Yuanmingyuan is located in the northwest of Haidian Town in the northwest suburb of Beijing. In ancient times, there were dense Shui Bo and lush vegetation. Since Liao and Jin Dynasties, there have been many royal palaces and temples nearby. In the Yuan Dynasty, private people began to build private gardens here, which became more popular in the Ming Dynasty. This area is called "Dan Ling". Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty visited the south many times and praised the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. So he built a garden-style palace in Dan Ling, and gave some small and medium-sized gardens nearby, including Yuanmingyuan. When Yuanmingyuan was built is still controversial. The most common saying is that the Yuanmingyuan was built in the forty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1709), which is based on the textual research of Old Things in the Forbidden City compiled and published during the Qianlong period. The second common saying is that this place was originally the hometown of the Ming Dynasty, which was rebuilt in the forty-eighth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi and was given to the fourth son of the emperor, Yin Zhen. The theory of hometown in Ming Dynasty began with Xu Shujun's Preface to Yuanmingyuan in the decade of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (187 1). This article affirmed the original eunuch profession in Yuanmingyuan, but provided no evidence. In addition to the above two statements, there are also statements that Yuanmingyuan was built in the thirty-ninth year and forty years of Kangxi, and there are also general statements such as the early Qing Dynasty, the forty years of Kangxi and the last years of Kangxi. In 2005, Yin proposed that the Yuanmingyuan should be built no later than the 46th year of Kangxi (1707). Yuanmingyuan was originally given by Emperor Kangxi to Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the emperor (later succeeded to the throne as Yong Zhengdi), formerly known as "Carving a Moon and Opening Clouds". It was very small at first, only 300 acres. Yong Zhengdi began to expand eastward, westward and northward in the third year of Yongzheng (1725) after he ascended the throne. At first, a palace building was built in the south of the original garden, making it a garden with the function of listening to politics. When he was in power, Yuanmingyuan also built many large and medium-sized waterscapes and built rivers and mountains, forming a pattern of mountains and rivers alternating with each other. Yong Zhengdi named 28 scenic spots in the garden, such as Peony Pavilion, Xinghua Pavilion and Zidian. Emperor Qianlong of Yuanmingyuan moved to Yuanmingyuan in the second year after Yongzheng (1737) and expanded the garden for the second time. Emperor Qianlong personally presided over the expansion of Yuanmingyuan. The expansion project came to an end in the ninth year of Qianlong, forming the "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan". Emperor Qianlong was keen on traveling and smelting. He traveled to the south of the Yangtze River many times in his life, absorbed the essence of gardens from all over the country and integrated into Yuanmingyuan. By the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), the construction of Yuanmingyuan had basically come to an end. Emperor Qianlong once ordered 40 scenes to compose poems respectively, and ordered painters to paint and decorate them, which was called "Poems on Yuanmingyuan". After the completion of Yuanmingyuan, two affiliated gardens were built in the east and south, namely Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden. Changchun Garden was built in the third year of Qianlong (1738) and completed in the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749). Qichun Garden was formed in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), and was formed by the merger of many gardens given by princes and princesses. During the Jiaqing period, the west road was expanded and merged into the garden given by the princes and princesses. Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden are relatively independent and interrelated, mainly Yuanmingyuan, so they are generally called Yuanmingyuan or Yuanmingyuan. During the Jiaqing period, Yuanming Three Gardens were added. After Jiaqing, due to the decline of national strength, the Qing royal family was unable to repair gardens on a large scale. This situation lasted until the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), when the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan. The destruction of Yuanmingyuan began 1860. During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces set fire to it on a large scale. After the Yuanmingyuan was burned down, it was cleaned and repaired, and some buildings survived. /kloc-in 0/900, Beijing was captured by Eight-Nation Alliance, and Yuanmingyuan was looted by nearby troops and bandits in the chaos, and most of the remaining buildings were destroyed. