Layout is the basic form of information expression in news publishing, the image and thinking of news publishing, and the language of news publishing. The application of advanced typesetting tools and artistic creative layout are the basis for news publications to concentrate culture, infiltrate art and adapt to the times. Therefore, on the basis of full understanding of layout design and typesetting, the correct application of typesetting software and tools is the key to the efficient, artistic and standardized production of various news publications. Therefore, only by correctly understanding and mastering the composition and typesetting rules of layout can we effectively use various tools of typesetting software to discharge layouts that meet standards and norms. Composition of layout

First, the basic knowledge of layout

The basic knowledge of layout and typesetting mainly includes layout elements, typesetting terminology, the function of proofreading symbols and various layout treatments. This knowledge is an indispensable part of laser phototypesetting technology. A qualified process designer and operator can achieve high efficiency and high quality only by mastering "typesetting language" and some typesetting process knowledge.

1. Composition of books

As we all know, a book usually consists of cover, title page, copyright page (including abstract and copyright), preface, table of contents, text, postscript, references and appendix.

The title page, also called the inner page and the inner cover, is basically the same as the cover, and often includes the title, subtitle, names of all authors and translators, year and place of publication, etc. The title page generally has no pattern, and is usually printed with the text.

Copyright page, also called version record page and version description page, is an introduction to the history of a book since its birth, so that readers can understand the publication of this book. Sticking to the lower half of the back of the title page, the lower half of the last page of the book or the lower right half of the cover (referring to the horizontal version), most of them are printed with abstracts. The copyright page is printed with the title, author, publisher, printing house and publisher, as well as the format, edition, print run, print run, number of words, date, periodical and book number. Among them, the printed sheet is the basic unit used by the printing factory to calculate the typesetting, printing and paper use of a book. Generally, one side of a whole piece of paper is called a printed page, and the other side of a folio is also called a printed page. The number of words per page is equal to the number of words per page multiplied by the number of rows, and the number of words in a book is equal to the number of words per page multiplied by the number of pages. The figures, tables, formulas and blank lines on the page are all calculated according to the whole page, so "word count" does not represent the actual word count in the book.

2. Layout elements

Layout refers to the sum of graphic parts and blank parts on one side of books, periodicals and newspapers, that is, the width of a page of books and periodicals including the blank parts around the center of the page. You can see the overall design of the layout through the layout, and the layout elements are shown in Figure 2. 1.

The center of the page is located in the center of the page, and the text is arranged.

The characters and symbols with book eyebrows arranged in the upper part of the core are collectively called book eyebrows. Including page numbers, people and eyebrows. Generally used to retrieve chapters.

There are page numbers on each side of the text of books and periodicals, and generally the page numbers are on the edge of the book incision. In the printing industry, a page number is called one side, and two page numbers on the front and back are called one page.

Annotation, also known as annotation, is to explain and supplement the content of a text or a word. Scale notes arranged in rows, scale footnotes at the bottom of each face or scale notes at the back of the page, scale notes at the back of each article and scale notes at the back of the book. The number that identifies the comment in the text is called the comment code.

Step 3: One page

The size of the page is called folio, and folio is based on the whole paper. How many small pieces of paper are cut into a pair on each whole piece of paper? In China, it is customary to use geometric series to name folio, as shown below.

Common paper sizes produced in China mainly include the following:

The specification of 787× 1092 mm flat base paper is the main specification of cultural paper in China at present, and most of the existing papermaking and printing machines in China produce and apply this specification of paper. At present, this size of paper is still used in Southeast Asian countries, and it is rarely used in other regions.

The size of 850× 1 168mm is made on the basis of 787× 1092mm 25 to meet the needs of large format. This size of paper is mainly used for the needs of large format, and the so-called large 32 format is made of this paper.

The size of 880× 1230mm paper is larger than other papers of the same format, so the utilization rate of paper is higher when printing, and the form is more beautiful and generous, which is an international standard.

4. Edition heart

The size of the book center is determined by the format of the book. The center is too small, the number of words will be reduced, and the center is too big, which is not conducive to beautiful layout. Generally, the spacing between words is smaller than the spacing between lines; The spacing between lines is smaller than the spacing between paragraphs; The spacing between paragraphs should be less than the surrounding white space.

