On the low-lying problem of Sizhou city site. As can be seen from the first part of this paper, Sizhou City is located in the west of Hongze Lake. Before it became a lake, there were lakes and depressions on both sides of the Huaihe River. According to the "Sizhou Zhi", "Kaosi has never been called a water country, and it is low-lying. According to the elders, when Tang and Li built the city, Booth was worried about turning over the basin. " Sizhou is not only low-lying, but also the Huaihe River bed is deep and wide. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the phenomenon of tidal inflow could be seen in Xuyi.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was no historical record of the ground elevation of Sizhou City. According to the technical data of the construction of Xuyi Huaihe River Bridge completed in 1978, a large number of stones, tiles and rotten wood were found when drilling holes in Xiaozhou Beach, Erhuaihe River Beach and Reed Beach near the main channel of Huaihe River. They all met on the ground at an altitude of 8. 1 ~ 6.7 meters, which should be the remains of Sizhou city walls and houses. According to the map of Sizhou City in Emperor Ji, part of the pile foundation of Huaihe River Bridge just passes through the city near the east gate of the city. It can be inferred that the ground elevation of ancient Sizhou City was about 6.7 meters.
Huaiyin City, Jiangsu Province 1982 measured the mud on the ground of Zuling to the original ground, and the measured elevation was11.57m.. According to the height difference between the mausoleum and Huaihe River measured by Premier Liu Tianhe in the 14th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1535), it is estimated that the ground elevation of Huaihe River bank before Ming Dynasty was 6.56 meters (this figure is basically the same as that drilled by Huaihe River Bridge), while the water surface elevation of Huaihe River should be 4.39 meters, and the elevation of abandoned Yellow River estuary in northern Jiangsu Province was 4.5 meters. From these two figures, we can see that the Huaihe River was invaded by tides in the Southern Song Dynasty. The elevation of Sizhou City Wall is about 1974. According to the investigation by the Water Conservancy Bureau of Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, the elevation of the top of the south wall battery is about10.7m.. Average elevation of Hongze Lake bottom10 ~11m. This shows that after the Yellow River and the South China Sea flooded for more than 700 years, not only the flood of Huanghuai flooded Sizhou City, but also the siltation of Hongze Lake area by the sediment of the Yellow River buried Sizhou City.
Due to the low terrain, Sizhou City was flooded soon after its completion in the Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), Sizhou City was recorded as a flood. In order to prevent floods, cities were built in the Northern Song Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu recorded in "The Pavilion in Early Spring" that Zhang Diancheng, the magistrate of Sizhou, presided over the construction of a flood dike outside the city for three years (1036), with a height of "9,200 feet ... and a height of 35 feet, with solid earth and stone, and riot prevention and disaster preparedness." This time, 85,000 people were used to build the embankment, and 1300 meters and stones were used. After the completion of the flood control dike, it played a very good role. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the water transportation in the side canal was depressed, the economic status of Sizhou City declined, and the flood control dike outside the city was in disrepair for a long time. By the Ming Dynasty, both the west embankment and the south embankment were destroyed, leaving only the east embankment and the north embankment. Because Sizhou is the city of Emperor Township, and the tomb of Ming Taizu's three ancestors was built in Yangjiadun, 13 miles north of the city, Sizhou City was recovered. The city walls are hard to resist floods. Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the two cities have been united, and flood levees have been built outside the city. Although it can defend against general floods, the Huanghuai River has risen, the water level of Hongze Lake has risen, and the exit of Huaihe River has been blocked, so Sizhou City will inevitably suffer from floods. According to the chronology of Huai system, A Brief History of Dixiang, etc. In the summer of the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1437), the river and Huaihe River flooded, and the ravine in the northeast of Sizhou City collapsed, and the water injection reached the eaves, and the Si people drifted to Xushan. In the fourth year of prosperity tomorrow (1460), the Huaihe River overflowed in the summer, and water entered the city from the north gate, with the water potential as high as the Buddha seat of Dasheng Temple. In the summer of Zheng De's 12th year (15 17), the Huaihe River did not encounter flood for a hundred years, and the Huaihe River irrigated Sizhou, "rising to the Lingmen and then soaking in the ground" (10). According to Qian Wei Street Draft in Ming Dynasty, the water level of Sizhou in the above flood years should be 9 ~ 65438. In order to improve the flood control capacity of the urban area, from the 12th year of Zhengde to the 18th year of Wanli (1590), dikes were built five times in the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth or fifth year of Wanli (1576 ~ 1577), the inspector ordered Huayang and Governor Chen Yongzhi to repair the stone dike outside Sizhou. The dam is 1427 ft (4,566 m) long, 9 ft (2.88 m) high and 1 ft (3.2 m) wide. Sluices were also built outside Xianghuamen and South Gate to drain the accumulated water in the city and dikes. The people of Sizhou City are grateful to Shaobi. In addition to building temples and historical sites in the city, they also named this levee Shaogong Dike.
In the late Ming Dynasty, due to Pan Jixun's policy of "building dikes to control water", the outlet of Huaihe River was blocked after the Yellow River bed was fixed, which led to more frequent floods in the middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River. According to Chen Yingfang's Respect and Stop Collection. Wanli's "On the Number of Floods" records: "In the third year of Qin Long (1569), the Huanghuai River flooded, crossed the high weir, poured into the lake, and then became a huge immersion. Since then, there have been successive flood years. Five years in Qin Long (157 1), two years in Wanli (1574), four years in flood, five years in flood, even seven years, eight years, nine years, eleven years, fourteen years, fifteen years and seventeen years.
