Liu Yuxi (772 ~ 842) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Dream of words. Luoyang (now Henan) was born in Zhongshan (now Dingxian, Hebei). He is a descendant of Xiongnu, and his seventh ancestor Liu Liang changed his surname after he moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen Wei. Father Liu Xu moved his family to Jiaxing (present-day Zhejiang) to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. Liu Yuxi was born in Jiaxing and studied in Chang 'an at the age of 19. Zhenyuan nine years, and Liu Zongyuan tied for Jinshi, and later promoted to Hongci. In the eleventh year of Zhenyuan, he went to the official department to take an examination of scholars, awarded the prince a school book, and began to set foot on his official career. In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, he joined Du You as the secretary of the curtain and took part in the crusade against Xuzhou rebels. In eighteen years, he was transferred to the main book of Weinan County. The following year, he served as a supervisor. In January of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (changed to Yongzheng in August of the same year), Wang and others were ordered to carry out a series of measures to reform malpractice. At that time, Liu Yuxi was appointed as the foreign minister of wasteland and sentenced to the case of supporting salt and iron. Together with Wang, Wang□ and Liu Zongyuan, he is the core figure of political innovation and is called the "two kings". Only after half a year, the innovation was strongly opposed by eunuchs and buffer regions. Shunzong was forced to abdicate and Xianzong acceded to the throne. In September, the innovation failed and Wang was granted the death penalty. Liu Yuxi was first demoted to Lianzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province) as a secretariat, then to Jiangling, and then to Sima in Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan Province). At the same time, eight people were demoted to distant Sima, which was called "Eight Sima" in history. In December of Yuanhe 9, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were recalled to Beijing. In March of the following year, Liu Yuxi wrote a poem "In the eleventh year of Yuanhe (one word), he was called to Beijing from Langzhou to give a play to a gentleman who looks at flowers", which offended the ruling and opposition parties and was released as the secretariat of Lianzhou. Later, he served as the secretariat of Kuizhou and Hezhou. In the winter of the second year, Bao Li was recalled from Hezhou to Luoyang. Twenty-two years of relegation is over here. In the first year of Daiwa, Liu Yuxi was appointed as a visiting doctor in Dushong Shangshu Province. The following year, he returned to North Korea as a visiting doctor. As soon as he arrived in Chang 'an, he wrote "Re-visit Du Xuanguan Bureau", which showed his indomitable will after repeated blows. Later, officials from Suzhou, Ruzhou and Tongzhou made a secretariat. From the first year of Kaicheng (836), he was appointed as the guest and secretary of the prince to supervise Du Dong. In the first year of Huichang (84 1), the collation department added the title of Shangshu. The world calls them Liu Binke and Liu Shangshu. Liu Yuxi, a poet, was as famous as Bai Juyi before his death and was called "Bai Liu" by the world. Bai Juyi called him a "poet" and admired him to the utmost. His poems are widely read. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, Liu Yuxi edited his writings into forty couplets, and deleted a quarter of them as "anthology". This is the earliest anthology and anthology of Liu Yuxi, which has not been handed down today. The New Tang Book Yi Wenzhi contains 40 volumes of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Lost in the early song dynasty 10. Song compiled Legacy into Waiji 10, but there are still some omissions. There are three kinds of existing ancient books in Liu Yuxi's collection: ① Dong's engraving (1 138) collected in the Qing Summer Resort in the eighth year of Song Shaoxing is a small seal script, and Xu Hongbao's photocopy is available. In the 13th year of Xichun (1 186), Luyou was re-engraved according to the Eastern edition, which was called "the reduced edition". Block printing, which has been popular since Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically belongs to this system. (2) The Collected Works of Liu Mengde, an engraving of the Song Dynasty in Chonglan Museum, Fukui, Ping 'an, Japan, is a large-character version of Shu, which is now a photocopy of Dong Kang and a condensed version of the Commercial Press. ③ Collected Works of Liu Mengde (Volume 1-4), and Jian 'anfang Block Edition in Beijing Library. Jin Mao, Hui Dong, He Chao, Feng Hao, Huang Pilie and others in the Ming and Qing Dynasties preliminarily sorted out Liu Yuxi's books, but most of them were manuscripts, which were not widely circulated. The existing editions of Liu Yuxi's collected works are: Four Editions, Liu Mengde's Collected Works, Four Notes, Liu Binke's Collected Works, Collection Integration and Liu Binke's Collected Works. There is also the proofreading of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Liu Yuxi's life story can be found in the old and new biographies of Tang Dynasty, and Jia (called Jia) compiled by Tang Dynasty records Liu Yuxi's conversation about creation and learning in his later years, which is quite informative. The Chronicle of Liu Yuxi written by Bian, a modern man, has done a lot of textual research on Liu Yuxi's life and various historical materials.

