1. Sima Qian: the founder of the first biographical history in ancient China.

Sima Qian (former 145- former 86), born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi), was a historian of the Western Han Dynasty. He was born in the family of a historical official. At the age of 20, he began to travel around the motherland, visited many places of interest and collected a lot of historical materials, which laid a solid foundation for the creation of Historical Records in the future.

Sima Qian's stepfather, Sima Tan, was a great official in the Western Han Dynasty, and he began to write history books in the first year of Emperor Wu. The purpose of his history writing is to "study the relationship between heaven and man, learn from the changes of ancient and modern times, and get married." Just as he was writing historical records, in the second year of Tianhan, he was convicted of corruption for defending Li Ling. He endured humiliation and worked hard in prison, and finally finished his immortal work Historical Records.

Historical Records, formerly known as Taishi Gongshu, includes 12 biographies, 10 table, 8 books, 30 books, 70 biographies, and *** 130 volumes. It records the period from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first complete and well-structured biography in the history of China. The genre of biographical history books he created became a model for compiling official history of past dynasties in 2000. His works cover a wide range, covering not only politics, military affairs and economy, but also astronomy, calendar, rites and music, geography, ideology and culture, ethnic minorities, etc., and truly and comprehensively reflect the historical features of thousands of years. And created the method of "following history", advocating that "its text is straight and its matter is the core; Write historical works in the spirit of record.

Historical Records runs through literature and history, achieving a high degree of unity between historiography and literature, and laying a solid foundation for China's ancient historical literature, especially biographical literature. Historical Records is not only regarded as the first of the "twenty-four histories", but also praised by Mr. Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". Sima Qian's spirit of expressing his mind directly has become a model for historians of all dynasties.

2. The founder of China ancient philology.

Xu Shen (about 58- 147), born in Zhaoling, Runan (now Yancheng, Henan), was a famous philologist and scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When I was young, I studied under Jia Kui, a master of Chinese studies, and read widely. At that time, Ma Rong, a master of Confucian classics, praised him as "unparalleled in the Five Classics and Xu Zhongshu", and the official went to Taiwei South Pavilion to offer wine.

From the creation of Chinese characters to the Western Han Dynasty, great changes have taken place in the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters. Prior to this, although there were books on Chinese characters such as Cang Xie by Li Si, there were no books explaining the meaning of Chinese characters. At that time, Confucian classics prevailed, and many Confucian scholars explained the meaning of words at will in the form of official script, which was inconsistent with the original intention of the text. Xu Shen thought that only by accurately explaining the meaning of glyphs can we correctly understand the classic contents, so he created Shuo Wen Jie Zi.

Shuowen contains more than 9,300 words, including 1 100. The compiling style is "separate living" and "form-linked". The collected characters are mainly Xiao Zhuan, with the addition of ancient Chinese, and then all the characters are classified by radicals. It was Xu Shen's initiative to separate the radicals of Chinese characters, and this method was later adopted by most dictionaries in China.

This book analyzes the meaning of Chinese characters by using the theory of referring to things, pictographs, sounds, knowledge, annotation and borrowing, and involves pronunciation when analyzing the pronunciation of sounds, borrowings and annotations, thus contributing to writing, phonology and exegesis. Today, it is still an indispensable reference book for us to read and sort out ancient books, especially those in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties, and it is also an intermediary for studying Chinese characters before seal script.

3. Zheng Xuan: Pay attention to group classics and integrate ancient classics.

Zheng Xuan (127-200), a native of Gaomi, Beihai (now Gaomi County, Shandong Province), was a master of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zheng Xuan studied under the famous doctor of Confucian classics, Yuan V, and later under Zhang. Therefore, he was familiar with the Confucian classics of Jinwen and China, and later studied under the famous classical scholar Ma Rong.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a fierce struggle between the study of ancient Chinese classics and the study of Confucian classics, each with a different school called "learning method" and several Confucian classics called "family method", which made later scholars at a loss. Zheng Xuan didn't stick to the words of one family, and respected the words of one family. Instead, he broke the narrow view of ancient and modern portals, learned from others' strengths and accepted everything. He focused on China's ancient classics, adopted China's modern classics, and annotated many knowledgeable classics. He is good at exegetical collation and textual research on group books to prove their authenticity. Zheng Xuan formulated a series of collating principles, developed collating science, and combined exegetics, textual research and interpretation well, becoming a model for interpreting classics. Zheng Xuan's Confucian classics combined modern prose and ancient prose, and created a new school-Zheng Xue. The appearance of Zheng Xue has made important changes in the development of Confucian classics and entered the "era of great unification".