With regard to the floods caused by the Yellow River's capture of the Huaihe River, from the fifth year of Jin Mingchang (1 194) to the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, many branches of the Yellow River flowed into the Huaihe River, and about 58 billion cubic meters of natural runoff floods were injected into the rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River every year, which could not be accommodated, that is, the Huaihe River was flooded. In addition, the Yellow River and Henan floods flooded the lower reaches of the Huaihe River into the sea, bringing about 65.438+0.6 billion tons of sediment deposition to the rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River, raising the water level of the Huaihe River. In addition, the Huangqiang River is weak, and the Yellow River water flows back to Hongze Lake at the mouth of Qingjiang River, raising the water level of Hongze Lake. In case of summer flood, Sizhou City will be flooded. The Huaihe River floods frequently, and the floods suffered by Sizhou City are also increasing year by year. According to the statistics of historical records such as Ming History, Chronology of Huai Family, Annals of Sizhou and Dixianglue, from the 23rd year of Tang Kaiyuan (735) to the 5th year of Jin Mingchang (1 194), *** 1059. From 1 194 to the sixth year of Wanli (1578), before the construction of hongzehu reservoir, Sizhou City was flooded 43 times in 384 years, with an average of 8.9 years. After the Yellow River captured the Huaihe River, the flood frequency in Sizhou City increased by four times compared with that before it captured the Huaihe River.
Qingkou in Huaiyin, northern Jiangsu, is the intersection of Huanghuaiyun. In order to prevent the clear mouth from blocking and ensure the smooth water transportation, the Ming and Qing dynasties implemented the policy of "storing clear mouth and brushing yellow". The Hongze Lake levee has been built, heightened and expanded many times, which makes the water level of Hongze Lake always higher than that of the Yellow River. Brush the Yellow River with water from the whole Huaihe River. According to textual research, the water level benchmark of Hongze Lake area in different periods is: "After the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the flood was 1 1.2 ~ 12.5 meters, and in the early Kangxi period, it was 12.8 ~ 13.25 meters." (1 1) The flood level in these two periods has always been higher than the height of Sizhou city wall. Although Sizhou City has a flood control levee and there are five dam relief dams on the Hongze Lake levee, Sizhou City will be destroyed at any time at such a high water level. In the Ming dynasty, there were still some scruples about endangering the ancestral graves. Flood control levees have been built many times, and measures such as "diverting water from the Yellow River to the Huaihe River" and adding dams to the Hongze Lake levee to reduce siltation have been adopted in the water control strategy, but none of them can make up for it. In the Qing Dynasty, there was no worry about "ancestral graves". In order to maintain the lifeline of water transport, great efforts have been made to "store and brush the Yellow River" and "reduce the Yellow River to help clear up", and the flood of the Yellow River has been diverted by Hongze Lake, further raising the water level of Hongze Lake and making the flood in Sizhou City more frequent. The demise of Sizhou City is a foregone conclusion. According to statistics, from the sixth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1578) to the nineteenth year of Kangxi (1680) and *** 102, there were 29 floods in Sizhou City during this period, with an average of one flood every 3.5 years. Every time the city is flooded, there will be a tragic scene of boating all over the street, dilapidated houses and many people fleeing. In the sixth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1649), in June, the Huaihe River flooded, and the southeast of Sizhou City burst, and the water flooded into the city, reaching more than ten feet deep, drowning many people. /kloc-when the water receded in October, half the houses in the city collapsed and there was a large area of water in the street. "The path is blocked, and only the south gate leads to the front ear of the State Council." Someone warned: "The people of Sicheng are not just this muddy pond, but just an embankment! If we don't make enough repairs, the nest will collapse and the whole city will be full of fish. (12) sizhou city has reached a very dangerous situation. In June of the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), it rained continuously for 70 days in the upper and lower reaches of Huaihe River. " The Huaihe River and the Yellow River rise together, which has a monstrous trend. "(13)" In June, the Huaihe River flooded, and the external water poured like Gai Lou, and the water depth in the city was tens of feet, which could help sail. Hey, what a pity! If officials release seagulls, people will flee around the forest with weapons, so this city is a region ... (14)
Sizhou City has been buried underground for more than 300 years. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the limitation of social, economic and technological development level, faced with powerful natural forces, we had to sacrifice part of it in exchange for smooth water transportation. The rulers spared no expense to build the Hongze Lake levee. As a result, not only the city was destroyed, but more than 3,000 square kilometers of land was flooded. Who can comment on the Millennium crime? In the feudal dynasty, the children of Huaihe River could only ask questions and sigh helplessly in the face of tragedy.
Precautions:
(1) The Biography of Were yu zhang (Volume 74)
(2) Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty is accompanied by Biography of Marceau.
③ Taiping Universe (Volume 124)
(4)(6) History of Yuan Dynasty (Volume-00), Military Ambition, Reclaiming Land.
(5) Yuan Shi. Biography of angel gill.
(7) Annals of Sizhou
(8) Sanzuling: the burial place of Zhu Yuanzhang's grandfather Zhu Chuyi, great-grandfather Zhu and great-grandfather Zhu.
(9) Jin Wenxiang's Official Book, Volume I, The River is Extremely Harmful.
(10) Liu Tianhe's Collection of Water Questions in Ming Dynasty (Volume 6)
(1 1) 1983 Zhang Weidong, a graduate student of north China institute of hydropower, wrote a paper entitled "hongzehu reservoir construction-/kloc-Hongze lake water conservancy in the 7th century and before".
(12) The integration of ancient and modern books. Professional code. The fourth examination of Fengyang government department. Volume 830.
(13) Records of the Ming Dynasty in October of the 24th year of Wanli.
(14) Mo wrote the Annals of Sizhou in the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty.