According to the nature of book owners, the book collection system in China history can be divided into four categories: official collection (that is, national collection), private collection (that is, private collection), college collection and temple collection.
The well-documented National Library in China can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty. Li Er (Laozi), a famous thinker, is the earliest known curator of the National Library, and the curator at that time called it "the history of entrusted books". In the Qin Dynasty, the National Library was called "Stone Room". In the early Han Dynasty, books were widely collected, and six public libraries were established, namely Taichang, Taishi, Doctor, Yan Ge, Guangnei and Secret Room. In the Three Kingdoms, there were ministers in Wei State, and the National Library of Chinese and Foreign Libraries was promoted to Wei system. The national library belongs to Lantai and the secretary. In the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, the national collection was richer, but it was damaged due to overlapping dynasties or ideological reasons. In the Yuan Dynasty, first, Taoism was revered, then Buddhism was belittled, and books and tapes of Taoist scriptures and Du Xuan treasures were burned. Today, there are only one or two pages of Du Xuan treasures left in the world. The Ming Dynasty was the prosperous period of ancient books collection in China. Not only the national library, but also the vassal kings who were enfeoffed liked to collect books and engrave books. From the attribute point of view, the collection of princes is also a form of collection between official collection and private collection. It was in the Qing Dynasty that China's collection of books, whether public or private, was in the golden age, and its collection scale and research on its collection were far superior to those of previous dynasties.
There are four evils in the book: water, fire, soldiers and insects. With the development of the times, the older the collection, the more difficult it is, so the category of rare books has been delayed. Ye Dehui, a bibliophile in the late Qing Dynasty, said: "People in the Southern Song Dynasty value the Northern Song Dynasty, people in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties value the Song Dynasty, and collectors in the Zhou Dynasty value the Yuan and Ming Dynasties." This explains the categories of books collected in past dynasties.
At the beginning of the invention of block printing in the middle Tang Dynasty, it was mainly used to print Buddhist scriptures, calligraphy books and almanac. It was not until the Northern Song Dynasty that printed books gradually replaced manuscripts and manuscripts and became the mainstream of books, so the manuscripts of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties and before became ancient books in the eyes of Song people. However, it has been more than a thousand years since the early Song Dynasty, and the ancient books before the Song Dynasty have almost disappeared. At the beginning of the last century, the discovery of Buddhist scriptures in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes enabled people to see the treasures of Jin and Tang Dynasties. These rare books still have a chance to be collected today, and powerful friends should certainly buy these treasures.
By the mid-Ming Dynasty, books published in the Song Dynasty had been sought after by bibliophiles in the Qing Dynasty. Although there were tens of thousands of kinds of carved books in the Song Dynasty, it was rare at this time. Because of the earnest attitude of engraving books in Song Dynasty, the level of publishing, engraving and printing is excellent, and the paper and ink used are also very elegant. Coupled with a strong cultural atmosphere, it naturally became a treasure of book collectors in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the government's collection of books also increased greatly. In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shiqi investigated the books in Wen Yuan and compiled the bibliography of Wen Yuan Pavilion, which recorded more than 43,200 volumes and 7,000 species. Unfortunately, the government's collection of books was neglected, and by the time Wen Yuan's collection was counted in the thirty-third year of Wanli, there were few books left. Coupled with the war in the late Ming Dynasty, these collections were basically destroyed.
Private collections flourished in the Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, they were enfeoffed as prisoners. Because they did not master the military power, and the emperor gave a large number of rare books left over from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, many prisoners were keen on collecting books. For example, Zhou Wangzhu and Ning WangZhu Quan all collected a large number of rare books. In particular, Zhu Muju, the grandson of Zhu V, bought books in Li Kaixian, Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, and opened a feudal million-volume museum, becoming the most famous bibliophile in the royal family.
There were hundreds of famous bibliophiles in Ming Dynasty, and more than ten of them had great influence on later generations. In particular, the rise of private libraries has made private collections more standardized. Song Lian's famous Luo Qing Mountain House has a collection of more than 80,000 books, and Zhutang in Ye Sheng is famous for its manuscripts, with a collection of 22,700 books. Ye is particularly famous for his book stamp, which reads: read carefully, lock it firmly, accept it carefully and stand up. Children and grandchildren, only learn not to be filial. Fan Qin Tianyige, Jiajing forty years (AD 156 1), built Tianyige Library in Yinxian, his hometown, with a collection of more than 70,000 volumes. Tianyi Pavilion is well preserved and is the oldest library in China. Other famous buildings in the Ming Dynasty include the Youer Mountain House in Hu Yinglin, the Lianshengtang of Ye Qicheng, the Jigu Pavilion and the Jiangyun Building of Qian.