2. Master of Chinese Studies in Song and Yuan Dynasties

1. Zheng Qiao: a master who is both proficient and proficient.

Zheng Qiao (1104-1162), a native of Putian (now Putian, Fujian) in the Southern Song Dynasty, was a famous philologist. He was determined to read all the ancient and modern books, and by the time he was thirty, he had read all the books in the southeast. Remarkable achievements have been made in Confucian classics, music, linguistics, natural science, philology and history. He wrote a wealth of works in his life, including nine categories, 84 kinds and more than a thousand volumes. Only Er Ya Zhu and Tong Zhi have been handed down, among which Tong Zhi is the most famous.

Tongzhi is a biographical general history of "a hundred schools of thought contend" and "a collection of books in the world in one book". The book has 200 volumes, including 18 biographies, 3 biographies of aristocratic families, 108 biographies, 8 biographies, 7 biographies of Siyi, 4 biographies, 20 biographies and 52 biographies, with about 6 million words. Among them, the most valuable are 20 biographies. Zheng Qiao is quite conceited about twenty views; Zhang Xuecheng also admired it.

Twenty Views is the most diligent, successful and innovative part of Zheng Qiao, and it has independent opinions in textual research, bibliography, compilation, discrimination, philology and phonology. For example, An Introduction to Geography deeply discusses the relationship between political geography and physical geography, summarizes the law that administrative divisions obey the situation of mountains and rivers, and grasps a general program for studying historical geography, which has great influence on future generations. The geographical theory of Dai Zhen, a textual research scholar in Qing dynasty, is related to this.

Zheng Qiao, a Confucian scholar in mountainous areas, made great contributions to the development of ancient China's scholarship through his own efforts.

2. Zhu: the rational core of developing Chinese studies

Zhu (1 130— 1200) was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Wuyuan, Jiangxi). After the Southern Song Dynasty and the Four Dynasties, Zhu was an official for a short time, and he was mainly engaged in academic discussion, teaching and writing all his life. Zhu often dabbled in Buddhism and Taoism in his early years, and then devoted himself to the study of Confucianism. He is a master of "Luo Xue" of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, and later generations are collectively called Zhu Cheng School. Because Zhu has lived and lectured in Fujian for a long time, his study is also called "Fujian study".

Zhu thought the core of his ideological system, and thought that the overall or highest realm of "reason" was "Tai Chi". He regards Li and Tai Chi as the foundation of the universe and the master of all things. At the same time, rationality is regarded as the source of social moral norms, and all feudal order and ethics are the manifestations of rationality in the world. On the issue of human nature, he put forward the famous idea of "keeping righteousness and destroying human desires". He applied the debate between nature and human desire to human society, and formed the historical view of "Wang Ba" debate.

As an academic master, Zhu sorted out and explained a large number of Confucian classics works, and also studied and sorted out the main ideological materials of Song studies and Neo-Confucianism since Zhou Dunyi, which provided convenience for future generations to discuss Song studies and Neo-Confucianism. Zhu's thought had a great influence at that time and later generations. His Notes on Four Books and Chapters became a must-read book for readers in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it had the same important position as the Five Classics. Other major works include The Origin of Arrow and so on.

3. Ma Duanlin: Interpretation of ancient laws and regulations.

Ma Duanlin (1254- 1323), whose real name is Gui Yu, was born in Leping, Raozhou (now Leping, Jiangxi) and was a famous historian in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Ma Duanlin was deeply influenced by Cao Jing, who studied under Zhu School in his early years. He died in the Song Dynasty and lived in seclusion. He devoted himself to writing "General Literature" for more than 20 years. Later, under the pressure of the Yuan Dynasty, he became the dean of Cishan and Keshan Academy.