Wen Tianxiang, (1236— 1283) Song Rui, born in Luling (now Ji 'an) in Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Wenshan.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the court was partial to the south of the Yangtze River and the country was weak. 127 1 year, the Mongols in the north ended the fratricidal struggle for the throne, established the Yuan Dynasty, and then targeted the aggression at the Southern Song Dynasty. 1273, the prime minister led 200,000 troops to capture Xiang and Fan alive, taking this as a breakthrough and going down the river. Less than two years later, he came to the suburb of Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Where Mongolian soldiers passed by, corpses were everywhere, rivers of blood were flowing, farmland was barren, and all walks of life were dying. This is an unprecedented brutal war of aggression, and the Southern Song Dynasty is facing a serious threat of national subjugation and extinction. Wen Tianxiang is a great national hero who fought against aggression under such circumstances.

The court of the Southern Song Dynasty was controlled by capitulationists for a long time. Also in 1259, Prime Minister Jia Sidao secretly knelt down to make peace on the condition that he would give in and cut 200,000 pieces of silver wire in Jiangbei area and 200,000 pieces of silver wire in 2000. However, Bo Yan intended to destroy the Song Dynasty and did not stop invading the south. 1275, Jia Shidao's 130,000 troops were completely annihilated, and the court had no more soldiers. At this time, Song Gongdi was only four years old when he was in office. In court, Empress Xie had to send a "letter of mourning", calling on all quarters in the world to send troops "diligently" quickly. Wen Tianxiang was the magistrate of Ganzhou at that time. He "cried with the letter" and took immediate action. Within two or three months, he organized the first "diligent king" team of nearly ten thousand people. After many twists and turns, he arrived in Lin 'an. Among thousands of local officials, he and Zhang Shijie are the only ones who lead troops and are diligent. This shows how decadent this regime is. 1276 On the 18th day of the first month, when he arrived at Gaoting Mountain, Yan had already surrendered and defected. Other ministers may have surrendered. Although he is willing to surrender, he wants his right-hand man Chen to negotiate. How did Chen Can have the courage? I ran away that night. Thank the queen mother wake only sent a Wen Tianxiang. He faced the danger resolutely, but did not surrender. He believes that "fighting, defending, and moving are not as good as giving" and "at this point in state affairs, you can't help loving your body." He even took this opportunity to observe the actual situation of the enemy camp in order to "save the country." But he didn't expect that while he accused Bo Yan of being detained and unable to return to Song Ying, his militia was also ordered to disband by the capitulators. The ferocity of the enemy never trapped Wen Tianxiang, but the fatuous court and shameless capitulators made him suffer the first serious setback.

1February 9, 276, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and Jingkou (now Zhenjiang). With the help of the righteous, he escaped from the gate of hell. According to his book "Postscript to the Southern Guide", he survived at least 16 times, and after suffering, he fled to Wenzhou on April 8. At this time, he heard that Du Zong's two sons (. Soon, he was called to Fuzhou, where he served as the right prime minister and the Privy Council, and was later appointed as the same governor. In July, Wen Tianxiang raised a handsome flag in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province), calling on heroes from all directions to take their positions and recover lost ground. 1March 277, Wen Tianxiang marched into Jiangxi, recovered dozens of counties in the south, and besieged Ganzhou at the same time. Hunan, Hubei and other places rose up in succession, shaking the south of the Yangtze River, inspiring the people's anti-aggression will and greatly alerting the Yuan rulers. Busy Yuan transferred 400,000 soldiers to solve the siege of Ganzhou, and sent 50,000 troops to pursue Wen Tianxiang. There are only more than 5000 people in the Ministry of Education. In August this year, the empty pit was defeated and several people were sacrificed. Wen's wife and children were captured. Zhao Shichai pretended to be Wen Tianxiang in an emergency, which attracted the Yuan Army, and Cai Wen had to flee. Zhao was killed immediately. This is Wen Tianxiang's second major setback in more than a year.

