office1906; Sun Zhixia (1882- 1975), an engineering graduate of Tongzhou Normal School, was appointed by the Governor of Liangjiang. 1909 presided over the design of a building of Jiangsu Provincial Consulting Bureau, which was basically in western style. In the following 90 years, modern architects in China produced many designs with different styles. However, after several generations of hard exploration, the combination of China traditional culture and western modern culture is still a difficult problem for every China architect.
Although the impact of modern western culture is no longer accompanied by aggression, China architects still can't jump out of the dazzling aura caused by the splendid history and civilization of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. Although many important buildings designed and created by the first generation of architects in China's modern architectural history have become the precious wealth of China today, which deserves our treasure and protection, their works do not seem to be the models of contemporary China architects. I think this is one aspect of our understanding of modern architecture in China.
Modern architecture in China, as a historical witness of multiculturalism, should be actively protected.
Another understanding of modern architecture in China is:
Modern architecture in China, as the historical witness of multi-culture in the historical period of modern social development in China, has important historical and cultural value. "Protecting the historic buildings that stand tall, as the historical testimony of the hard work of our ancestors, is the glory of our generation and the responsibility for future generations. As long as you work hard, the prospects may not be completely gloomy; The problem is that we must face up to this topic and think carefully about whether we can pay the price of losing all precious historical relics. " How well this passage in the book "Protecting Hong Kong's Historic Buildings in a Living Historical Age" (1982) is written!
Regarding the protection of modern buildings, there are two aspects of work:
1. Investigate and measure specific buildings and conduct architectural history research.
This work is mainly carried out by non-governmental academic groups.
The late 1950s and early 1960s were the first period of the study on the history of modern architecture in China, and some preliminary achievements were made. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, it was restricted and interfered. Except for occasional articles published in newspapers and periodicals, Chinese mainland's research on the history of modern architecture in China is actually at a standstill.
Since 1980s, with the introduction and comments on many colorful foreign architectural schools that have flooded into China, the academic circles of China architectural history have begun to pay attention to their origin and development, and triggered a discussion on how to understand the relationship between architectural tradition and modern style. In this way, as an intermediary link between Chinese and Western cultures, the modern history of China architecture has once again attracted attention. 1In August, 985, the "Seminar on Modern Architectural History of China" initiated by Wang Tan, a professor of Tsinghua University Architecture Department, was held in Beijing, which opened the prelude to the second period of the study on modern architectural history of China.
The second phase of the research on the history of modern architecture in China was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation and the Urban and Rural Construction Science and Technology Fund of the Ministry of Construction. During the ten years from 1985 to 1995, five national conferences were held and 4 papers (including 92 papers) were published. At the same time, through Sino-Japanese cooperation, by the end of 1995, * * conducted a survey on modern architecture in six cities (regions) including Harbin, Qingdao, Yantai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Beijing, Xiamen, Chongqing, Kunming and Lushan 16, and filled in 26 12 copies. The above work has played an important role in promoting the development and in-depth study of modern architectural history in China.
At present, the study of modern architectural history in China in the second period is in the stage of in-depth development. The 5th Symposium on the History of Modern Architecture in China, scheduled for September 1996 in Lushan, Jiangxi, will be a grand gathering connecting the preceding with the following.
2. Protect and reuse valuable modern buildings. This work is mainly promoted by government agencies.
In June1988165438+10/0, the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Culture jointly issued the Notice on the Key Investigation and Protection of Excellent Modern Buildings, which reflected the understanding and evaluation of the value of modern buildings by the state authorities under the new situation and began to attach importance to their preservation and reuse. After the issuance of the Notice, under the auspices of local authorities and in coordination with the investigation of modern architecture in China conducted by China and Japan, after years of efforts, a number of outstanding modern architecture lists and materials recommended as national key cultural relics protection units were put forward.
1In September, 1995, the Beijing Municipal Government approved and published the Fifth Batch of Cultural Relics Protection Units in Beijing, with 56 items. Among them, 27 buildings are modern buildings.
At the same time, the specific work of protecting and reusing valuable modern buildings has been gradually carried out. The School of Architecture of Tsinghua University has also done some work in recent years:
1In July, 1993, with the support of the Capital Planning and Construction Committee and the Beijing Municipal Planning Bureau, the Cultural Palace of Beijing Railway Sub-bureau restored and rebuilt the Zhengyangmen East Station of the former Beijing-Feng Railway, which was built in June, 1906. In order to protect the historical features of Beijing, 199310 was entrusted by National Cultural Heritage Administration to inspect the modern buildings in Sichuan in the flooded area of the Three Gorges Project. 1June, 1994, entrusted by the Cultural Relics Management Office of Xicheng District Cultural Bureau, the modern buildings in Xicheng District, such as Beijing leveling origin and Lu Zhengxiang family tomb, were surveyed, filed, classified and protected; 1June, 1995, entrusted by Xuanwu District Construction Committee, 14 modern buildings in Dashilan, Tianqiao and Baizhifang areas of Xuanwu District were surveyed, and the protection and reuse scheme was put forward.
With the development of domestic economy and social progress, the protection of modern architecture has been paid more and more attention and gradually put into practice. As the historical witness of multi-culture, the practical significance of protecting modern architecture in China is gradually recognized by people, and its historical and cultural value is gradually reflected.