After the Opium War, with the introduction of western culture, western utensils gradually entered our country, and the custom of utensils in Han society has undergone fundamental changes. The appearance of kerosene lamp, gas lamp and electric lamp is the appearance of new kerosene lamp, which greatly improved the lighting equipment in Han society. The difference between the new kerosene lamp and the old kerosene lamp lies not only in the structure and shape, but also in the fuel used. The new kerosene lamp uses foreign oil, that is, kerosene extracted from oil by industrial methods as fuel. In the 1950s and 1960s, foreign businessmen promoted kerosene at trading ports such as Shanghai. Some advertisements rewarded sales and one kilogram of kerosene rewarded an oil lamp. The advantages of kerosene lamps, coupled with the incentive sales of merchants, make kerosene a best-selling product. Many residents should at least use kerosene for indoor lighting. Yao Xianhao, editor-in-chief: Modern Foreign Trade History of China, Volume II, 1094. The Shanghai Concession authorities also built underground pipelines to connect lighting gas. People call this kind of lamp gas lamp, or ground fire. Wu Guifang, editor-in-chief: Shanghai scenery, 52 pages. Gas lamps are not only used for residents, but also installed on newly-built roads and bridges, adding a new landscape to the city at night. At first, only street lamps were set up, and later gas lamps were used in shops, sidewalks, tea and wine theaters and houses. Fire and honeysuckle, light and sun make Shanghai a city that never sleeps. Zan: You don't need blue ointment. You just need the lights. There are lights everywhere. Looking from Pubian, at night in Huang Xie, there are no lights in the city that never sleeps. Gu Quan: Zhi Zhu Ci, pp. 273 and 274. With the popularization of kerosene lamps, foreign wax and matches have also been introduced, forming a trend to replace local wax and fire. Before gas lamps were popularized in urban and rural areas of China, a new lighting appliance, electric lamp, came out and was quickly accepted by Chinese people. Shanghai was the first city to use electric lights. In the eighth year of Guangxu, Li De, a foreigner, founded the electric light in the Shanghai Concession. Sun Yutang, Textual Research on Customs and Monuments in Shanghai, vol. 1, pp. 125. And set up a factory in Zhapu Road to set up Shanghai Electro-optical Company. 1990 years later, he went to the United States, and the Ministry of Industry in the public concession set up the Electrical Appliances Department, which accelerated the popularization of electric lights. In the 19th year of Guangxu, 6325 incandescent lamps were installed in Shanghai, reaching 909 1 lamp the following year. Wang Jingyu, editor-in-chief: Modern Industrial History of China, Volume 2, 3 12. After Shanghai, electric lights appeared in Beijing and Tianjin. Electric lighting in Beijing is first in the Forbidden City, then in foreign embassies, and then in ordinary residents. At the beginning of the 20th century, some small and medium-sized cities also had electric lights, but the vast rural areas were still in a backward state, with no electric lights and few new kerosene lamps. When clocks and watches were popular in cities in the late Ming Dynasty, western clocks and watches were introduced into China, and they were called clocks. Because of its scarcity, China people don't know its timing value yet, so they only classify it as a musical instrument. In the late Qing Dynasty, more and more western clocks and watches were imported, including wall clocks, desk clocks, pocket watches and watches. Appeared one after another, and became an increasingly important timing tool in some civilized areas of China. The large clocks installed in the Ministry of Industry Building of the French Concession in Shanghai and Dongjiadu Catholic Church in the south of the city are engraved with time on all sides, emitting a salty taste from far to near. GM Xu Yuan is waiting: information about modern industrial history in China. On page 16, clocks and watches have become the basic commodities of some shops. In Shanghai, Hengdali is the most famous western foreign goods store, specializing in all kinds of clocks, flutes, drums, strings, musical instruments, microscopes, life-saving bell belts and various patterns. GM Xu Yuan is Waiting: Miscellaneous Notes on Shanghai Tour Exhibition? Song Nan Dream Video? Dreams in Shanghai, page 28. Sewing machines entered Shanghai in the 1960s and 1970s, foreigners brought sewing machines to Shanghai. Ge Xuyuan described the sewing machine that was first introduced to China as follows: The sewing machine is only one foot long and can be put on several boxes. There is a copper plate on the street pin and an iron wheel at the bottom, which is used to kick the board and turn the wheel. Put the cloth on it and the needle can go up and down. Fine needle, immediate, can reach ten sewing women workers. GM Xu Yuan is Waiting: Miscellaneous Notes on Shanghai Tour Exhibition? Song Nan Dream Video? Dreams in Shanghai, page 29. Since then, the United States

Because American traditional culture was deeply rooted in China, it still had great influence in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Opium War, the above stationery was not immediately replaced by new stationery, but the old and new stationery coexisted and competed with each other. For a long time, the brush has been the main writing tool in China. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hu Bi has become a famous brand in pens. In the Qing Dynasty, the pen-making industry was more prosperous, with Huzhou as the center and spreading in all directions. At first, hard pen prevailed. After adding words, wool bristles made a comeback, gradually replacing hard pens and becoming popular writing tools. In the Qing Dynasty, ink was still the most popular. It is recorded that Mo Wei was born in Huizhou, Anhui Province. The ancients used pine smoke as ink, Korea took the wind, gold took Zhuge Liang and Lushan, and Tang Yi registered to join the party. Since Li Chao's migration and Zhang Gu's migration, they all have their own careers, so there is a trace of ink, which is why they are today. Tsui Hark: Miscellaneous Notes on Shanghai Tour? Song Nan Dream Video? Hu You Meng Ying Volume 12, Page 60 17 Ink cartridges became popular in the late Qing Dynasty. At the beginning, scholars took part in the imperial examination, but now they are all grinding, which is not only time-consuming, but also difficult to grind. So someone invented the use of ink