Yuanmingyuan was built in 1709 (forty-eight years of Kangxi). It was originally a gift from Emperor Kangxi to Yin Zhen, the fourth son of Emperor Kangxi. After Yongzheng 1722 acceded to the throne, the original garden was expanded. In the south of the garden, Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Qin Zhengtang and many value rooms of the Cabinet, Sixth Department and Military Department were built, hoping to "avoid noise and listen to politics" here in summer.

During the Qianlong period, in addition to the local reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden was built in the east and merged into Wanchun Garden in the southeast. The pattern of three gardens in Yuanming has basically taken shape. Jiaqing Dynasty mainly rebuilt and expanded Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden), making it one of the main gardens.

During the reign of Daoguang, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. However, the furnishings of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan "Three Mountains" were withdrawn, Jehol stopped summering and Mulan hunted, and the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens have not been abandoned.

Yuanmingyuan, which was founded in the Qing Dynasty, has been operating for over 50 years. It was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding architectural skills, exquisite architectural landscape, rich cultural collection and profound national cultural connotation, and was praised as "a model of all gardening arts" and "a model of ideals and art" by French writer victor hugo.

However, from 1856 to 10, Britain and France jointly launched the second opium war with the support of Russia and the United States. 1860, 10 On June 6, the British and French allied forces bypassed the northeast suburb of Beijing and went straight to Yuanmingyuan, looting countless finances.

1860 65438+1October18,3500 British troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire lasted for three days and nights, and thick smoke hung over Beijing for a long time. This unique garden masterpiece was burned together.

Afterwards, according to the official investigation of the Qing Dynasty, there were only 20 or 30 temples, pavilions, temples, official doors, value rooms and other buildings in the huge Yuanming Three Gardens, but many doors and windows were uneven, and the indoor furnishings and several cases were looted. Since then, some buildings of Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain and Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain have also been burned down.

Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. When the British invaders burned down Anyou Palace, the eunuch in charge locked the gate of Anyou Palace because of their sudden arrival. Therefore, 300 eunuchs, ladies-in-waiting and craftsmen were burned alive in Anyou Palace, which became an atrocity in the history of world civilization.

2. Current situation

From 65438 to 0949, after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the China municipal government attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, and successively listed it as a park land and a key cultural relic protection unit, requisitioned the dry land in the park and carried out large-scale tree planting and greening.

During the ten-year turmoil, although the site suffered some damage, it was preserved after all: the water system of Yuanmingyuan and the garden pattern of Wanyuan still existed, and nearly half of the land became green belts. Hundreds of thousands of trees have grown into forests, most of the building bases can still be found, dozens of rockeries and accumulated stones can still be seen, and the stone carving remains of Xiyanglou site are quite eye-catching.

1976 after the official establishment of Yuanmingyuan management office, remarkable progress has been made in site protection and landscaping, and the surrounding areas of Xiyanglou have been partially cleaned and sorted out. The garden road and cup facilities in the east half of the whole venue have been improved year by year from scratch.

1983, the Master Plan of Beijing Urban Construction approved by the State Council clearly designated Yuanmingyuan as a ruins park. In the same year, the Beijing Municipal Government allocated special funds to repair the 2,300-meter-long tiger skin stone fence on the northeast and south sides of Changchun Garden.

With the care and support of Beijing, Haidian District Government, Yuanmingyuan Society and other social sectors,1984 September, Yuanmingyuan Management Office and farmers in Haidian Township Park joined forces to jointly develop and construct the ruins park in the form of private assistance, relying on the strength of all social sectors. It has made a decisive step in the protection and repair of the site.

The pavilion of "Yinghai Fairy Mountain" in Yaotai East Island, the courtyard of West Island, Pengdao, Fuhai Center, the new palace gate of Qichun Garden, and the European maze (Wanhua Array) of Xiyang Building have all been restored in the original site. After two years of renovation and improvement, the Ruins Park began to take shape and was officially opened to the public on June 29th. 1988. The number of visitors in the park has exceeded100000. ?

After several years of transition, the conditions for fully opening the ruins park have gradually matured in the form of joint construction of the park by the state and farmers in the park. According to the requirements of the capital master plan, in order to speed up the construction of the site park, the requisition procedures of all the land occupied by the site park are formally handled in two batches: 1990 and 1993.

From June, 5438 to February, 2002, the renovation project of Zhengjue Temple in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing was formally invited for bidding. Zhengjue Temple was once a royal Buddhist temple for members of the Qing royal family. Because it is located outside the wall of Qichun Garden, it became the only ancient building that survived when the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan. The scope of this renovation includes the Mountain Gate, Manjusri Pavilion, East and West Five Buddha Halls, East and West Annex Halls, and West Corner Room. The renovation covers an area of 990 square meters and was completed before June 65438+ 10, 2003.

3. Related story-burning Yuanmingyuan

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), after the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, they occupied Yuanmingyuan. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wenfeng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai. Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was scared to death. With the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, British leader Elgin ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan.

3,500 British and French troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire didn't go out for three days. Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. Nearly 300 eunuchs, ladies-in-waiting and craftsmen were buried in the fire of Anyou Palace. Turn this world-famous garden into ruins. The fire burned for three days and nights and became a rare atrocity in the history of world civilization.

According to rough statistics, the number of cultural relics robbed in Yuanmingyuan is about 6.5438+0.5 million, ranging from bronze ritual vessels in the pre-Qin period in China to famous paintings and calligraphy in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and all kinds of rare treasures. Only the architectural site is left, and the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park has been established.

Extended data

Yuanmingyuan, born in Kangxi, grew up in Yongzheng and flourished in Qianlong. It inherits the excellent gardening tradition of China for more than 3,000 years, which has both the elegance of palace architecture and the euphemism of Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, it absorbs European garden architecture forms and blends different styles of garden architecture, making people feel harmony and perfection in the overall layout.

Yuanmingyuan brings together thousands of years' outstanding gardening art in China, pushing the classical gardens in China to a new height. Some westerners look at China gardens with new eyes. They started from Yuanmingyuan. In a word, Yuanmingyuan won the honor for China, an ancient civilization, and was once the pride of the Chinese nation.

Baidu encyclopedia-Yuanmingyuan