Lesson 1 the origin and development of local chronicles
According to Zhou Li Chun Guan's records, the Zhou Dynasty (-1 1 century ~-77 1) had an external history of "governing the four directions". "Zhou Li Dibao" records: "Recite training, take charge of local chronicles, and follow orders". The name of local chronicles began here. At that time, the annals of the Four Sides was an ancient book that recorded the history and present situation of various vassal states.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (-770 ~-22 1), the Book of Changes said, "Look up at astronomy and down at geography". The word geography comes from this. Sometimes there is Yu Gong, who describes territory, soil, products, taxes and customs. Shan Hai Jing describes mountains, rivers, nationalities, products, medicines, sacrifices and wizards. These are all geographical knowledge of folklore. Sima Qian (-145 or-135 ~? Historical Records is China's first biographical general history. Han Shu written by Ban Gu (32 ~ 92) in the Eastern Han Dynasty created a perfect style for geography. These two masterpieces have had a far-reaching impact on the emergence of local chronicles. On the origin and representative works of local chronicles, there are theories such as Zhou Guan, Yu Gong and Shanhaiguan. On the basis of absorbing the characteristics of national history, geography books and maps in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's traditional local chronicles gradually improved with the development of economy, politics and culture. Multi-source and long history are two remarkable characteristics of the origin of China local chronicles. Liang Qichao believes that "the oldest history is actually local chronicles". At present, the earliest known compilation record is in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The development of local chronicles can be divided into three stages according to its morphological characteristics:
The geographical record period is1~ 6th century, which is equivalent to the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The main form of local chronicles is "local chronicles" or local chronicles, including county chronicles, local chronicles, city chronicles and biographies. In the 28th year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (52), Yuan Kang and Wu Ping compiled Yuejueshu, which reflected the geographical evolution, urban construction, production and customs of some areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. This book is based on local chronicles. It is considered as the earliest local chronicles in China.
The period from 6th century to12nd century is equivalent to Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties. The main form of local chronicles is illustrated classics or illustrations. The name of Tujing began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, King Dan compiled the Ba County Map Classic, which was divided into two parts: map and classic. "Map" refers to the territory of an administrative region. "Jing" is the explanatory text of the map, including realm, road, household registration, official position and so on. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a large number of illustrated classics appeared. The Sui Dynasty organized a lot of manpower and material resources to compile and revise the illustrated classics. This is also the beginning of a large-scale official record in China. By the Tang Dynasty, maps, maps, dangerous maps, geographical records, state records, deeds, county records, official history, foreign records, local records, local customs and customs were all over the country. The earliest extant illustrated remnant "Shazhou Illustrated with Pictures and Words" has concise words and vivid narration, and has different detailed records on the astronomical phenomena, bitter water, canals, rivers, dikes, post offices, county schools, rural altars, miscellaneous gods, temples, tombs, ancient cities, auspicious signs, ballads and historical sites of Shazhou. The Northern Song Dynasty followed the system of drawing once every three years in the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Song Huizong (1 107), the court set up a nine-domain local chronicles bureau, which initiated the establishment of a national bureau to revise local chronicles. By the Song Dynasty, the compilation of old maps of Huazhou, Gaozhou, Huazhou, Gaoliang and Lingshui had been lost in this city.
The period of local chronicles is12 ~ 20th century, which is equivalent to the Southern Song Dynasty. Almost all the local chronicles of this period are called local chronicles. China local chronicles have gone through the stage of geographical recording and illustration for more than 1000 years. By the Song Dynasty, its genre had gradually evolved from history, calligraphy, annals, records, biography, pictures, classics, tables, multiplication and sketches, and its style was becoming more and more complete and stereotyped. The earliest extant annals named "Records" is the Records of Huayang Country written by Chang Qu in Jin Dynasty. It can be said that China local chronicles have entered a mature stage. Records of Lingshui, compiled in our city, has been lost. Most county chronicles compiled in Yuan Dynasty appear in the form of pictures. There is no record of compiling local chronicles in our city. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, more attention was paid to the compilation of local chronicles, and many famous scholars participated in the compilation of local chronicles. In the Qing Dynasty, local record bureaus were set up to check the quality of records. The records are rich in content, unified in style and rich in names. Enter the heyday.