box, that is, copper box, with stone chips embedded in the box cover, which can scrape pens. Put the silk cotton in the box, inject ink and bring it into the examination room. It is very convenient to use. According to records, ink cartridges first appeared in Daoguang period, and became popular after Tongzhi and Guangxu. : Ink cartridges were previously produced by Matsuzaka in Dujing Liulichang. Between Tongguang and Guang Guang, there is a famous Yin Sheng, but his surname is unknown. He is famous for printing ink cartridges, and his calligraphy and painting are exquisite. When I was born, the ink cartridges in the workshop were all famous. Tsui Hark: Volume 12, page 60 17. According to Teacher Deng Yunxiang, Chen Yinsheng is a famous shady student who is good at carving. He can carve sesame-sized fine print on the lid of the box. He once carved a clean bill of Wang Xizhi, a sage of the Jin Dynasty, on the box cover of two or three inches square. But in the late Qing Dynasty, with the spread of western culture, western stationery such as pencils, pens, ink and western-style paper became popular in China. In the late Qing Dynasty, American fountain pens of brands such as Tuhuamen, Xifeili and Pike appeared in junior high schools one after another. However, due to its high price, its users are foreign comprador, bureaucrats and wealthy businessmen. Later, schools sprang up like mushrooms after rain, offering courses in foreign languages, mathematics, science and chemistry, and pens and pencils became popular among school students. During the reign of Xuan Tong, there was a writer who imitated western ink, Tsui Hark: Qing Yuan Paper Money, Volume 12, Page 60 18. It can be seen that ink was not only used by Han society, but also began to appear. The biggest change in Four Treasures of the Study is paper. Modern papermaking methods were introduced into China in the late Qing Dynasty. In the eighth year of Guangxu, Cao Zi and others founded the Machine Paper Bureau in Shanghai, which was the first commercial paper mill in China. The following year, 23 commercial paper mills were established in Xuan Tong. Du Youcheng: Preface to Lanting Collection, p. 375. In addition to business operators, the Qing government also set up some government-run and government-run paper mills. Hubei Governor Chen founded Baishazhou Paper Mill in Wuchang in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, and cooperated with foreign businessmen to purchase foreign advanced paper-making equipment. The paper produced by the new technology cannot be compared with the old paper industry in quantity and quality. No wonder some people lament that the trend has gradually changed in recent years, and when they come to the south, they take western stationery as partners. After that, I'm afraid no one will use China's paper and ink any more. Huang Zhuo: Qing Yuan Paper Money, Shanghai Ancient Books Bookstore, 1983, p. 270. In addition, the printing of books, originally printing, is also one of the four great inventions in ancient China, and it is a great contribution made by our ancestors to human civilization. But in modern times, the printing technology of western capitalist countries surpassed that of China. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, modern mechanical printing in Europe began to be introduced into China.

These printed materials are quite different from old books. They are important symbols of the revival of China and the American book industry. Exquisite leisure products, snuff bottles and fans in the late Qing Dynasty are worth mentioning. Snuff bottles, commonly known as snuff bottles, are containers for holding snuff. It is beautifully made and has different shapes. It is filled with snuff and mixed with precious herbs such as musk, which makes people smell it. Its smell is mellow and spicy, and it has the effects of improving eyesight, refreshing brain, avoiding epidemic, promoting blood circulation and dispelling cold. Snuff bottles developed to the Qing Dynasty and entered its heyday. Guangzhou, Beijing, Boshan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and other places are the main producing areas of snuff bottles. The agate snuff bottle in Liaoning and the silver snuff bottle in Inner Mongolia are famous all over the country. The raw materials for making snuff bottles are quite extensive, mainly including glass, porcelain, jade, coral, agate, amber, emerald, crystal, gold, silver, stone, wood, bamboo, ivory, seashells and other materials. Many snuff bottles are not only beautifully made, but also decorated with a variety of patterns and colors, including two-color sets, three-color sets and even four-color sets. Because snuff bottles contain a lot of artistic elements, they are regarded as works of art and can be collected. In the late Qing dynasty, dignitaries were addicted to snuff bottles, and every time they met in public, they went out to show off each other. In the history of our country, fans have many values, which can not only drive away the summer heat and enjoy the cool, but also be used as ornamental and collection, with certain leisure and artistry. There are many kinds of fans in Qing dynasty, and the artistic processing is more exquisite. Its varieties are bamboo fan, feather fan, ten thousand fan, oil fan, cattail fan and folding fan. It was also in the light years of the late Qing Dynasty that oil fans prevailed among literati. Oil fan is a kind of folding fan, because it is produced in Hangzhou, commonly known as Hangzhou Fan Gang. Fans are coated with black oil, also called oil fans. The ribs of the oil fan are thin and dense, generally 30~50, and are semi-regular. Precious oil fans are also made of gold foil into feathers, flowers, figures and so on. Attached to both sides of the fan. After people get this kind of fan, they either treasure it or give it to their relatives and friends. 65438+ In 1960s and 1970s, western fans were introduced to China. Ge Xuyuan once described its shape like this: an imported fan made in foreign countries encourages the folding fan to use French teeth, which does not bother manpower. Setting all the tables in the breeze is the most pleasant thing. It won't be long before you regret it, and the law won't turn around. Xu Yuan, General Electric Company, etc.: State Capitalism and the Old China Government, p. 40. This kind of mechanical fan is unique, which saves labor to a certain extent and obviously exceeds the traditional fan in China in use value. But it can't be compared with China fans in artistic value and collection value, so it can't be popularized in Han society.