1, the ancient Egyptian civilization, along the Nile, is considered by the academic mainstream to be a civilization established by whites. It originated 6000 years ago and is one of the earliest ancient civilizations in the world. In its heyday, it controlled the middle and lower reaches of the Nile and Syria, leaving amazing remains and hieroglyphics such as pyramids. It is a very brilliant and well-known civilization, so I don't want to introduce it much.
2. Carthage civilization is also a civilization established by white people. The Carthaginians were Phoenicians on the east coast of the Mediterranean. Phoenicians established colonies extensively in the Mediterranean, of which Carthage was the most powerful. In its heyday, it monopolized the western Mediterranean trade, controlled the Mediterranean coast of North Africa from Libya to Morocco, the islands of the western Mediterranean and the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, and was established with the third Punic War around 8 14 BC and 146 BC, which was destroyed by Rome. Its ruling center is in today's Tunisia, leaving the famous ancient city of Carthage, which is also a famous ancient civilization, so I don't want to introduce it much.
3. Nubian civilization, considered as the ancestor of Sudan today, belongs to the radiation area of ancient Egyptian civilization to the south, leading to a highly developed civilization. Around 950 BC, Nubians established Kush Kingdom, once entered Egypt in its heyday, and established the 25th dynasty of ancient Egypt, which was annexed by the Aksum Empire in the east in 350 AD. Its ruling center is roughly in the north-central Sudan today, and it is wrong to say that Kush is today's Ethiopia. Ethiopia in ancient Egypt is the collective name of southern black areas, not Ethiopia today. Ethiopians today recognize that aksum civilization is their ancestor, not the kingdom of Kush. Influenced by ancient Egypt, Nubian civilization is very similar to ancient Egypt, leaving many temples and pyramids.
4. aksum civilization is considered as the ancestor of Ethiopians today. The Kingdom of aksum was founded around 100. After the decline of Kush Kingdom, it gradually rose in the East and became a powerful ancient civilization empire. They made friends with the Byzantine Empire and accepted Christianity. In their heyday, the rulers of Ethiopia and Sudan extended their territory to the Arabian Peninsula. Later, due to the activities of Persians and Arabs, the empire gradually lost its territory. It is said that in 976, aksum finally died of Jewish Queen Goody (a Jew who moved to Africa after the demise of the Jewish Kingdom). 1270, the Ethiopian empire was established. Due to the continuous spread of Islam, many Islamic countries have appeared in its south, and Ethiopia is completely surrounded by pagans. But today, Ethiopians still adhere to their Christian beliefs. Aksu American civilization is famous for building large obelisks. Before accepting Christianity, a large number of obelisks were built under the influence of ancient Egypt, and the Aksu obelisk has become one of the symbols of Ethiopia today.
5. The grassland civilization in West Africa is a civilization that appears in the upper reaches of Niger River in Mali and Mauritania today. There have been three powerful empires, namely Ghana Empire, Mali Empire and Sanghai Empire. Among them, the Ghana Empire was first established and appeared around 300 AD. They believed in primitive religions in Africa, pursued religious freedom and were tolerant of Islam, but they declined after being defeated by the Berber Kingdom of Mrabet and forced to convert to Islam. Since then, the civilization in this region has become an Islamic country. 1240, Mali Empire destroyed Ghana Empire and became the overlord. After the decline of Mali, the Sanghai Empire also replaced Mali as the hegemon. These three countries are prosperous because of the North-South trade route of the Sahara, and their countries are all very rich. The monarch of Mali Empire was once called the richest man in the world by western historians. 1590, Morocco invaded Sang Hai, ending the modern people of the grassland empire in West Africa, and the surviving Mali empire continued to 16 1 1. The grassland civilization in West Africa is famous for its large clay buildings, the most famous of which is the Grand Mosque in Jenin, which is the largest clay building in the world. It is worth noting that the Ghanaian Empire told generations in Mali and Mauritania today that this country has never ruled the territories of Ghana, Ghana and the United States today.
6. The Yoruba civilization is located in today's Niger and Nigeria, mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Niger River, and the Yoruba people have established many small kingdoms. One of the most famous is the Kingdom of Benin, which is located in the rainforest area in the west of Niger Delta. Scholars speculate that it may have been established in the 9th century or even earlier. In the 5th century, the Portuguese trade activities in this area made the Kingdom of Benin gradually prosperous. Although the Kingdom of Benin has a small land area, it is famous for its exquisite handicrafts with national characteristics and high artistic value, including tooth carving, wood carving, bronze sculpture and songkhla sculpture. The kingdom of Benin was destroyed by Britain in 1897. In the east of Benin, there are many small kingdoms established by Yoruba people, which have been in a state of division. Until around 1650, the kingdom of Oyo rose and established hegemony in the lower reaches of Niger River, which was later destroyed by Hausa people. It is worth mentioning that the Kingdom of Benin is in today's Nigeria, and today's Republic of Benin was formerly the Kingdom of Dahomey, a small country in West Africa, and has nothing to do with the Kingdom of Benin.