The compilation of local chronicles has the following characteristics: first, it is a general compilation of provincial chronicles; Second, the number of county records has increased. According to statistics, there are more than 8,000 kinds of local chronicles in China, including more than 5,000 kinds in Qing Dynasty. Third, there are many kinds of county chronicles, some are "people's chronicles", some are about mineral deposits, some are about the customs and habits of ethnic minorities and their struggle against oppression, and some are about the anti-Japanese and maritime trade of coastal people. The fourth is to supplement and repair the customs and ambitions of the border areas. Many records were compiled in our city during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Compared with the Qing Dynasty, the record of the Republic of China has made progress, mainly in the following aspects: first, it pays attention to reflecting industrial and agricultural production; The second is to add charts; The third is to reflect the sufferings of the people; Fourth, collect the materials of the peasant movement; The fifth is to reflect imperialist aggression and people's resistance. Huang Yanpei's "Chuansha County Records" added an "overview", which opened a precedent for the comprehensive contents of the records. After liberation, 1958, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation put forward the idea of compiling local chronicles. 1980 and the following years, more than 65,438+million people were organized nationwide, including more than 20,000 full-time staff, and more than 6,000 kinds of books were compiled at the provincial, municipal and county levels. The total number of words is about 5 billion. And edit a large number of professional journals. The scale of this compilation is large, the number of local chronicles published is large, and the quality of local chronicles is good, far exceeding that of previous dynasties.
China has many kinds of historical records.
According to the different geographical scope, local chronicles can be divided into: unified chronicles (covering the whole country), general chronicles (more than two provinces), provincial chronicles, local chronicles, state chronicles, local chronicles, county chronicles, township chronicles, border chronicles, Tusi chronicles, Yanjing chronicles and so on.
According to the different scope of records, it can be divided into general records (general provincial, state, county and national general records belong to this category), special records and magazines (it is better to describe the geographical, political, economic and cultural phenomena of a place than to have a complete system of general records).
In addition to the above two sub-methods, the following distinctions can be made:
According to the time of local chronicles, it can be divided into general history (that is, through ancient and modern times) and dating. Judging from the content of local chronicles and the breadth of articles, they can be divided into traditional and simplified editions.
From the writing form of local chronicles, it can be divided into three types: writing style and compiling style (compiling materials in different categories, indicating the source) and combining editing and narration. From the compilation style of local chronicles, it can be divided into biographical style, portal style (parallel portal style without unified map) and "three treasures style" (generally only divided into three categories: land, people and politics, plus some documents. It is based on the language of "Three Treasures of Governors: Land, People and Politics" in Mencius), chronological style (there is no catalogue, and all kinds of notes and materials are compiled in the book in chronological order), chronological style (where there is compilation, it ranks second, and there is always a detailed description) and quasi-book style (according to the compilation method, there are many sources) have different ways to divide the types of local records, so there are different opinions.
The formation and development of local chronicles
The study of local chronicles develops with the development of local chronicles, but local chronicles theory often lags behind local chronicles practice. Around the Ming Dynasty, the theory of local chronicles was very fragmentary, and the study of local chronicles was formed in the Qing Dynasty and further developed since the Republic of China.