But Wen Tianxiang didn't lose heart. He made up his mind to fight Yuan to the end. 1278165438+1October, he packed up the remnants, expanded his army and moved to Chaoyang, Guangdong. Unfortunately,/kloc-0 was defeated by Wupoling on February 20th, and Wen Tianxiang could not escape from the encirclement. In order to die, he swallowed the accompanying borneol immediately, but he didn't die, but was captured in a coma. This is his last serious setback. From then on, Wen Tianxiang could no longer lead the insurgents to fight the Yuan Army on the battlefield.

After Wen Tianxiang was captured, he made up his mind that he just wanted to die a fair death, and he didn't want to live. Power cannot be bent, and wealth cannot be lustful. When Bo Yan detained him in Beiying, he clearly told his opponent: "The champion of the Song Dynasty ... owes his life to serve the country, but Song survives, and Song dies, with the knife and saw in the front and the tripod in the back. What are you afraid of? " "1279 October, Yuan Pingzhang's Ama came to Wen Tianxiang prison to surrender, Wen Tianxiang longbow sat down and ignored him, but Ama asked him to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang said, "Why did the Prime Minister of the Southern Dynasty kneel when he saw the Prime Minister of the Northern Dynasty? Ahmed pretended to be the winner and said proudly, "Why are you here?" "Wen Tianxiang sarcastically said, if in me, you can't go to the south, I won't come to you. What are you proud of? Ahma said to the left and right in a threatening tone: "This man's life or death is still up to me. Wen Tianxiang justice awe-inspiring: "If you want to kill people who have perished. This is not for you to decide. Amar cut his throat and left in frustration. At the end of the same year, Yuan Prime Minister Kyle Polo interrogated Wen Tianxiang. When Kyle Polo came, he was on his high horse. When he wanted to kneel down, he refused, forcing Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen awed: "Everything in the world has its ups and downs. Since ancient times, emperors and princes have perished and slaughtered. Why not? Tian Xiang today ... As for this, it has been implemented long ago. "On the eve of the execution, Emperor Kublai Khan surrendered himself, taking the position of Prime Minister as bait, in an attempt to make Wen Tianxiang surrender, but it was severely rejected by Wen Tianxiang. Kublai Khan had to ask him, what do you want? Wen Tianxiang replied, "I'd rather die! "Wen Tianxiang's great spirit of dying for his country made the enemy helpless. This is actually tantamount to declaring the victory of the anti-aggression war, the victory of justice, and the victory of "righteousness" that I praised. This is tantamount to declaring the failure of the aggressors and all capitulationists and traitors.

At the critical juncture of national peril, Wen Tianxiang always takes the national interest as the highest interest, and never shows mercy to capitulators and traitors. 1259, when the Yuan army crossed the river and surrounded Ezhou, Dong Ji, the emperor's favorite, moved the capital to Song Emperor, and Wen Tianxiang bravely went to the desert and begged Dong. 1275, the court posthumously awarded Lv Wende, the general of the Yuan Army, as the king of the county, and promoted his nephew Lv Shimeng as a post-minister. The atmosphere of surrender pervaded the capital for a period of time, and Wen Tianxiang wrote to beg Lu Shimeng to stabilize the morale. After Wen Tianxiang was captured, Liu and other thieves had to bite the bullet and surrender, while Wen was reviled. Even when Song Gongdi, who had defected to the enemy, came to surrender, he was ignored. Wen Tianxiang clearly put forward that "the country is important, and the monarch is light". He is not loyal to the emperor, but only unconditionally loyal to the country and the nation.

1283 65438+1On October 9th, Wen Tianxiang died heroically at the gate of Dadu bus. After his death, he left a lot of poems, such as "Who hasn't died since ancient times, keep a heart and look at history" in Crossing Zero and Ding Yang; Song Zhengqi, written in prison, and Dai Yi Zhao, found in his clothes after his death (Confucius said "to be benevolent" and Mencius said "to be essential", but the righteousness is exhausted, so what did you learn from reading the books of sages? From time to time, it has become a swan song that illuminates the sun, the moon and the mountains, and has become a valuable part of the national spiritual wealth. Therefore, Wen Tianxiang became an immortal national hero.