Ma Duanlin was interested in "editing" in his early years and prepared to write historical masterpieces. Therefore, he pays attention to the accumulation of knowledge and the collection of materials. He believes that historians should have the view of "omniscient" and become "omniscient" which integrates ancient and modern "statutes" and "ruling the ups and downs of chaos". He believes that only general history can reflect the historical law of dynasty change. Therefore, he especially praised Du You's Tongdian and Zheng Qiao's Tongzhi, but he was dissatisfied with Hanshu. On the basis of General Code, he reconstructed a monograph describing China's laws and regulations in past dynasties, named General Examination of Documents.

The literature general examination includes 24 books and 384 volumes, of which 19 is an imitation of Tongdian. The other five articles were written by new materials he collected.

In addition to describing the important political and economic reforms from the Yellow Emperor to Song Ningzong, in order to express the pain of national subjugation, Literature General Examination describes the laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty in the most detailed and diligent way, and also discusses in detail the reasons for the rise and fall of dynasties. After the general examination of literature, there have been many sequels, such as the General Examination of Continuing Literature in Ming Dynasty, which shows its great influence.

3. Master of Chinese Studies in Ming and Qing Dynasties

1. Gu: Read thousands of books and take Wan Li Road.

Gu (1613-1682), formerly known as Jiang, was renamed after his death, and was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu. Because there was a garden named "Lin Ting" in his former residence, he was later called Mr. Lin Ting, an outstanding scholar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties who was equally famous with Huang Zongxi and Wang Fu.

In his early years, Gu established his academic ambition of being practical. On the occasion of the Ming Dynasty's death and the Qing Dynasty's prosperity, he devoted himself to the anti-Qing struggle, but failed. He still kept in touch with the anti-Qing forces and repeatedly refused to be called up by the imperial court, which reflected his lofty moral demeanor and national integrity. After forty-five, seeing that the general trend of regaining sight had gone, he left Jiangnan and went north alone, and began a 25-year travel career in the north. He traveled all over Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, visited mountains and rivers, visited teachers and friends, collected books, devoted himself to academic research, and devoted himself to writing his masterpiece "Rizhilu".

Gu Yisheng strongly advocated practical learning and wrote a lot. There are nearly 50 kinds of books handed down from ancient times, involving Confucian classics, history, phonology, epigraphy and archaeology, with outstanding achievements. As his representative work, The Record of the Day is a masterpiece of starting a generation of study style, which collects what he has learned all his life. Five Books of Phonology is another masterpiece of his. Gu is one of the few "learned men" in the ancient academic history of China. He is not only knowledgeable, but also has a clear interest and lofty morality. His knowledge and personality have a far-reaching influence on later generations.

2. Huidong: the representative of the five schools of textual research.

Huidong (1697- 1758), a native of Yuanhe, Jiangsu Province (now Wuxian, Suzhou), was a master of Confucian classics and a representative of Wu Pai in Ganjia textual research. Hui Dong inherited the tradition of family studies and read widely, dabbling in classics, history, books and books collection. Throughout his life, he took Han Confucianism as his Sect and Changming Sinology as his duty, especially mastering the Book of Changes in the Han Dynasty.

He thinks that there are many omissions and mistakes in Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, and there are also many mistakes in later annotations. So he collected the lost articles of the Eastern Han Dynasty from various ancient books, such as the Book of Beginners, and combined them to make up the school, and wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which set a precedent for Wu Pai scholars to attach importance to history. He also wrote Song Ya Notes, which is a concentrated and comprehensive textual research work, reflecting the characteristics of Huidong's good at textual research. This book takes hundreds of schools, Wei Xiang, Liu Shu, exegesis, dialects, customs, surnames, characters and arithmetic, and makes a lot of textual research and annotations, which points out a new research approach for later scholars.

Jiang Sheng is a famous scholar among Huidong disciples. Wang Mingsheng, Qian Daxin and Dai Zhen. Everyone asked about learning from Hui Dong, which shows his great influence at that time.

3. Dai Zhen: the connection between righteousness and textual research

Dai Zhen (1724— 1777) was born in Xiuning, Anhui Province, and was a textual research scientist in Qing Dynasty. I have been diligent and studious since I was a child. At the age of eighteen, he taught Jiang Yong, a famous scholar, to study Confucian classics, phonology and astronomy. At the age of 22, I wrote a plan, at the age of 24, and at the age of 30 to 33, I wrote books such as Qu Yuan Annotation, Poetry Supplement and Pythagoras Cutting. At the age of thirty-three, he entered Beijing and met Wang Mingsheng and other scholars. Thirty-four years old, Wang Anguo, a senior official in the official department, served as a private school teacher and godson Wang Niansun. At the age of 41, Duan Yucai learned from him. Wang Niansun and Duan Yucai are his two most famous disciples, who later became great scholars. At the age of 5/kloc-0, he joined Siku Quanshu Library as an editor.