The specific dimensions of the width and height of the core should be determined according to the size of the text, the number of lines per side and the number of words per line. And the number of rows on each side is affected by the row spacing. In printing standard terminology, the spacing between lines is called interline, and the distance between line centerlines is called line spacing. However, in Founder and Huaguang typesetting systems, line spacing in standard terminology is called line spacing. Books and periodicals are generally spaced (1/2), and there are also five/eight, three/four intervals. Table 2. 1 lists the number of words in different font sizes, different lines, different formats and the size of the page center.

Note: If eyebrows are added, the number of lines per page should be reduced by one line. The number of words and lines is calculated by the number five of Chinese characters.

5. Commonly used typesetting terms

(1) The cover (also known as cover, cover, cover and writing style) is printed with the title of the book, the name of the author, the name of the translator and the name of the publishing house. Cover plays a role in beautifying books and protecting book blocks.

(2) The inner cover (also called the second cover) refers to the back cover of the cover. Envelopes are generally blank, but they are often used in journals to print catalogues or related pictures.

(3) The back cover (also called the third cover) refers to the inner page of the back cover. The back cover is generally a blank page, but it is often used to print words and pictures outside the text or other words in periodicals.

(4) Books on the back cover (also called back cover 4 and back cover) should be printed with a uniform book number and pricing at the lower right of the back cover, and periodicals should be printed with copyright pages on the back cover, or used for printing catalogues and other non-literal words and pictures.

(5) spine (also known as back cover) spine refers to the spine connecting the front cover and the back cover. The spine of the book is generally printed with the title of the book, the number of volumes (volumes, collections, volumes), the author's name, the translator's name and the name of the publishing house, which is easy to find.

(6) The book crown refers to the part with the title printed on the cover.

(7) Footprint Footprint refers to the part with the name of the publishing unit printed below the cover.

(8) The title page (also called back cover or sub-cover) refers to the page after the cover or lining of a book and before the text. The title page is generally printed with the title of the book, the name of the author or translator, the publishing house and the year of publication. The title page also plays a decorative role, increasing the aesthetic feeling of books.

(9) Inserting refers to printing and inserting a single page in a book, and printing graphics or tables where the layout exceeds the layout. Sometimes it also refers to a page whose layout does not exceed the layout, the paper is the same size as the layout, but printed with a different paper or color from the original.

(10) Chapter page (also called middle title page or independent page) refers to a single page with the name of the article, series or chapter printed before the beginning of each article and chapter in the text. The chapter page can only be left blank, with single code and double code. After the double code is inserted into the text page, it is generally calculated according to the password or regardless of the page number. Chapter pages are sometimes printed on colored paper to show the difference.

(1 1) Table of Contents is a record of chapter and section titles in books and periodicals, which plays the role of subject index and is convenient for readers to find. The table of contents is usually placed in front of the main body of books and periodicals (due to the limitation of the number of printed pages of periodicals, the table of contents is often placed on the second, third or fourth cover).

(12) copyright page copyright page refers to the record page of the version. The copyright page shall record the title of the book, the name of the author or translator, the publisher, publishing house, printer, edition number, number of copies, format, number of words, date of publication, pricing, book number and other items according to relevant regulations. Book copyright pages are generally printed at the lower end of the back page of the title page. The copyright page is mainly to let readers know about the publication of books, and it is often attached to the text of books and periodicals.

(13) indexes include subject index, content index, noun index, scientific name index, name index, etc. Indexes belong to written records outside the text, generally arranged after the text, with small font size and double columns. The index is marked with page numbers for readers to find. Index plays an important role in sci-tech books, which enables readers to quickly find the information they need to find.

(14) Layout refers to the overall format of books and periodicals, including the font, font size, center size, full column, double column, lines per page, words per line, line spacing and typesetting position of tables and pictures.

(15) Edition core refers to the body part on each page, including chapter, section title, body, figure, table and formula.

(16) The plate mouth refers to the boundary of the center of the plate, and in a sense refers to the center of the plate. Strictly speaking, the range is calculated by the area of the page, and the range is calculated by the periphery of the left, right, up and down.

