What are Leonardo da Vinci's scientific and artistic achievements?

Chinese name: Da Vinci

Gender: male

Date of birth and death: 1452- 15 19.

Country: Italy

Life document:

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was the first painter in the Italian Renaissance and one of the most outstanding representatives in the whole European Renaissance. He is a profound, knowledgeable and versatile artist, master of science, literary theorist, great philosopher, poet, musician, engineer and inventor. He has made great contributions in almost every field. Later scholars called him "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", "first-class scholar" and "prodigy". He deserves all the praise, even more.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) was born in Kiano village near the Italian town of Vinci, which is very close to Florence. Leonardo da vinci is an illegitimate child and spent his childhood in his grandfather's grange. Da Vinci was smart and studious when he was a child, and he had a wide range of interests. He sings very well and learned to play the pipa very early. His impromptu singing, whether it is lyrics or tunes, is amazing. He loves painting very much and often paints for his neighbors. He has the reputation of "painting prodigy". Leonardo da Vinci's family was a famous family in Florence at that time. His father pierrot hoped that Leonardo da Vinci would become a lawyer like himself, but then something happened, which made pierrot change his mind and decided to let Leonardo learn painting.

At that time, pierrot was entrusted by a farmer to draw a shield painting. He heard that his son could paint and wanted to try his son's painting skills, so he gave the task to Little Finch. With rich imagination, Little Finch spent a month drawing a terrible monster. This monster has fireball-like eyes, an open maw, and flames and poison gas spew out of his nostrils. It looks terrible. After the work was finished, Little Finch invited his father to his room. He covered half the window and erected an easel where the light just fell on the monster. When pierrot walked into the room for the first time, he saw this hideous monster at a glance and cried with fear. The sparrow smiled and said to her father, "Please accept it, it is the effect it should have." Convinced that his son had a talent for painting, pierrot sent Finch to Florence to study plastic arts systematically under the guidance of the famous artist Rocchio. At this time, Da Vinci was only 14 years old.

Rocchio's original boat was a famous art center in Florence at that time, where Italian humanists often gathered to discuss academic issues. Da Vinci established a large number of well-known humanists, artists and scientists here, and began to accept the influence of humanism. By the age of 20, Leonardo da Vinci had reached a high artistic attainments. He used brushes and carving knives to express the truth, goodness and beauty of nature and real life, and enthusiastically praised the happiness of life and the beauty of nature.

Leonardo da vinci is not satisfied with his talent. He wants to master all fields of human thought. He has a unique vision, capable work and artistic soul. Once, he got lost in the mountains and came to a dark cave. When he later recalled this experience, he said, "I suddenly had two emotions-fear and longing: I was afraid of the dark cave and wanted to see if there would be anything strange in it." His life has been bound by these two emotions-he is afraid of the unknowable mystery of life, but he wants to expose, study, explain its meaning and describe its grandeur. He made up his mind to be a researcher, a teacher, and especially an artist.

Leonardo da Vinci has made amazing achievements in both art and natural science. His vision and scientific knowledge are beyond his time.

In the early Renaissance, people blindly accepted traditional ideas and worshipped ancient authorities and classical works. People learn scientific knowledge only by studying Aristotle's theory like the Bible, and only believe in written records. Leonardo da vinci objected to scholasticism taking past teaching and speeches as the knowledge base. He encouraged people to learn from nature and seek knowledge and truth from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice, and only by starting from practice can we explore the mysteries of science through practice. He said that "it is the greatest misfortune that theory is divorced from practice" and "practice should be based on good theory". Leonardo da Vinci put forward and mastered this advanced scientific method, and applied it to scientific research, making great contributions to natural science. This method, which he proposed, was later developed by Galileo and theoretically summarized by British philosopher Francis Bacon, and became the most basic method of modern natural science. Leonardo da Vinci believed in science. He hates religion and attacks Catholicism as a "shop selling deception". He said, "There is only one truth. He is not in religion, but in science. " Leonardo da Vinci's experimental working method paved the way for the later inventions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton.

In astronomy, Leonardo da Vinci held a negative view of the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move. Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His view was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Sun-centered Theory". Even then, Leonardo da Vinci fantasized about using solar energy.