Dai Zhen was a master of textual research in Qing Dynasty. He has made outstanding achievements and creations in the study of characters, phonology, exegesis, canon system, ancient astronomical calendar and ancient geography. He studied and sorted out ancient books, focusing on classics, starting with textual research and paying attention to word meaning analysis. He thought that the practical application of characters in classics should be investigated according to the "six books" of characters. Few people can match its accuracy in the study of distinguishing the meaning of words by pronunciation. He advocated the combination of righteousness and textual research, taking righteousness as the foundation. The most famous achievements of Dai Zhen's theory of righteousness are Yuanshan and Ziyi Shuzheng, which reveal the meaning and reasons of keywords through the explanation of word meanings.

4. Zhang Xuecheng: Run through history and think independently.

Zhang Xuecheng (1738— 180 1), born in Huiji, Zhejiang (now Shaoxing), was a famous historian in Qing Dynasty. Zhang Xuecheng read widely, worshipped Zhu Yun as a teacher, met Dai Zhen and other academic celebrities, and learned from them, which opened his eyes. He doesn't want to be an official. At the invitation of his friends, he gave lectures and edited local chronicles in some academies. Later, under the curtain of Bi Yuan, the governor of Huguang, he edited Hubei Tongzhi and so on. Zhang Xuecheng has traveled all over the country for decades and has no fixed place, but he is tireless and devoted to his studies. One year before his death, he was still revising the academic monograph "General Meaning of Literature and History".

Shi Wen Yi Tong is the crystallization of Zhang Xuecheng's lifelong academic thought, and systematically discusses the academic purpose, origin and catalogue style of ancient books. In his book, he discusses literature and history, comments on ancient and modern scholarship, and publishes many original opinions. For example, the famous "Six Classics are History" broke the supremacy of Confucian classics. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zhiji put forward that historians should be talented, learned and knowledgeable, and at the same time stressed that historians should also have moral integrity, and asked historians to correct their thinking, be loyal to objective facts, praise and criticize good and evil, and strive for justice. He believes that historians should abstain from fame and fortune, learn something and be able to do anything. He insisted that historiography should be "practical", opposed to "Song Studies" which focused on theory and "Sinology" which specialized in textual research, and opposed to academics who only knew textual research.

In addition, he also edited local chronicles such as Hubei Tongzhi and wrote local chronicles such as Jane Eyre, and put forward the viewpoint that local chronicles belong to the history of faith, and put forward a set of views on the nature, origin, function, style and compilation method of local chronicles, making local chronicles a special knowledge.

4. Master of Modern Chinese Studies

1. Zhang Taiyan: a master of Chinese studies in the Republic of China.

Zhang Taiyan (1869— 1936), a revolutionary, thinker and famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, was born in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province. He studied Confucian classics, history and elementary school from Yu Yue, and then studied Buddhism and Zishu. He was arrested and imprisoned by the Qing government for three years, studying Buddhism, especially epistemology and Buddhism. Later, he talked about Chinese studies in Japan and China, which had a great influence.

Zhang Taiyan attached importance to the teaching of Chinese studies and advocated the classics of Chinese studies, and gave lectures in Japan and Suzhou successively. He is the author of "On the Balance of National Heritage" and "Lecture on China Studies", written in classical Chinese. There is a seminar on Chinese studies in Suzhou with more than 70 scholars. Zhang Taiyan's scholarship is rigorous, and he advocates that his scholarship is well-founded, well-founded and extensive, so as to make a clear argument.

Zhang Taiyan is proficient in writing, phonology and exegesis, and has deep attainments in all aspects of Chinese studies. He has made great achievements in phonology. On the basis of previous research results, he absorbed the knowledge of modern phonetics and applied it to the study of ancient phonology. In Wang Niansun, he revised the division of ancient sounds, identified 23 ancient sounds, described the phonological value of ancient sounds with Chinese characters, identified 265,438+0 ancient initials, and created Cheng Juntu, aiming at explaining the phenomenon of transliteration, borrowing and reproduction of characters.