7. Hausa city-state, a nation located in the north of Yoruba. Founded by Hausa people, it rose around AD 1000. With the continuous expansion of trade routes in West Africa, these city-states gradually grew up by inland trade. Hausa polis consists of seven real Hausa polis and seven fake Hausa polis (probably immigrants). Every city-state is independent at ordinary times, and only when defending the enemy will a loose alliance be established. However, each city-state is also economically interdependent and has a clear division of labor. For example, some city-states undertake agricultural production, while others produce handicrafts, and so on. Its polis can be regarded as a loose confederacy system. Because there is no unified political power, Hausa city-state has been attached to the Kingdom of Oyo and the Kingdom of Kanim-Bornu in the southeast. Until the middle of19th century, the city-state of Hausa was unified, the powerful Sultanate of sokoto was established, and even the overlord Oyo Kingdom, which once dominated the Niger River basin, was eliminated. However, sokoto was annexed by the French in 1903. Hausa polis is good at building exquisite painted clay buildings, which can still be seen in the towns where Hausa people live today.
8. Lake Chad civilization, which originated in the northeast of Lake Chad, is the ancestor of Kanouri people around Lake Chad today. They once established a powerful kingdom of Kanim-Bornu, ruling today's Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The earliest record of its country was in 872, so it is speculated that its founding time should be around the eighth century AD, but some scholars believe that its national history can be traced back to 600 BC. The early name of this country was Zagava Kingdom, and later it was renamed Kanim Kingdom, and it converted to Islam at the end of 1 1. /kloc-In the middle of the third century, it became very powerful because it monopolized the commercial routes in Central Africa. It once competed with the powerful Mali Empire in West Africa, but it soon split. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, due to foreign invasion, the Kingdom of Kanim moved to the Bornu area to the west of Lake Chad. Since then, it has been renamed the Kingdom of Bornu, and it has risen again, becoming the overlord of central and western Africa and once again competing with the successor of the Mali Empire, the Sanghai Empire. The kingdom declined again in the first half of the17th century, and was wiped out by the French colonial army in 1900, which probably lasted for more than two thousand years.
9. Swahili civilization is a mixed civilization, which is distributed in the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in Kenya, Tanzania and eastern Mozambique today. From 9th century to10th century, Persians moved into this area, and later Arabs replaced Persians as local leaders. They merged with the primitive Tuwa people to form Swahili people, and established a series of city-states in coastal areas, the most powerful of which was Kilwa. Swahili people are widely involved in the Indian Ocean trade, mainly ivory, spices and slaves. They trade with Indian, Southeast Asian countries and even China, and become extremely prosperous. Persians called the powerful city-states such as Kiwar at that time the monk empire. 1503, the Portuguese occupied Kival, and its influence gradually penetrated into other city-states. The Portuguese ruled here for nearly 200 years. Then Oman ruled the Indian Ocean. They went south and expelled the Portuguese, and the city of Swahili was ruled by Oman. Until19th century, this area was divided up by western powers again.
10, a Congolese civilization, is an ancient Bantu country that appeared in the rainforest area of Congo River basin in central Africa, and was formed from 10 to1century. Due to the prosperity of civilization in northern Nigeria, this region has also been greatly influenced and gradually formed a kingdom that has just passed. Due to isolation and no written records, the history of the Kingdom of Congo was completely unknown before the Portuguese arrived here in 1483. In any case, when the Portuguese arrived in Congo, the Kingdom of Congo had established a powerful national institution. At that time, the Portuguese were alone in Africa, unable to compete with the kingdom of Congo, and could only trade with friendly diplomatic relations. 1506, the kingdom of Congo officially converted to Catholicism, and the relationship between the two countries became closer. However, with the Dutch active, the Portuguese began to step up their colonial aggression against Africa. 1622 Portugal sent troops for the first time. Since then, the Kingdom of Congo has allied itself with the Netherlands and waged a war with Portugal for nearly half a century, but it ended in failure. The kingdom of Congo is divided and its territory is divided by western powers. However, the Kingdom of Congo was not formally annexed by Portugal until 19 14. It is worth mentioning that the Kingdom of Congo is named because it is located in the Congo River basin. In fact, its core ruling area is in Angola today, not Congo.
1 1, Zimbabwe civilization, located in today's Zimbabwe, is also the builder of the famous black relic Great Zimbabwe. Greater Zimbabwe can be regarded as the most splendid civilization in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is the remains of a megalithic city. Great Zimbabwe was founded in about 1 1 century, and traces of human activities can be traced back to the 4th century or even earlier. Due to the lack of records, we don't know its early history, and we don't know who its founder is. What we can know is that at the end of 14, this great Zimbabwe entered its heyday and became the center of a powerful country. 1420, the kingdom of Mutapa was established and conquered here. At this point, Greater Zimbabwe became the capital of Mutapa Kingdom. During Mutapa's reign, Greater Zimbabwe continued to expand and build. Because this country produces gold, there is a legend of Huang Jinguo in Africa. At that time, the Portuguese had occupied the Swahili city-state, heard the legend of Huang Jinguo in Mutapa and couldn't wait to colonize it. But at that time, the kingdom of Mutapa was still very strong, and the Portuguese could never go deep into the area. However, with the decline of the gold trade and the constant civil strife in the royal family, the kingdom of Mutapa gradually declined and Greater Zimbabwe was gradually abandoned. Even so, in the17th century, the Portuguese were driven out of the kingdom of Mutapa twice, but in the end they were lured into the palace again because of the dispute over the throne, and the kingdom of Mutapa was gradually controlled by Portugal.