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the site of Yuanmingyuan was neglected. Most of the remaining stones were swept away, and most of the remaining buildings and garden walls were destroyed by the large-scale migration of people. During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces arrived at Deshengmen and Andingmen in Beijing on June 6, 1980/KLOC-0. The soldiers of Sengqin and Rui Lin retreated to the Yuanmingyuan area one after another, so the British and French allied forces chased them to the Yuanmingyuan. At first, Allied soldiers warned not to enter the garden, fearing that China would ask for the lost property in the future. But soon after dusk, thousands of French troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan, and the officers and men guarding the park were outnumbered. Seeing that the French army was robbing, the British commander Grant allowed the British army to enter the park. Allied soldiers plundered the treasures and furniture in the garden. According to British officials' estimation afterwards, the value of cultural relics and treasures (gold, silver, precious stones, silks and satins, antique furnishings, etc.). ) The looted property amounted to 6 million pounds, as well as priceless rare books, pagodas, porcelain and furniture. Destroyed because they don't know their value or are inconvenient to handle. Because the Qing court negotiators arrested British Ambassador Parkes and his party and imprisoned them in Yuanmingyuan, the British army found the dismembered body of the Times reporter in the garden. British commander James Bruce, the eighth earl of Elgin, ordered the garden to be set on fire on June+10/October 18, 65438, as a punishment for the Qing court. The first British Army Corps set fire to all parts of the garden from June 10 to June 18. At the same time, teams were sent to burn down nearby royal gardens such as Jingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Qingyi Garden and Changchun Garden. The Yuanmingyuan fire lasted for two days, and more than 300 eunuchs and maids were killed in the fire. French writer victor hugo once strongly condemned this, calling it "the victory of two robbers". Official historians in China say that the Yuanmingyuan was burned down because the British and French allied forces set fire to cover up its barbaric plunder. However, since the 1960s, different views have emerged. For example, it is believed that the Qing Dynasty failed to observe the basic diplomatic etiquette and imprisoned all the British and French negotiators, resulting in 26 of the 39 people being tortured to death. After the British and French allied forces entered Beijing, they discovered this situation and took the strategy of burning Yuanmingyuan out of revenge for the Qing emperor. The reason why the British and French allied forces chose to burn Yuanmingyuan is mainly because the Imperial Palace (now called the Forbidden City) is a symbol of state power, and Yuanmingyuan is the emperor's private garden. Count Erkin wanted to punish Emperor Xianfeng at that time, not the people of China. This history can refer to the Opium War by Travis hanes III published by Sanlian Bookstore. After the Yuanmingyuan was burned down, some scenic spots survived. According to the investigation report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), the existing buildings in the park include Kuanggong, Zibishan House, Yuyue Feiteng, Gengyuntang, Shen Xiu Siyong, Tang Zhiguo, Kenongxuan, Shunmutian, Chunyuxuan, Xinghua Chuntang, Wenchang Pavilion, Kuixingge, Pengdao Yaotai, Wanfang 'an, Cross and so on. In the 12th year of Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Tongzhi planned to rebuild Yuanmingyuan. They planned to restore Qian Chao District and Jiuzhou District of Yuanmingyuan and a few scenic spots to the north and west of Fuhai, and renamed Qichun Garden "Wanchun Garden" as the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi. However, after 1 1 month, the plan was finally abandoned due to lack of financial resources. Since then, some scenic spots in the park have undergone small-scale maintenance. Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu visited the park many times. At this time, in addition to the remaining buildings, Yuanmingyuan still retains a large number of precious flowers, trees, mountains and rivers, and building foundations. Most bridges, roads, garden fences and gates are intact. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, and the Qing court fled again. In the chaos, Yuanmingyuan was robbed by nearby troops and bandits. Except for the new palace gate (the palace gate of Qichun Garden), all the other buildings in the park were demolished by bandits, selling bricks and wood. Old and famous trees, single-plank bridges and building foundation stakes in the park were all robbed and transported to Qinghe Town nearby for sale. In the decades after the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the site of Yuanmingyuan continued to be looted. Square bricks, strips, stones, white marble carvings, Taihu stones, and bluestones in the park were transported away by warlords and bureaucrats to build private gardens and tombs, and the tiger-skin stone fence in Yuanmingyuan was demolished to build roads. In addition, some cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan were placed in public places, such