It doesn't take a day to get a resident ID card, but it usually takes 60 days to get it. In the meantime, you need to use your ID card to apply for temporary id card.

People's Republic of China (PRC) Identity Card Law

Twelfth citizens to apply for identity cards, public security organs should be handled in a timely manner in accordance with the provisions. The public security organ shall issue resident identity cards within 60 days from the date when citizens submit the registration form of resident identity cards; In areas with inconvenient transportation, the processing time may be appropriately extended, but the extension time shall not exceed thirty days.

Citizens who urgently need to use their resident identity cards during the application, renewal and replacement of their resident identity cards may apply for temporary resident identity cards, and the public security organs shall handle them in a timely manner in accordance with regulations. The specific measures shall be formulated by the public security department of the State Council.