First, the germination of local chronicles The Zhou Dynasty's "Li Zhou Guan Chun" has an overseas history of "holding the ambition of all directions", which shows that the Zhou Dynasty realized the value and role of local chronicles. Changqu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty said in Preface to Huayang National Records: "Fu calligraphy has five virtues: Dade, observing discipline, learning from ancient times to modern times, and showing merit before talent." This road shows the purpose of local chronicles in feudal times to promote loyalty, filial piety and righteousness, maintain etiquette and consolidate feudal rule. When Li Jifu mentioned the compilation method of local chronicles of the Tang Dynasty, he thought that "hilly and mountainous areas, offensive and defensive interests, originated from geography, all had negligence and did not write", so it could not be "assisting the Ming king to control social life and recover the land to protect the situation, in order to show the end of the system of binding soil". It can be seen that their emphasis on compiling local chronicles is to serve politics. While studying the function and significance of local chronicles, the Song Dynasty also explored the compilation of local chronicles. After writing the Chronicle of Ding Jing Jiankang, Zhou emphasized four things, namely, setting an example, being different, being broad and seeking, and seeking advice in detail. He also quoted others as saying that local chronicles should "cut absurdity, correct facts, respect customs and recommend talents". Luo Yuan, the author of Xin 'an Annals in the Southern Song Dynasty, is willing to oppose simply compiling the annals into a data set, arguing that there are trade-offs and opinions after compilation; Therefore, editors should have a certain academic level. The Song Dynasty was a period when local chronicles were generally finalized, which played a pioneering role in the formation of local chronicles later. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty initiated the formal compilation of the General Annals of the Great Unity of the Yuan Dynasty, and Xu Youren wrote the Preface of the General Annals of the Great Unity, which wrote: "The hardships of starting a business for the ancestors; We can "do what we can" and "do our best" to achieve the benefits of "going hand in hand and maintaining unity". The records of the Yuan Dynasty paid more attention to practicality. In the discussion of local chronicles theory, mainly in the comments on local chronicles, some opinions on compiling local chronicles are revealed. Writing "Sheng Zhi" criticized the shortcomings of the Song Dynasty in the preface, such as Sun's "Sheng Zhi", which is "imprecise in choice of words and vague in language", and especially pointed out that "Jishan inherits the theory of ghosts and gods, while the characters tend to be clear. Therefore, the layout of politics is just an outline; Poetry is so talkative, but I never get tired of reading it; He is like a grass, a bird and a fish, and his Taoist temple is sparse, and his rate is all exaggerated by floating words. " In fact, this is to make it clear that the selection of materials should be precise and detailed, to oppose falsehood and grotesque, and to implement simple and direct editing ideas. The names and styles of other chronicles are also expressed. For example, Dai Liang thinks that "the ancient county has a national map and customs are recorded, so it is recorded." The book of today is the book of ancient times. Yang believes: "For the sake of the picture, the legacy of employees' families is also. If you look to the future, then Ban Mengjian's family law will follow. " All these reflect the breadth of theoretical exploration of local chronicles in Yuan Dynasty. There are many local chronicles in Ming dynasty, but few are good, and the theoretical research on local chronicles is not strong. Many people tend to follow the fashion and compete to compile records to meet the needs of rulers, which inevitably leads to many disadvantages. Others try to discuss it theoretically and seek solutions. Lu Sheng, a major in Jiajing's Quwo County Records, was mentioned clearly. He pointed out: A good ambition should be "knowing what it contains, having a core awareness of what it does and being frank about what it writes". In other words, we should try our best to make records, carefully check the facts and write a straight book. It is also believed that "it must be widely recruited and learned, and then there is no trace to find; Xunming is responsible for the facts, and then there is no rumor; Righteousness is true, but there is no redundancy; The class order is coherent, and then it won't be chaotic. "These statements are very valuable. The theory of local chronicles of the above generations formed the study of local chronicles in Qing dynasty, which played a role in digging up the origin.
Second, the establishment and development of local chronicles
The development and prosperity of local chronicles in Qing Dynasty and the emergence of outstanding works greatly improved the academic quality of local chronicles and made the theoretical research of local chronicles develop in depth. This is reflected in the preface, postscript and ordinary examples of local chronicles. In the Qing dynasty, there began to be special theoretical works on local chronicles. On the basis of studying and sorting out local chronicles, Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, wrote two books, Disease Records of Counties in the World and Records of Zhaocheng, which initiated the comprehensive research and utilization of local chronicles. "The History of Yingping and Pingping" said: "At the beginning of the temple, there was nothing on the frontier. The master (Qi Jiguang) was able to control the soldiers and pay attention to the map, while the scholar Guo Xianqing of Fu (Fujian) was in the shogunate of General Qi, collecting the world's books; And camped on the north side of thistle; He also sent a soldier to the Great Wall. He was very poor. He doesn't report to Daning's former site, but if it doesn't match the book, press it again and you will have to make 130 volumes of Yan Shi. Although the text is obscure, one side is quite clear. "This actually summed up the gains and losses and pointed out the direction for editing local chronicles.