as the bronze unicorn at the entrance of Changchun Garden, the pen stone in Anyou Palace and the bright stone tablet in Shui Mu. These cultural relics were moved from 19 10 to 1937 in the Summer Palace. The Hua Biao of Anyou Palace, Lin Shiqi, Xingfa Bridge of Xiyanglou, Fan Weishiyu, Shi Mei Monument, Yanhua Monument and Wenyuan Pavilion Monument were moved to the old libraries in yenching university and Beijing respectively. Precious Taihu stones such as Lanting Monument and utpala were moved to Zhongshan Park on 19 15; The stone lion in the east gate of Changchun Garden and its pedestal moved to Zhengyangmen and xinhua gate. The white marble and bricks at the site of Xiyanglou were also transported away by warlords and bureaucrats, or bought by various stone workshops and carved into other stones on the spot. 1928, the stone of Dashuifa site was demolished to build a memorial for the soldiers killed in Suiyuan. During the Japanese occupation period, some sites in the park were filled with lakes by Pingshan under the slogan of "rewarding agriculture" and changed into paddy fields. In the 1950' s, it is planned to choose the site of Beijing Botanical Garden of China Academy of Sciences. However, in the 1960 s, most of the land in the garden was changed into farmland by the nearby production team, and a large number of people poured in rapidly. Remaining buildings such as Fuhaishi revetment in Yuanmingyuan, residual wall of Acropolis, three-hole bridge in Wanchun Garden, material door and seven-hole door in Changchun Garden were demolished one after another, and all the remaining garden walls were cut down. Especially after 1975, many units leveled earth mountains, filled lakes, cut down trees, built factories, pig farms and chicken farms in parks, and the original mountain water system and the remaining ancient tree vegetation of Yuanmingyuan site completely disappeared. After more than 70 years of destruction, Yuanmingyuan has become a ruin. At present, most of the sites in Yuanming Three Gardens are located in the area of Xiyanglou, including Haiyan Hall, the Great West Sea, square and harmonious stone pillars, stone platforms, western-style stone gates in Dashuifa, fountains, single-hole bridges in Qichun Garden and stone boats with holes in Yuanmingyuan. After the looting of Yuanmingyuan, a large number of priceless treasures in the park were lost overseas. In European museums, there are collections from Yuanmingyuan, such as Women's Historical Prose (British Museum), Forty Poems of Yuanmingyuan (National Library of France), remnants of Sikuquanshu, porcelain, Buddha statues and stupas (mostly concentrated in Fontainebleau Palace, France). Most of the other treasures in Yuanmingyuan can't be verified. 12 bronze statue of the Chinese zodiac, which was stolen by the British and French allied forces in 860, is one of the known surviving treasures. In April, 2000, the bronze statues of bull's head, tiger's head and monkey's head were sold at Christie's auction in Hong Kong by Beijing Poly Group for HK$ 31370,000 (bull's head and monkey's head 1538). In September 2003, Zhenguan International Auction (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd. announced that it would auction the bronze statue of the dog head, but it was questioned by the outside world. Finally, the company withdrew the goods and cancelled the auction. In the same month, Stanley Ho invested more than 6 million yuan to buy back the bronze statue of the pig's head and donated it to the Poly Art Museum, which is now on display at the Beijing Poly Art Museum on the second floor of Poly Building, No.2 Dongzhimen South Street 14. The bronze statues of rabbit head and mouse head are in the hands of a private European collector. Ma shou was originally collected in Taiwan Province province, and it was successfully won by Stanley Ho in late September 2007 (that is, on the eve of Sotheby's auction house in Hong Kong) for HK$ 6,965,438+million (equivalent to RMB 66,736,780 at the exchange rate of the day), and donated to the government of China [1] [2]; Before the auction, the China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics publicly stated that it was firmly opposed to the public auction of the bronze statue. In addition, dragons, snakes, sheep, chickens and dogs have never been heard of before, and whether they survive in the world is inconclusive in academic circles. [3] [4] The attractions that Yuanming Sanyuan can visit now are mainly Qichun Garden, Changchun Garden and Fuhai Ruins in Yuanmingyuan, with emphasis on Zhengjue Temple, Xiyanglou and Hanjingtang Ruins. Zhengjue Temple is the only building group that survived the disasters of 1860 and 1900. The temple faces south, and the main buildings are the mountain gate, the Heavenly King Hall, the Ursa Major Hall, the East-West Attached Hall, the Back Building, the Buddha Hall and the Octagonal Pavilion. However, in the1970s, it was converted into a factory building and a living area, and was severely demolished. Now there are only a few buildings, such as the mountain gate and the East-West Attached Pavilion. The ruins of Jiuzhou Scenic Spot in Yuanmingyuan have been cleared up, but they are not open for visit.