On the Balance of National Heritage is an important work, which Hu Shi thinks is one of several works that China can call "works" in the past two thousand years. Shi Wen is the first large-scale etymological work in the history of China in terms of theory, method and style. In the study of Confucian classics and history, Zhang Taiyan has done a lot of profound research on Confucian classics, pre-Qin philosophers and history books. He also made a detailed summary of the textual research of the Qing Dynasty and pointed out its shortcomings.

The main works are found in a series of books.

2. Liu: Life is short and writing is wonderful.

Liu (1884- 19 19), whose name is Guanghan, is a famous scholar in Yizheng, Jiangsu. Born in a famous family of Confucian classics. Liu is a rare talent, well-read, proficient in Confucian classics, history, philosophy and anthology. 19 17 was hired as Professor Peking University. 19 19, Huang Kan and others set up the "National Heritage Moon Society" to promote Chinese studies.

Liu Jicheng introduced his family studies, and at the same time adopted the learning skills of Yangzhou Confucianism. In addition, he has a deep understanding of western learning, which makes his academic perspective novel, broad vision and innovative. He does not distinguish between Han, Song, ancient and modern learning, does not establish a portal, and advocates that learning is expensive. His research on Zuo Zhuan, Shangshu, The Book of Songs and pre-Qin philosophers is of great academic value.

Liu's life is short, but his works are rich. There are 22 kinds of Confucian classics and primary schools, academic and literary papers 13, 24 kinds of books, 4 kinds of poetry collections, 6 kinds of school textbooks and 74 kinds of books, which can be called "the prosperity of writing is rare in the world."

His works are mainly included in the suicide note of Mr. Liu Shenshu.

3. Wang Guowei: a genius who is proficient in China and the West.

Wang Guowei (1877- 1927), a native of Haining, Zhejiang Province, was a famous scholar in modern China, with outstanding achievements in history, literature, aesthetics, philosophy, ancient philology and archaeology.

In his early years, Wang Guowei studied English and Japanese, got in touch with new learning, studied the western philosophy of Nietzsche, Kant and Schopenhauer, and integrated western philosophy and aesthetics with China's classical philosophy and aesthetics. In his early days, he mainly studied the history and lyrics of China's traditional operas, including Qu Lu, A Textual Research on Song and Yuan Dynasties, and Human Thorns. From 19 13, he switched to study the classics, specializing in ancient Chinese characters, artifacts and ancient history. He has made expert research on ancient artifacts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Han and Wei inscriptions, Han and Jin bamboo slips, Dunhuang Tang Scriptures, Northwest Geography, Yin, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, Mongolian history, etc. He has also been a professor at Ren Qinghua Research Institute 1925, and has been called "the four great mentors of Tsinghua" with Liang Qichao, Chen Yinque and Zhao Yuanren. 1927, he drowned himself in the Summer Palace, leaving a deep regret and a mystery for China intellectuals.

Wang Guowei, who is well versed in China and the West, can organically combine the rigorous research methods of western science with the textual research methods of China's traditional studies, so as to achieve rigorous research and exquisite textual research, and gain insights beyond the predecessors. In particular, the "double evidence law" initiated by him with underground historical materials as the reference has become a scientific method widely used in the study of ancient history in later generations. Among his academic achievements, historiography is the greatest, and Guo Moruo called him the pioneer of modern new historiography.

Wang Guowei wrote more than 60 kinds of works before his death, mainly included in Jing 'an Anthology and Guan Lin.

4. Chen Yinque: a master of western studies on ancient China.

Chen Yinque (1890— 1969), a native of Yining, Jiangxi (now Xiushui), is a famous historian in modern China. Influenced by the family environment, Chen Yinque read classics, history, books and books extensively since childhood. I have studied in Japan, Germany, Switzerland, France, and the United States, and learned all aspects of western academic knowledge. I can read documents in more than ten languages such as Mongolia, Tibet, Japan, Vatican, Britain, France, Germany, Persia, Turkic, Xixia, Latin, and Greece. /kloc-returned to China in 0/925, and after the restructuring in Tsinghua University, he became an adjunct professor of Chinese, history and philosophy. After 1930, he also served as a researcher at the Institute of History and Language of Academia Sinica. 1945 was hired by Oxford University to teach in Britain to treat eye diseases. 1947 returned to China as Professor Tsinghua University. 1948, professor, Lingnan University, Guangzhou. 1952 and became a professor at Sun Yat-sen University.