Huang Bencheng, a scholar of modern local chronicles, believes that the essence of compiling local chronicles pointed out by Gu's Preface can be summarized as five points: first, the person who compiles local chronicles should have certain common sense; The second is to collect the records of the world for reference; Third, we should go deep into the field to investigate and study, make repeated investigations, and then stop; Fourth, there should be enough time; Fifth, the text should be easy to understand.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Wei Zhouzuo, a university student in Baohe Hall, pointed out in the preface of Changzhi County Records that local chronicles played an important role in "the emperor's vision of Dharsono's protection and the rule of eternal protection and unification". In the preface of Quwo County Records, the theory of "three long" was put forward. He said: "Taste and smell have three long histories, namely talent, knowledge and knowledge. There are three aspects in compiling local chronicles, namely, righteousness (integrity, disrespect for dignitaries as their agents), vanity (compilers of local chronicles should be vanity, listen to opinions extensively, and don't be subjective and arbitrary), and fairness (upholding justice and not being influenced by portal opinions). With these three strengths, plus the help of historical talents, history and historical knowledge, the quality of local chronicles can be guaranteed and can stand the test.
During Yongzheng period, Fang Bao expounded many principles of compiling the local records of Hanlin in the Unified Local Records Museum, and pointed out: first, the style should be unified, "there is no square if there are differences, and there is no square if there is agriculture." It is impossible to write a book from many people, for example, "Let everyone be clever, and no rules will make Fiona Fang." Second, we should withdraw from Bo and advocate simplicity. Thirdly, it emphasizes the reliability of local chronicles, which needs painstaking and meticulous arrangement. During the years of Qianlong and Jiaqing, there were textual research schools and historical records schools.
The representative of textual research school is Dai Zhen (1723 ~ 1777), an Anhui native, whose name is Dongyuan. He made great contributions to the study of Confucian classics and linguistics, especially to the exegesis of famous scholars and things, and became a master of textual research. "Distinguishing mountains by water system and investigating the setting and geographical evolution of counties and counties by the trend of mountains and rivers" is his unique geographical view.
Qian Daxin, a native of Jiading, Jiangsu, has the following arguments: First, there is sufficient information; The second is to be familiar with the official system of the previous generation; The third is to distinguish the similarities and differences between ancient and modern place names; The fourth is to pay attention to the textual research of characters. It is advocated that characters should keep up with the times and not be classified.
Sun Xingyan (1753 ~ 18 18), a native of Yanghu, Jiangsu Province, has a lot of writings and extensive information, but he values the past and ignores the present. The textual research is rigorous, but there are many omissions in the social, political and economic situation at that time.
Textual research school is actually a reflection of the thought of "respecting the past and neglecting the present" and the method of "interpreting the old religion and searching for famous things" in the compilation of local chronicles. They attach importance to the source and style of data, and think that after data collection, they only need to compare, indicate the source and sort out the data. So it is also called compiler.