(17) A super-version opening refers to a page that exceeds the boundaries of the left and right or upper and lower versions. When a graph or a table exceeds the opening price, it is called an over-opening price graph or an over-opening price table.

(18) Vertical typesetting refers to a version in which lapels are on the left, seams are on the right, text is printed from top to bottom, and lines are printed from right to left, which is generally used in ancient books.

(19) Horizontal row is a version with hem on the right, seam on the left, text from left to right, and lines printed from top to bottom.

(20) masthead masthead, also known as "title" and "headdress", is used to express the nature of an article or version and is also a decorative decoration. The masthead is generally arranged above or in the upper left corner of the headlines of newspapers, magazines, poems and essays.

(2 1) Hurdles are also called hurdles. Most newspapers and magazines are arranged in columns. This arrangement of pictures or tables that cannot be arranged in one column extends to another column and occupies multiple columns is called broken column arrangement.

(22) Vertex refers to the top margin of each page.

(23) Anchor refers to the lower edge of each page.

(24) Dark page numbers, also known as secret codes, refer to pages that occupy page numbers instead of page numbers. Generally used for illustrations, inserted tables, blank pages or separator pages in the center of the over-edition.

(25) A page has the same meaning as a piece of paper, and a page has two sides (both sides of the page). It should be noted that the concept of the other page and the other side is different.

(26) Starting a new page means that an article is arranged from a single code (such as a collection of essays). If the first article ends with a single page number and the second article requires a new page, you need to leave a blank face with double codes at the end of the previous article, that is, put an empty code, and each article requires a new page arrangement, which is mostly used for single printing.

(27) Starting from the other side means that an article can start from single and double codes, but it must start from the other side and cannot be connected with the previous article.

(28) Form Notes Form notes refer to the notes and explanations of the form. Generally arranged at the bottom of the table, and some are arranged in the table frame. Generally, the length of table notes should not exceed the length of the table.

(29) Legend Legend refers to the notes and explanations of illustrations. Generally, it ranks below the topic of pictures, and a few rank above the topic of pictures. Generally speaking, the length of graphic annotations should not exceed the length of graphics.

(30) Backtopic Backtopic refers to the title at the end of one side, with no text behind it. Backquestions are forbidden in typesetting specifications, and they should be avoided as far as possible. The solution is to add lines to this page, shrink or leave a blank at the end, and move the title to the next page.

Two. Text typesetting rules

1. Text Layout Design Rules

A senior editor and typesetter should not only learn how to typeset, but also learn how to make a beautiful layout. To achieve this goal, we must first understand the design of text layout.

The text of books and periodicals must be designed according to their contents, and different publications should have different characteristics. Political publications should be dignified and generous; Literary publications should be fresh and elegant, entertaining and lively. Publications with different objects should also be treated differently in technology. People with a low level of education can use larger fonts, for example, books for children should be large and sparse, that is, the method of sparse row is adopted. Books for young people can be small and dense. It's better to change the font for different articles in magazines, especially when designing layout and titles. The titles of more important articles should be very eye-catching.

2. Types of text typesetting

The typesetting of books and periodicals can basically be divided into the following categories:

(1) The word order of horizontal and vertical rows is from left to right, and the line order is from top to bottom; The vertical word order is from top to bottom, and the line order is from right to left.

(2) Dense arrangement and sparse arrangement are the arrangement with no gap between words, and most books and periodicals use dense arrangement; Sparse typesetting is a typesetting method that leaves a certain gap between words, which is mostly used in primary textbooks and popular reading materials. When typesetting, increase the line spacing.

(3) The overall width of the core is the length of each line, which is the usual typesetting method of books. Some books and periodicals, especially large-format periodicals, books and reference books, have wide editions. In order to shorten long lines, words are often arranged in columns, some are two columns (double columns), some are three columns or even more columns.

(4) General loading, single-sided loading and double-sided loading

Ordinary loading is relative to single-sided loading and double-sided loading. A horizontal book should be lined with key points at the bottom, which is called single-sided loading. As for straight books, punctuation marks and proper names, they are all arranged on the right side of the line, which is called single-sided loading; The left, right or up-and-down typesetting of a line is called double-sided loading. Ordinary clothes are those whose lines are not typeset up and down.