In physics, Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion. His discovery shook Aristotle's theory of falling objects. He developed the lever principle, which not only deduced the relationship between acting force and arm length, but also calculated the relationship between speed and arm length. He pointed out that perpetual motion machine is impossible as an energy source. Leonardo also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "that thing will explode from the ground, ... causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed." It seems destructive in the air. "

Leonardo da vinci has also made great achievements in anatomy and physiology, and is known as the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied physiology and medicine from anatomy. He first used wax to express the internal structure of human brain, and he was also the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes out of glass and ceramics. He discovered the function of blood and thought that blood played a metabolic role in human body. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, bringing nutrition to all parts of the body, and then taking away the waste in the body. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart. He found that the heart has four chambers and drew the heart valve. He believes that one of the causes of death in the elderly is arteriosclerosis, which is caused by lack of exercise. Later, William Harvey in England confirmed and developed these physiological achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.

Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involved military and mechanical aspects. He invented aircraft, helicopters, parachutes, machine guns, grenades, tanks, submarines and double-decker ships.

Shell warships, cranes, etc. He also made great contributions in the fields of mathematics and hydraulic engineering. It can be said that Leonardo da Vinci's research involves all departments of natural science, and his thoughts and talents go deep into all fields of human knowledge. He is a rare scholar with all-round development in the world.

However, most of Da Vinci's works and manuscripts were published many years after his death. Dampier, a historian of science, said of Leonardo da Vinci, "If he publishes his works, science will jump to the situation a hundred years later."

When it comes to artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael achieved the highest achievements during the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of western plastic arts after ancient Greece, and reached the first peak in Europe only in painting. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci is the most prominent, and Engels called him a giant among giants. In terms of artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci solved three difficult problems of plastic arts-architecture, sculpture and painting: 1, and solved the design of memorial central dome building and the planning of ideal city; 2. Completed the task of15th century, which has been a headache for sculptors; 3. Solved two important problems in painting at that time-memorial murals and altar paintings. Leonardo da Vinci's artistic works not only reflect things like mirrors, but also express them by thinking, observing and choosing beautiful parts of nature, thus guiding his own creation. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art.

Leonardo da Vinci had more and wider fantasies than anyone in the Renaissance. He is profound in thought and knowledge. He studied all the mysteries of nature and life with a never-ending spirit of exploration. He integrated art and science, reason and emotion, body and spirit, inherited and carried forward the humanistic thought and realistic expression of predecessors, pushed art to an unprecedented height and made great contributions to the development of natural science. Leonardo da Vinci is well-deserved "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance".

Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19), whose full name is Leonardo Dissel Piero da Vinci, was an Italian painter and scientist in the Renaissance and a symbol of human wisdom. He was the most famous artist in the Italian Renaissance. He is not only a great painter, but also a futurist, architect, mathematician, musician, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, physicist and mechanical engineer. He is famous for his superb painting skills. He also designed many inventions that could not be realized at that time, but appeared in modern science and technology. Generally speaking, Leonardo da Vinci greatly surpassed the level of architecture, anatomy and astronomy at that time, but failed to promote its development. He was born in Florence on 1452. Although he is an illegitimate child, he is highly valued. According to historical records, Antonio Da Vinci (Da Vinci's grandfather) wrote on the back page of the translation notebook: On Saturday, April 1452, at 3 o'clock in the middle of the night, I had a grandson, my son. When I was five years old, I could draw a portrait of my mother on the beach from memory, and at the same time, I could improvise and sing with myself, which attracted the admiration of the people present. The Last Supper is the most famous religious painting in the world, while Mona Lisa is the most famous and greatest portrait painting in the world. These two world-renowned works make Leonardo da Vinci's name immortal. Leonardo da vinci's unique artistic language is to create a plane by light and shade.

(* Leonardo da Vinci is the earliest translated name of Wen Yiduo, translated in Italian. There are mistakes in the English translation of the old translation of Da Wen Xi; Italian ci is pronounced "odd" instead of "west")

"God sometimes endows a person with beauty, elegance and talent, which makes his behavior superior, indicating that his genius comes from God rather than human power. This is the case with Leonardo. His elegance and grace are unparalleled, and his wisdom can solve all problems. " This is vasari's praise of Leonardo da Vinci.