Zhang Xuecheng (1738 ~ 180 1), born in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), was a famous historian and thinker in Qing Dynasty, and was a representative of the compiler school. He has written three books, Fang Zhili, Counties and Counties, and Ten Discussions on the Compilation of Records, forming a complete theory of the compilation of records. The main points are:
(1) Establish the nature of local chronicles. It is pointed out that "local chronicles are historical records", "local chronicles should be deleted as national history", "local chronicles of a state are also national history", "local chronicles of national history belong to the history of faithfulness" and "local chronicles of national history are different from those of the Spring and Autumn Period". Although the names of historical records and local chronicles are different, they are integrated. Zhang also clarified the position and role of local chronicles in history. He pointed out that there are many kinds of history, and local chronicles are just one of them. "Biography is a person's history; Genealogy, the history of a family; The county annals of the Ministry of Finance are also the history of a country; Once the disciplines are integrated, world history is also. " Local chronicles belong to the category of history and have their place in history. Of course, his role is tantamount to "national history." He said: "Historical Records has benefited teachers a lot, because loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness make immortals descend to earth, timid brave people live, and greedy people stand upright." In other words, local chronicles have practical functions. He also pointed out that "the court's revision of history will be decided by local chronicles." Local chronicles can play an important role in "wings of national history" and "deletion of Korean history". Starting from the nature of local chronicles, Zhang extended a set of systematic local chronicles theory. Zhang also refuted Dai Zhen's viewpoint of "taking geography as a test" and pointed out that "local records are like ancient history, not special records".
(2) Compilation of local chronicles.
1, holding "historians' statutes". Those who put forward the compilation of local chronicles must have "three natures": contentment to break, contentment to take, and public enough to ask for help. In fact, it is to transform the three qualities of "historical talent", "historiography" and "historical knowledge" put forward by Liu Zhiji, a historian of the Tang Dynasty, and become the requirements for local historians. He also stressed that the author should pay attention to justice and reason, have "history and morality" and not violate the famous religion.
2. Establish "three books" and "four bodies". In order to conform to the "Historians' Statutes", the record should be written in three books and four styles, that is, the record should be written in imitation of the official history of the subject, the story should be written in imitation of the law, and the essays should be written in imitation of the Selected Works and Wen Yuan. And that "the three books complement each other and are indispensable;" First, especially not. " It is also believed that in the "three books", records are the main body, have practical effects and are historical works beneficial to social ethics. According to its content, it should be divided into "four styles": "Celebrate the emperor's kindness and discipline, the officials should be divided into music, the legal system of ancient books should be tested, and famous officials should be handed down". He believes that it is very beneficial to separate foreign studies, chronology, examination and biography from Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu. , and Change Name and Color. "There is no suspicion of taking history, and there is no danger of omission." This is actually based on the nature of a city's historical events, planning four categories for "local chronicles" to make them both rigorous and in line with historical laws. The so-called "anecdote" is the original record of a party's laws and regulations, and it is the political information preserved as a file. The so-called "literary criticism" refers to the picture album of one party's literature, which is another original material preserved in local records. In this way, the establishment of the "four styles" has solved the contradiction between not losing the "style of writing" and preserving important materials.
3. It is required that the compilation of local records should overcome "five difficulties", "eight taboos" and "four essentials". That is, to overcome five difficulties, such as clarifying all things in the world, studying the ancient world, adjusting public opinions, collecting books extensively and criticizing beforehand; Don't be confused, don't be too detailed, don't be too literal, don't embellish places of interest, don't overturn old cases, don't remember political achievements, don't get stuck in the mud, and don't be greedy for legends. Be simple, rigorous, core and elegant. He also believes that the records contained in the annals should be both ancient and modern, detailed and close, and divided into astronomical phenomena, geography, biographies, rituals, politics, diet, art, literature and other categories, and described in detail to make it a general history of a city; However, the classification should not be "complicated" and lose the "historical method", the argument should be rigorous, "according to the facts, which is good or bad" and "don't specialize in superficial articles". In short, the compilation of local chronicles should pay attention to "inevitably holding arguments, not lax legislation, not careless interviews and not unfair business negotiations".
4. Cataloging and distinguishing styles. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some local chronicles were in chaos. Zhang criticized: "Today's local chronicles can be combined with local chronicles of prefectures and counties, or combined with each other to complement each other. Books can help each other, but they cannot be books. " The so-called distinguishing style of local chronicles is the content recorded in various local chronicles, which should be different and should not be mixed. The local chronicles at the next level are not simply compiled, and the local chronicles at the next level are naturally not separated from the local chronicles at the next level. He said: "Anything that is more expensive than general annals can be combined with Fuzhou county annals, so the examples in the book should be detailed, and it is impossible to be detailed with Fuzhou county annals. Since the details of people are unknown, they must be slightly different. " By distinguishing the styles, the content, scope and boundaries recorded in various local chronicles are clearly divided, and each has its own emphasis, so that each has its own content and does not know each other.