3. The typesetting requirements of the text

Text typesetting must be based on format, and the requirements for text typesetting are as follows:

(1) The first line of each paragraph must be blank, and special typesetting needs special treatment;

(2) The head of each line cannot be a period, semicolon, comma, pause, colon, exclamation point, quotation mark, bracket, modulus and the second half of the matrix number; (3) The end of a non-paragraph line must be flush with the plate opening, and the first half of quotation marks, brackets, module numbers and matrix numbers cannot be arranged at the end of the line; (4) Double-column layout, if there is a chart, table or formula with columns, it should be bounded by the chart, table or formula, with the left and right columns at the top aligned and the text at the bottom arranged from the left column to the right column. At the end of a chapter, section or article, the left and right columns should be parallel. When the number of rows is odd, the right column has one less row than the left column. (5) When changing careers, the following items cannot be separated:

(1) integer number;

2 connection points (two-character connection points) and zigzag lines;

③ Additional symbols before and after the number (such as 95%, r30, -35℃, × 100, ~ 50).

4. Problems that should be paid attention to in text typesetting

Text typesetting should strictly follow the principle of loyalty to the manuscript. For some unedited or rough manuscripts, the context is obviously not uniform, and they can be unified at will. For example, "34%" and "10%" in the sentence "in the XX incident, the direct participants accounted for 34%, and they had to account for10% ..." are not consistent. In scientific and technological articles, it should be unified into Arabic. For large and simple numbers, the combination of the two can be used, or the exponential form can be used.

Because manuscripts are generally handwritten, some symbols are difficult to distinguish. For example, pauses, periods and decimal points in Chinese are often punctuated with an ambiguous black dot. At this time, typesetters are required to distinguish according to typesetting specifications.

In science and technology books, the period after Chinese characters is usually a circle (. ), but some books (such as mathematics) are easily confused with the lower corner number "0" or the English lowercase letter "O" because of the punctuation. In order to distinguish them, black dots are often used as periods in foreign languages, numbers and mathematical expressions.

It is customary to use a pause after the Chinese sequence code (such as "five,"). After Arabic numerals, it is customary to use black dots (such as "5." ) instead of the pause point ("5,").

When the number of intervals of a foreigner's translation is after Chinese, use the middle point, such as Fu? Huh? Zorg uses waste points when foreign languages are backward, such as: f? A. zog Of course, among the names of foreigners who are all in foreign languages, it is natural to follow the international practice: F.A.Sorge

Ellipsis is represented by six black dots in Chinese and three black dots in foreign languages and formulas.

Short lines between words, numbers and symbols should be determined according to the notes of the manuscript. Without a label. The range number is "one line" (a space on the manuscript paper), for example, 54-94%, but "~" can also be used. Dashes use "double-word lines", such as brackets "unit-generator and motor". The connection number is "half-word line" (written between two words without occupying manuscript paper), such as chapter code (3-2) and chart code (Figure 6-4).

5. Layout requirements of the directory

The complexity of the table of contents depends on the text, but there are also cases where there are many chapters in the text and the table of contents is very simple. For books with many illustrations or tables, you can also add a list of illustrations or tables.

Directory fonts, usually books and songs, occasionally inserted in bold. Font size, generally five, small five, six. Directory layout should pay attention to the following items:

(1) Top-grid arrangement of the first-level titles in the table of contents (except line break and indentation);

(2) Catalogs are often arranged in one column, especially in two columns;

(3) Not naming the titles in the catalogue except periodicals;

(4) Add a connection point between the title, chapter, section and page number of the article (between the title of an article in a single collection or journal and the author's name). If it is a carriage return line, three spaces should be left at the end of the line (six spaces in the diary), and the line should be followed by one or two spaces after the ascending text;

(5) There should be at least two connection points between chapters and page numbers or author's names in the table of contents, otherwise a new line should be started.

(6) Roman numerals can be used for page numbers of non-text parts, and Arabic numerals are generally used for text parts. When chapters, sections and titles are arranged in different sizes, the page numbers are also arranged in different sizes.