Chen Yinque's profound knowledge of Chinese studies, his mastery of modern western scientific research methods and his mastery of many languages have made him a knowledgeable scholar. Its research field is mainly history, but it also involves literature, philosophy, religion, ethnology, ancient philology and other disciplines. He can fully possess information, make in-depth research, make unprecedented discoveries, integrate ancient and modern, integrate Chinese and western, and put forward unique academic opinions. By using the comparative method of combining Chinese and western studies, this paper makes an exact textual research on some historical materials, and on this basis, pays attention to the comprehensive analysis of historical facts in order to obtain the truth of history. Due to the use of precise and scientific research methods, his textual research achievements surpassed those of Ganjia scholars. He has made great achievements in the translation, collation and interpretation of Buddhist scriptures and phonology research. He put forward the concept of Dunhuang studies, which pointed out the direction for the development of this new discipline.

Two books, A Brief Introduction to the Origin of the Sui and Tang Dynasties System and A Brief Introduction to the Political History of the Tang Dynasty, have opened up a road for future generations to study the history of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. His monographs "Shi Hua" and "Liu Biezhuan" are models of "proving history with poetry" and "mutual proof of poetry and history". His erudition is amazing.

All the works are collected in Chen Yinque's works collection.

5. Zhang Shunhui: a self-taught Broadcom master.

Zhang Shunhui (1911-1992), a native of Yuanjiang County, Hunan Province, is a famous historical philologist. Zhang Shunhui was born in a scholarly family. Under the guidance of his father, he devoted himself to self-study, learned the knowledge of writing, phonology and exegesis, and then dabbled in Confucian classics, laying a solid academic foundation. /kloc-When I was 0/7 years old, I visited friends and made many acquaintances.

Influenced by Huxiang's style of study, Zhang Shunhui has a unique method and attitude in the study of Chinese studies. During his teaching in Hunan, he collated the twenty-four histories of temples with patchwork of twenty-four histories. He spent ten years proofreading the whole history and wrote dozens of thick notes.

Mr. Zhang has a profound knowledge and extensive knowledge, and has made great achievements in Confucian classics, history, philosophy and Tibetan studies. At the age of 30, he published his first monograph "Introduction to Guangzhou University". Since then, he has been writing constantly, and by the time of his death, he had published more than 20 monographs, totaling more than 8 million words.

Mr. Zhang devoted himself to writing all his life. He is rigorous in his studies, taking the road of Chinese studies, taking primary school and Confucian classics as the cornerstone, and then learning a lot of knowledge from various ministries. Many of these academic achievements are the first of a generation of academic atmosphere. For example, China Ancient Historical Records Collection is the first historical records collection after the founding of New China. The book comments on various historical books in different categories, and points out the way of reading history and research methods, which has many original opinions.

China Philology was written by Mr. Zhang at the age of seventy. This book is divided into 12 parts and 60 chapters, which is not only a narrative of the history of philology, but also an introduction to the basic knowledge of philology. This paper mainly demonstrates the scope and tasks of philology, summarizes the concrete work and fruitful achievements of predecessors in collating documents, expounds the achievements of proofreaders and textual researchers in previous dynasties, and puts forward the important work of collating documents in the future, as well as the main purposes and tasks of collating documents. This book opens up a new road of modern historical philology in a broad sense and lays a theoretical framework of modern historical philology advocated and established by Mr. Zhang.

Mr. Zhang's academic focus is in the Qing Dynasty. For example, Collected Works of Qing Dynasty is a narrative work. Notes of the Qing Dynasty is the companion of Bielu. Confucianism in Qing Dynasty is a summary of academic achievements of scholars in Qing Dynasty. The History of Yangzhou in Qing Dynasty made a systematic and in-depth study of Yangzhou School.

In addition, he also widely read books from Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, read widely and memorized them by heart. In the 20th century, scholars who read widely like him, especially those who made great efforts in Qing literature, were rare.