5. It is suggested that all counties set up local records departments. Zhang specially wrote an article "Please make up your mind to discuss in counties". He believes that "six books must be shared by the world, and historians must be shared by the world." He also pointed out that "there is no special person in the county annals to abide by the rules and regulations, and there is a lack of righteousness. Occasionally, there are good people, and the rate is determined according to the temporary interview. Many people are mediocre, and examples are rare and perfect, even bribing in private. " Advocate the establishment of local chronicles, "publish certain laws and observe certain people", and collect, sort out and keep archives and local chronicles on weekdays; Various materials such as folk genealogy and biography shall be submitted to the local records department. In addition, a gentry was selected as an interviewer in each of the four towns to collect anecdotes reflecting the local history and present situation and report them to local chronicles. People also think that local chronicles are permanent and lasting. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong (1837 ~ 1909), the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi and the leader of the Westernization School, wrote 27 "Brief Examples of Records Compilation" for Shuntian Prefecture, taking rules and regulations as the requirements and planning of records compilation, which played a certain role in orderly compiling, unifying the style of records and ensuring the quality of records. During the Republic of China, due to the current situation, the compilation of local chronicles was intermittent, but there were also a group of people who were enthusiastic about compiling and studying local chronicles. There are many books on the origin, style and compilation methods of local chronicles. For example, Liang Qichao's article "The Total Achievement of Qing Dynasty Scholars in Sorting out Old Learning-Local Records" summarizes the research situation of local records in Qing Dynasty; Ba's Local Records, Qu's Notes on Local Records, Wang Baoxin's Brief Comment on Local Records, Fu Zhenlun's General Theory of China Local Records mainly focus on the nature of local records, the compilation theory of local records, the collection and statistics of local records, and the catalogue of local records. As far as the nature of local chronicles is concerned, Fu Zhenlun said: "Local chronicles are books that describe the geography and history of a region.". Li jinxi said: "eclecticism means that local chronicles are things, both historical and geographical, and both". Qu said: "Up to now, the academic circles have been brilliant, and there are still some people who enjoy the needs of the times. Therefore, today, there are still many ways to control our country by holding Zhang's theory. " In other words, the narrow understanding and interpretation of history in modern times is: history only contains ancient times, not as good as today; Only remember the past, not the reality; Only personnel changes are recorded, excluding natural phenomena. Based on this understanding and explanation, local chronicles are different from historical books. Thus, Zhang's "ambition" is "history". Facing the reality, he took another step forward and realized the difference between "history" and "ambition". Due to the development of this understanding, some changes have taken place in the compilation style, content, content and method of local chronicles. Records reflect the contents closely related to human life, such as production struggle, industrial records, salt records, etc., and are paid more and more attention. In terms of compiling theory, Shou Pengfei believes that "reading a good prescription can restrain the national wind, make clear the chaos and know the rise and fall". Therefore, the compilation of local chronicles should be able to "correct people's hearts, strengthen fashion, show friendship, obey rules, investigate the reasons for rise and fall, clarify advantages and disadvantages, make up for the lack of current politics, and investigate the rise and fall of people's livelihood." Become a "guide to turtle governance." After determining the guiding ideology and requirements of compiling local chronicles, and then shifting at any time and giving birth to examples because of righteousness, the compiled local