Da Vinci1April, 452 15 was born in Finch, not far from Florence in central Italy, and spent his childhood there. 1469, he came to Florence and worked as an apprentice in verrocchio's studio. 1472 entered the artists association of that year.

In art, he is an expert in sculpture, but he pays special attention to painting. He said, "Painting is the daughter of nature."

Legend has it that when he was young, he helped his teacher draw a little angel in a painting called John the Baptist Christ. As a result, his level surpassed all the other characters drawn by the teacher. The famous teacher was ashamed, so he stopped dabbling in painting and only engaged in sculpture.

Leonardo da vinci is best known for his superb painting skills. His most famous works include Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Our Lady in the Rock, Santa Anna and The Virgin.

The Mona Lisa was painted for four years. It is said that the model is a Florentine who just lost her child. In order to relieve her pain and show her natural smile, Leonardo asked someone to play music for her. Her smile is a topic that people talk about, sometimes it looks serious and sometimes it looks gentle; Sometimes it's sad, sometimes it's ironic. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history".

The Last Supper was painted on the wall of the sacred dining room of Gracy Church. Leonardo da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper painted by his predecessors, so that all the characters sat in a row facing outward, with Jesus Christ in the middle.

In Science, he observed celestial bodies and wrote, "The sun is motionless." Almost at the same time, Copernicus discovered the "sun-centered theory"; He studied the scientific principle of flight and designed and built the first airplane. He dissected more than 30 corpses, explored the human body structure, and was the first to discover the growth process of the baby in the mother. He once said, "you may be avoided by this natural stench ... or you may be impatient and not diligent enough." In these respects, I am not hindered by greed or laziness, but by lack of time. "

When he was young, Da Vinci studied painting in the studio of Florence painter verrocchio, and left Florence for Milan in 148 1. Later, he was invited to France by King Francis I of France. Leonardo da vinci was a genius in the world at that time. His main talents are scientific discovery and imagination. He has designed helicopters, airplanes, hot air balloons, siege machines, urban defense systems and drainage systems, and studied human anatomy, proportion and perspective. He is the first painter in Europe to paint landscapes, and is famous for his scientific and clear mind. Of course, some people think that he seldom realizes his ideas and makes real achievements, because he is only a hollow reputation in science. Among the "Three Masters" of the Renaissance (the other two are Michelangelo and Raphael), the characters in his paintings are realistic and the composition is rigorous and steady. His most famous paintings are the mural The Last Supper and the portrait of the Monastery of Santa Maria in Milan, Mona Lisa and the Virgin in the Rock. His works include On Painting.

In his later years, Leonardo da Vinci settled in the Castle of Clos in the Loire Valley of France, where he completed his self-portrait. In his later years, Leonardo became calm and quiet, and devoted himself to studying the relationship between faith and nature. He died in Crowe Castle in 15 19.

"For a whole day, you can sleep peacefully; A full life, you can have no regrets "is a famous sentence in his will." "

1452 On April 5th, Da Vinci was born in Da Vinci Town near Florence, Italy. My father is a well-known local notary with a well-off family. Leonardo da Vinci showed his talent for painting from an early age. His little animals are lifelike, so his father sent him to his friend, the famous painter and sculptor Frogia's painting studio as an apprentice.

When Leonardo da Vinci came to the painting workshop, his teacher, Frogia, brought him an egg to paint. Leonardo da Vinci painted several pictures soon, but the teacher asked him to continue painting for a few days. Da Vinci finally got impatient and thought that the teacher had underestimated him and asked him to draw such a simple egg. The teacher read his mind and said meaningfully, "This egg is not simple. There are no two identical eggs in the world. Even the same egg has different shapes because of different viewing angles and different light. "

Da Vinci suddenly realized that the original teacher was to cultivate his ability to observe things and grasp images. Since then, he has been training the basic skills of painting and learning all kinds of artistic and scientific knowledge, laying a solid foundation for achieving excellent results in painting and other aspects in the future.

Leonardo da Vinci pursued painting tirelessly all his life, leaving us with many masterpieces that will last forever. One of the most famous is

The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

The Last Supper is a mural made by Leonardo da Vinci for the canteen of Santa Maria Monastery in Milan, which is based on the Bible.

The story of Jesus being betrayed by his disciple Judas.