6. Page number and header typesetting requirements

(1) Page number

Odd page numbers in a page are called single page numbers, and even page numbers are called double page numbers. There is a great relationship between single page and double page in layout processing. For more information, see the following sections. Usually the page number is in the center of the plate opening or arranged in the incision, generally at the bottom of the page, with single page number on the right side of the plate opening and double page number on the left side of the plate opening. The page number of a periodical can be placed on the left and right sides of the page above the page near the opening of the page. The page numbers of books such as dictionaries can be arranged in the center above or below the opening.

The cover, title page and copyright page are not numbered or explained. Chapter pages, full-page drawings or tables with super-page openings, full-page illustrations, and blank pages at the end of each chapter are not numbered, but the page numbers are calculated by secret codes.

(2) Code

The page numbers of the whole page, figure, table and blank page at the end of the chapter are all calculated by secret code. The page number of a blank page is also called "empty code". When proofreading, the code (including blank code) must indicate the page number order.

(3) Book eyebrows

The horizontal eyebrows are generally located at the top of the page. Title name, chapter name or title of double code page on single code page. When the double code and single code change during proofreading, the head of the book should also change accordingly.

Illustrations and inserts that do not exceed the opening of the plate should be arranged with book heads. If they are beyond the opening of the board (whether horizontally or directly), the headers will not be arranged.

7. Punctuation typesetting rules

At present, punctuation marks are arranged in the following ways:

(1) Full-angle style (also called full-body style) Except for two symbols connected together, the former symbol is opposite, and all symbols are full-angle.

(2) humbly type all the symbols indicating the end of the sentence (such as period, question mark, exclamation point, colon, etc.). ) is full-angle, and other punctuation marks are folio. At present, most publications use this method.

(3) Split at the end of the line This arrangement requires that all punctuation marks at the end of the line should be split to ensure that the opening at the end of the line is in a straight line.

(4) All punctuation marks (except dashes and ellipsis) are folio. This typesetting is mostly used for reference books.

(5) Vertical punctuation is generally complete and arranged in the center or upper right corner of the word.

(6) Some freestyle punctuation marks do not follow the typesetting prohibition, which is common in foreign countries.

The arrangement of punctuation marks reflects the typesetting style of a typesetting object to some extent. Therefore, when typesetting, we should carefully understand the technical requirements of publishing units. At present, punctuation typesetting rules mainly include:

(1) No period, comma, pause, exclamation point, question mark, colon, bracket, quotation mark or book title is allowed at the beginning of the line.

(2) Quotations, brackets and book titles are not allowed at the end of the line.

(3) The dash "-"and the ellipsis "..." are

The typesetting prohibition of punctuation marks is generally solved by expansion and contraction. Extension method is to add some punctuation marks in one line, and extend a word at the beginning of the next line to avoid the punctuation marks at the beginning of the line; Indentation method is to replace full-width punctuation marks with folio, indent a line position, and arrange punctuation marks prohibited at the beginning of the line at the end of the previous line.

Three. Title typesetting rules

1. Title structure

The title is a summary of the core and theme of an article, which is characterized by concise words, distinct levels and striking beauty.

There are many levels of book titles, including large, medium and small. The biggest title in books is called the first-class title, followed by the second-class title and the third-class title. If the biggest title of this book is chapter, the first-level title starts with chapter, and the second-level title is section (*). *), the title of the third level is heading (*). *. *). The level of the title shows the logical structure of the text, which is usually distinguished by different fonts and sizes, so that the chapters of the book are clear, hierarchical and easy to read.

2. Font and font size of the title

(1) The font of the title should be different from the font of the text, which is both beautiful and eye-catching and coordinated with the font of the text. If the title word and the text are the same font, the font size of the title is larger than the text.

(2) The font size of the title should be selected according to the size of the book layout. Generally speaking, the bigger the layout, the bigger the font. 16 Open the page and choose 1 or No.2 as the first-level title; 32 Open the page and choose No.2 or No.3 as the first-level title.