chronicles will not make the mistake of "imitating others, painting the east and the west, not knowing whether to choose or not, and become an old account book and a miscellaneous word book". This idea of "establishing meaning first and giving birth to examples" has touched the essence of the problem, Lee Tae emphasized. "Agriculture, industry, commerce and mining are the sum of social production and consumption, and the so-called social and economic origins are based on this, so we must record them separately", and we must also "explain products in scientific terms and analyze products in scientific methods" and "the first is scientific methods". In Eight Cases of Chronicles drafted by Fu Zhenlun in the Republic of China 18 (29), articles 1 to 5 emphasize "focusing on the present and the present"; "Learn from others and pay attention to practicality"; "I pay special attention to social aspects"; "Emphasize material aspects"; "Broaden categories and pay attention to science" and so on. Li jinxi put forward that "local chronicles should be revised today, regardless of history and place, and four should be used to meet the needs of the times" in "Local Records Today's Discussion". It is a scientific resource (geology, soil, mountains, hydrology, climate, biology); Local yearbook (material situation, economic situation, personnel customs, social organization, political progress, population distribution); Textbooks (local textbooks); Travel guide ". It also advocates the method of "three techniques" (that is, "continuation" and "continuation" should be supplemented, and "continuation" and "supplement" should be created). It is worth noting that many people suggest that the compilation of local chronicles should pay attention to people's livelihood issues. For example, Shou Pengfei emphasized in Local Records Yi Tong that "fostering people and politics should not be sloppy" and that "anyone who does not belong to a place where people's livelihood meets each other and benefits the sick and weak must be sloppy." The words of local chronicles are painful and painful from the standpoint of civilians. ""the advantages and disadvantages of people's livelihood sufferings, though small, must be ambitious, both ambitious and trivial. "At the end of 1950s in People's Republic of China (PRC) period, local chronicles were compiled in some parts of the country, but theoretical research on local chronicles was not carried out. 198 1 ~ 1985 is generally the absorption and digestion of traditional local chronicles theory by local chronicles. At that time, almost all the compilation teams had never compiled them. Most of them know nothing or little about the compilation theory of local chronicles. At that time, on the one hand, I studied the theory of old experts, on the other hand, I introduced the common sense of local chronicles, briefly described the development history of local chronicles in past dynasties, and commented on the excellent works of traditional local chronicles. Part of the compilation work was carried out earlier, and the research on the compilation methods and techniques of new local chronicles was gradually carried out. From 1985 to 1990, through the absorption and digestion of traditional local chronicles theory, combined with the compilation practice of local chronicles, it rose to a new theoretical understanding and formed its own views. At that time, the nature, function, style and other basic theories of local chronicles were deeply studied. The general compilation method of local chronicles and the compilation of several genres of local chronicles have been repeatedly studied and practiced in the combination of theory and practice, becoming a new theory. These are the facts of the chronicler, which are very valuable. In the 1990s, the newly edited local chronicles all over the country entered the peak of the general editor's journal. However, the actual operation of the general editor's journal was only studied in combination with practice, and the theory was relatively backward. Since then, with the publication of new local chronicles, theoretical research has been deepened, with a wider scope, deeper level and stronger theory. As for the specific results, study together with the following questions.
Lesson 3 The Nature of Local Records
The nature of local chronicles refers to the fundamental attribute that distinguishes local chronicles from other books.