In this work, Leonardo da Vinci brilliantly describes what Jesus said at dinner, "One of you has betrayed.

After the sentence "I", the immediate expression of his 12 disciples. You can get insight into everyone through their different expressions.

Everyone's personality and complex mentality. The layout of the picture highlights Jesus, and the disciples echo left and right. Jesus sitting in the middle is solemn,

The background set off his aboveboard with bright windows. Judas, the traitor, looked flustered in the darkest part of the picture, which showed his heart.

The earth is dirty and ugly, in sharp contrast to Jesus.

In this painting, Leonardo da Vinci eulogized truth and justice in a realistic way, and lashed out at the actions and sins of traitors.

Power.

Da Vinci worked hard to create this painting. In order to accurately depict Judas, he went to various occasions.

Observe criminals, hooligans and gamblers, guess their mentality, behavior and form repeatedly, and draw a lot of sketches until they are drawn.

His satisfied image. The great success of this painting made no one dare to set foot on this subject again.

The portrait of Mona Lisa is based on the wife of a friend of Leonardo da Vinci. For this painting, Leonardo da Vinci first studied it.

In order to keep her happy mood, harpists and singers were specially invited to perform for her. Leonardo da Vinci accurately said

Captured Mona Lisa's charming smile in an instant, and described her subtle psychological activities in detail with delicate brushstrokes.

Now when you look at this painting, you will still feel the suffocating power contained in her smile.

Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist who achieved Pei Ran achievements, but also a versatile scientist. He spends his money on scientific research.

Spent a lot of time and energy and achieved great success. He deeply observes and studies animals, plants, geology and even human nature.

Body. He also imitated the wings of birds and designed an aircraft similar to an airplane. He also designed many advanced spinning wheels, high

Efficient machine tools and punching machines put forward the concept of geology for the first time, and described human bones and muscles correctly and comprehensively for the first time.

And the proportion of the human body. His scientific practice provides an ideological source for future scientists.

Leonardo da Vinci was persecuted by feudal religious forces for a long time because of his radical bourgeois humanistic political view. 1

In 5 17, he was 65 years old, but he was still forced to leave his motherland and live in France. Two years later, the artist

The giant engine suddenly stalled.

In order to commemorate this master of art and science, 1928, the "Da Vinci Museum" was established in his hometown, and later the "Da Vinci Museum in Finch" (located in the Cotti Guidi Castle in Finch) was established. There is also a special exhibition of Leonardo da Vinci at the Milan National Museum of Science and Technology (Via S.Vittore 2 1). Chronicle of the Da Vinci Event:

1April 452 15, Cel pierrot Da Vinci and Katrina were born in Wenxi Village, a suburb of Florence.

/kloc-entered verrocchio Studio in 0/465 and became an elementary disciple (13 ~ 14 years old).

1473, he created the "sacred proclamation"

1476, he was accused of same-sex love with other disciples of verrocchio. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old).

1482 painting "pilgrimage to the three sages" and returning to Milan (30 years old)

1483 was accepted by San Francisco, and the cathedral ordered the Madonna on the rock (3 1 year old).

1495 began to draw the last supper (43 years old).

1502 ~ 03 returned to Florence and began to paint the Mona Lisa (50 years old).

15 16 went to Amboise, France (64 years old) at the invitation of the French king.

1565438+ passed away in Amboise on May 2, 2009 (at the age of 67).

Leonardo da Vinci left a large number of messy manuscripts written with his left hand, which is difficult to interpret. It was not until the middle of17th century that scholars sorted out a few Da Vinci manuscripts. Leonardo da Vinci's main manuscript was lost for more than 200 years, and it was not until 18 17 that it was rediscovered. Leonardo da Vinci's manuscripts are divided into several categories:

Leonardo da Vinci on Painting

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Leonardo da Vinci on Painting

* On Painting1865438+In 2007, the manuscript of painting theory compiled by Da Vinci's disciple Merz was found in Ullbin Nuo Library.

:: About sculpture

* About architecture. Including church sketch and arch structure analysis.

* In physiology. On Human Life and Death, Memory, Intelligence and Desire

* Anatomy

:: Zoology

* About astronomy. On the earth, the sun and the planets.

* About geography. Groundwater, geology, Italian canal, French highway, mining.

* About philosophy