(3) The font size should be selected according to the number of titles of a book. In principle, the font size of multi-level titles should be gradually reduced according to the level of departments, articles, chapters and sections. Common typesetting methods are: No.2 or No.3 for the title, No.4 and No.4 for the middle title, and other fonts with the same font size as the text for the subtitle.

3. Word spacing, line occupancy and line spacing of titles

In typesetting, all titles must be multiples of the main line.

The size of the position occupied by the topic depends on the specific situation. For the classic works with large space, the text is divided into several chapters, and the title of each chapter often occupies one page, while the first-level title on the other side of the general book occupies a larger position, accounting for about a quarter of the core of the edition. Horizontal rows account for about six to seven lines of the text, with three or four lines above; Clear two or three lines. The first-level title of the connection accounts for about four or five lines; The second-level title accounts for about two or three lines; Third-level titles account for about one or two lines. For example, when the first-level and second-level titles or the first-,second-level and third-level titles are arranged together in sequence, in addition to the same overhead, the line spacing between titles should be appropriately reduced.

When the title can't fit the next line and needs to be returned, add the height of the fifth word between the second word and the title; Add the height of the sixth word between the lines of the third word; The following four characters are the same as the text.

In title typesetting, there is no uniform standard for title to occupy line and word spacing.

4. General rules of title typesetting

(1) Prefaces and inscriptions are usually in one line, separated by a word (or a word and a half).

(2) Punctuation marks can be inserted in the middle of the inscription, and it is advisable to split it. Except for question marks and exclamation marks, punctuation marks are generally not arranged at the end of titles (footnotes can be added after titles of mathematics and physics books).

(3) The title of each line should not be too long, and it should not exceed four fifths of the center of the page at most. If you can't arrange it, you can change careers. The following line is slightly shorter than the previous line, and at the same time, it should take care of the tone and vocabulary structure, and do not deliberately split it. When words and sentences are inseparable, it can also take longer to go down than up. When the title with preface changes careers, the second line should be aligned with the title above; If there are more than two lines, the line endings should also be aligned (except the line endings).

(4) Subtitles below the section generally do not adopt the method of focusing on several behaviors, but are inserted into the title, and the same number of bold words as the text are arranged in the first line of the paragraph, with spaces after the title and spaces before the title.

(5) The title should not be divorced from the text. The title is forbidden to backtrack, that is, it must avoid the situation that the title is at the end of the page and the text is on both sides. Various publications have different requirements for antithesis. Some publications require at least three lines of text under the second-level heading and at least one line under the third-level heading. For publications without special requirements, there should be at least one line of text under two or three headings.

The way to avoid backtracking is to shrink the text on the previous side (or both sides) by one line and move the text on the next side by one line; Or move the title to the upper end of the next side, and at the same time extend the text of the previous side (or sides) by several lines to make up for the blank position. If it is really impossible to make up, a blank line is allowed at the end of the previous page.

5. The typesetting method of the title

The typesetting of titles requires that the titles discharged should be distinct and beautiful. The font size used in the title should be larger than the original text (if the same number is used, it should be distinguished by font, but the font size must not be smaller than the text). In order to make the title eye-catching, blank lines (to increase the space above and below the title) and space-occupying lines (to use a font size larger than the text and occupy more positions) are often used. In addition to the main title, periodicals sometimes have sub-titles. The typesetting methods of common format titles (vertical titles and double-span single titles) are as follows:

(1) Central Title: This title is used most frequently, and it can be clicked or not. It has the following format:

① unordered number or unordered ordinal number, as shown in Figure 2.3. . (2) chapter ordinal, turn to the center, as shown in figure 2.4.

(3) chapter ordinal, turn to the title, as shown in figure 2.5.

(2) Off-topic words: Off-topic words are usually arranged in two ways. One is the top grid arrangement, and the side questions occupy the position of two lines of the text; The second is to indent two lines, occupying only one line.

(3) Title at the beginning of a paragraph: the title is indented in two spaces like the text, followed by a ranking number, and the text is arranged in one space; If you don't put a period after the topic, you will leave two spaces or one space to arrange the text.

(4) Prompt title: Prompt title is also called window title, which is characterized by opening a window in a paragraph of text.