The multi-source and long-standing nature of local chronicles have formed various views on the attributes of local chronicles. For a long time, some people say that local chronicles are geography books, some people say that local chronicles are history books, and some people say that local chronicles are both geography and history. In other words, local chronicles are a branch of geography or history. This is a traditional saying. In the classification of books in domestic libraries, the classification of local chronicles is also inconsistent. Before 1992, Shanghai Library classified local chronicles as "local chronicles" or "national history" in the category of "history"; After 1993, there appeared three categories of "history": local history, national history and local history. On the other hand, China Library Classification has a column of local chronicles, as well as three columns of local chronicles, annals of past dynasties and local chronicles of various provinces and cities under the subcategory of "China History" under the category of "K History and Geography". However, China Renmin University's Copying Newspaper Materials classified the works on local chronicles as "geography" and "China's regional geography". In all these cases, local chronicles are not regarded as an independent social science discipline. At present, in the study of the nature of local chronicles, many comrades think that local chronicles are independent local knowledge (or local information) books different from geography and history books. The Book of Geographical Knowledge is based on the four elements of local chronicles, namely, readers (the demanders of geographical knowledge are the driving force for the emergence and development of local chronicles); Geographic information producer (editor, who understands objective geographic information through social practice and scientific research and forms written or other forms of information); Geological knowledge compilers (local chronicles professionals, who are the editors-in-chief, textual research, selection and sublimation of geological data to form a geological knowledge system); Record is the carrier of local knowledge. The authors, compilers and readers of data constitute a circular system for accumulating and disseminating geographical knowledge. The objective situation becomes geographic information through the understanding of geographic information producers; Geographical information is collected and processed by geographical knowledge compilers, and becomes the carrier of geographical knowledge (local chronicles), and can be disseminated; Readers can better engage in social practice by knowing their own emotional knowledge. But in social practice, it has gained a new understanding and produced new geographical information. It can be inferred that local chronicles is an applied science to study the principles and methods of geographical knowledge accumulation and dissemination. Local chronicles are knowledge books to understand local conditions.
In addition, there are "local chronicles are the basic academic and cultural undertakings centered on the compilation and utilization of local chronicles" and "local chronicles are the academic and cultural undertakings based on the exchange of geographical information". Local chronicles are official love letters, new local chronicles are simple, rigorous and scientific data collection, and new local chronicles are simple, rigorous and scientific data work. However, people think that local chronicles are an independent social science subject, and there is still no meta-theory. Having said that, I mainly remind you to broaden your horizons and study the nature of local chronicles in depth. Because many problems encountered in the compilation of local chronicles have to study the nature of local chronicles. Now I will talk about the nature of local chronicles from my experience and the difference between local chronicles and historical and geographical books.
First, the nature of local chronicles.
The above statement that "local chronicles are geography books" and "local chronicles are history books" is not accurate enough. Local chronicles have gone beyond the content of geography and history, and the requirements are different. The book of knowledge about geography is a simple, rigorous and scientific information work, which is probably not limited to local chronicles. Regarding the nature of local chronicles, I would like to make the following statement: "Local chronicles are informative works about the history and present situation of a place's nature and society (or a thing)". This expression includes the following contents and requirements: First, the object of description is "nature and society in one place" or "one thing"; Second, the time range is "history and present situation"; The third is "informative", but it is not a simple pile of materials, but a "text" that has been scientifically compared. This formulation embodies the characteristics that local chronicles are different from geography books, historical books and statistical yearbooks. This formulation is not exact, please study it.
Second, the relationship between local chronicles and historical and geographical books.
The contents of local chronicles include encyclopedias, which are closely related to geography, history, economy, folk customs and many other sciences, but there are differences.
(A) the relationship and difference between local chronicles and geography books
Geography and regional geography in local chronicles should describe regional location, area and scope, natural environment elements such as geology, landform, soil, vegetation, animals, rivers and lakes, and economic geography and human geography. At the same time, the geographical records of local chronicles benefit from the research results and knowledge of geography, and the research of geography needs to be based on local chronicles, which are closely related.
The main differences between them are as follows: First, geography is a basic science. As far as regional geography is concerned, it is necessary not only to describe the facts of geographical elements, but also to discuss the causes of various geographical situations, as well as the mutual influence and restriction of various elements in the region; Local chronicles is an applied science, in which the geographical divisions and contents related to geography only describe its phenomenon or what it is, but not its reason, that is, the fact of what it is contains "why". Second, regional geography takes spatial relations as coordinates and classifies and describes them according to their internal factors; The geographical content of local chronicles is classified according to the administrative categories within the administrative area, and events are described according to the categories, so as to restore the historical situation as much as possible, that is, to describe changes in time series.
(B) the relationship between local chronicles and history books
The connection and difference between history and local chronicles are summarized as "the same origin and different materials, each with its own characteristics, interrelated and reaching the same goal by different routes".
History and ambition are closely related in genre. "Narrating, recording, recording, transmitting, drawing and expressing" in local records today.