The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of the collection of ancient books in China, and both public and private collections reached their peak. In the early Qing Dynasty, the emperor attached great importance to cultural undertakings. In addition to the large collection of books in imperial academy and imperial academy, the Forbidden City also has a large collection of ancient books, such as Collection of Imperial Records, Jade Dies and Canon of Qing Dynasty. Zhaorentang specializes in collecting rare books of ancient books in Song, Jin, Liao, Yuan and Ming Dynasties; The temple books carved by Wu Yingtang are all here. Especially for later collectors, the collection of Tianlu Lin Lang is sought after. Tianlu Lin Lang is the library of Emperor Qianlong, which specializes in collecting rare books of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. During the Republic of China, these books were taken out of the palace by Xuantong, and some of them were scattered among the people. These books have been redecorated in the palace, with colorful brocade covers and embroidered corners. Especially at first glance, it is obviously the characteristic of Tianlu's beautiful things, because the front and back covers of each book are engraved with the words "the treasure of ancient emperors", "the treasure of bagua palm", "the treasure of the emperor's father", "Tianlu's beautiful things" and "Tianlu's inheritance". Most of Tianlu's beautiful books are in the Forbidden City, the National Library and the Library of Taiwan Province Province. Those left among the people are like stars and phoenixes. Book collectors should cherish the opportunity when they see them.
Private book collection in Qing Dynasty was the golden age in the history of book collection, and hundreds of bibliophiles emerged, such as,,, Wang, Bao Tingbo, Lu Wen, Zhu Yizun, and Xu Gan. In particular, Huang Pilie, a famous bibliophile, created a generation with his book collection thoughts, and the books he annotated became the sought after objects of later bibliophiles.
The appearance of the four major libraries in Qing Dynasty, especially their concept of book collection, had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
The collection of books in the Republic of China is a continuation of the Qing Dynasty in terms of collection methods and concepts, and it also produced many great book collectors, such as Fu Zengxiang, Xiang Tao, Li Shengduo and Zhou Shu. They still collect books in the traditional way, but there are many new ideas on the classification of books, which can be used for reference by today's book collectors. Book lovers who are interested in exploring the true meaning of book collection can look at some of their monographs on typology, bibliography and collation.
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Ancient and modern good book view
Different times have different academic trends of thought. With the changes of the times, the categories of rare books are also changing. From the Western Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, China experienced more than two thousand years of feudal society. During this period, various books 1, 8 1, 755 volumes were published, totaling 2367 1, 466 volumes. After many hardships, there are less than 80,000 of these classics. Because of the carving of past dynasties, different versions have been produced, and only rare books with good content, academic value, artistic value and cultural relics value have great collection value. So, first of all, choosing books is the key.
Zhu Bian wrote in "Old News of Xiao Qu": "Taoism books in the Song Dynasty were all proofread three or five times, and all the books in the world were regarded as good books by Taoism." Ye Mengde's Stone Forest Yan Yu: "Before the Tang Dynasty, all books were written, and there was no method of stamping. People value books. " There are not many books, but Tibetans are good at writing right, so there are often rare books. "As can be seen from the above, Song people think that the books of Jingxiao are rare books. In the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, the standard of "good books" in the Song Dynasty was basically continued. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong talked about his view of rare books from the perspective of reading: "Rare books are not new to paper books, which means that predecessors carved several ancient books, carefully proofread them, carefully inspected them, and lacked nothing." "A good version has three meanings: first, it is a complete version (no volume, no abridgement); The second is the refined version (with accurate proofreading and marking); Third, this is an old edition (old block print and old copy). "At that time, the old woodblock and the old codex refer to the woodblock before Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty and the codex of the Ming Dynasty.
After the founding of New China, the state organized experts to compile the National Catalogue of Rare Books of Ancient Books, and formulated the National Catalogue of Rare Books of Ancient Books, which summarized the standard of rare books as "three characteristics and nine articles". Although some experts have different views on this, this provision has certain reference value for bibliophiles, so the full text is as follows: anything with special value in historical relics, academic materials and artistic reproduction, or in one of them, should be a rare book. Specifically: 1, the book that Yuan Yuan and Yuan Yuan carved and copied before; 2. Ming engraving and Ming transcript; 3. There are few copies and engravings before Qianlong in Qing Dynasty; 4. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the peasant revolutionary regimes of past dynasties carved books; 5. Before the Revolution of 1911, manuscripts with original opinions or school characteristics or systematic opinions in academic research were collected, as well as rarely circulated versions and manuscripts; 6. Manuscripts that reflect the information of a certain period, a certain field or an event before the Revolution of 1911, and rarely circulated versions and manuscripts; 7. Proofreading, inscriptions, comments and manuscripts personally examined and approved by celebrities and scholars; 8, in the printing can reflect the development of ancient printing technology in China, on behalf of a certain period of technical level of all kinds of movable type printing, overprinting or engraving with fine prints; 9. The printed spectrum of the Ming Dynasty, the ancient printed spectrum of the Qing Dynasty, and the printed spectrum of famous seal cutting (with features and full-page or handwritten inscriptions).
As a bibliophile, we can make our own standards for rare books by referring to the above opinions, because the number of ancient books is a constant, and it will only decrease if it does not increase. It is almost impossible for ancient books to enter the library and participate in the market circulation, so as time goes by, there are fewer and fewer books available. Of course, the ancients had high standards for rare books, but the difficulty of obtaining books was unbearable for collectors. Therefore, appropriately relaxing the standard of rare books is a way for Tibetans to adapt to the situation.