On September 15, Youth magazine written by Chen Duxiu was published. After the failure of the second revolution, Chen Duxiu thought hard and searched hard, and came to the conclusion that to save China and build peace, an ideological revolution must be carried out first, which is the reason why he ran a magazine.
1 965438+September 20061day, Chen Duxiu changed the name of the magazine to New Youth. Chen Duxiu's first article in his magazine, Tell Youth, sounded the drum of the ideological liberation movement. He "whimpered" and pinned his hopes on lively young people, calling on them to "be conscious of their vivid values and responsibilities" and to "strive for their own intelligence and drive away decadent and defeated people". He put forward six standards, namely: autonomy rather than slavery; Progress rather than conservatism; Enterprising rather than retiring; Worldwide, not national; Practical rather than empty; Scientific rather than imaginary.
The main thread of Chen Duxiu's six standards is science and democracy. The so-called science, including both natural science, social science and philosophy, focuses on advocating scientific spirit and respecting scientific laws. The so-called democracy is the opposite of feudal autocracy. Science and democracy are the only criteria to test all political, legal, moral, academic and social customs and people's daily life. Anything that goes against scientific democracy, even if it is "left by ancestors, taught by sages, advocated by the government and advocated by society, is worthless".
19 16 In autumn and winter, Chen Duxiu actively carried out a literary revolution focusing on New Youth. The leader of this revolution is Chen Duxiu, and the depth leader is Hu Shi, a student studying in the United States.
Hu Shi's name is Li Hong, which is very appropriate. He is from Jixi, Anhui. In his early years, he studied in Chinese Academy, came into contact with new learning and believed in evolution. 19 10 went to the United States, studied at Cornell University and Columbia University successively, and obtained a doctorate from Dewey, a pragmatic philosopher.
Chen and Hu Su don't know each other, but they are both thinking about the reform of China literature. Therefore, once they exchange letters, they become good friends.
Chen Duxiu established contact with Hu Shi through the help of his old friend Wang Mengzou. Wang and Hu are fellow villagers, 19 15 10. 10.6, Wang mengzou wrote to send a roll of youth magazine to Hu Shi, telling him that this magazine was edited by Chen Duxiu, an Anhui native, and invited him to contribute. 65438+February 65438+March, Wang wrote to Hu Shi again, reiterating the sincerity of Chen Duxiu's contribution. 19 16 On February 3, Hu Shi wrote to Chen Duxiu, who was 12 years older than him, saying, "To create new literature for the motherland today, we must start with introducing famous works from Europe and the West, so that people in middle school can learn it and observe it before they can have their own new literature."
Hu Shi believes that the classical Chinese of Mandarin is a half-dead language, while the vernacular is a living language. The vernacular is not only good, but also very beautiful and applicable. Literature should not be the private property of a few people, but should be able to popularize the majority of China people. Chen Duxiu expressed admiration for Hu Shi's opinion and asked him to translate more short masterpieces for New Youth in his spare time, which he thought was the forerunner of improving literature. They are separated by oceans, one in the eastern hemisphere and the other in the western hemisphere. The cause of literary reform linked them together.
1 91610/0/0/day, New Youth published a letter from Hu Shi to Chen Duxiu. In this letter, Hu Shi put forward eight opinions on literary reform. Although Chen Duxiu agreed, he felt that these ideas were not high enough and firm enough. Therefore, in his reply to Hu Shi, he said: "Literary reform is an urgent task in China at present. This is not a joke, nor is it empty talk." I hope he can make an improved literary paper and send it to New Youth.
After receiving the letter, Hu Shi made a slight revision and expounded eight opinions. The topic is "My humble opinion on the improvement of literature", which is given to Chen Duxiu. Chen Duxiu immediately published in New Youth. Hu Shi has since become a famous figure in the national literary reform.
19 17 1, Chen Duxiu went to Beijing, where he became a senior liberal arts student at Peking University. It was an accidental opportunity that he was a senior in liberal arts at Peking University. Last year1October 26th, 165438+ Chen Duxiu merged Qunyi Bookstore and Yadong Library into one company to raise funds. Coupled with the development of cultural publishing, * * * and Wang Mengzou went to Beijing by car and stayed at the West Riverside Chinese and Western Hotel. He met Shen, a professor of Tang poetry in Peking University, by chance in Liulichang. At that time, Chen Duxiu mocked Shen's ci "vulgarity", which prompted Shen Lizhi to become a master of calligraphy, and they got to know each other. Professor Shen recommended Chen Duxiu to Cai Yuanpei to work in Peking University.
Cai Yuanpei has just been appointed president of Peking University. He is eager for talents. The first thing he will do when he gets to school is to hire people with real talent and practical knowledge to help manage Peking University. Cai Yuanpei and Chen Duxiu both joined the Shanghai Patriotic Association during 1905 and engaged in anti-Qing activities. Although I haven't heard from him for many years, Cai Yuanpei admired his perseverance and sense of responsibility and had an unforgettable impression on him. Now, seeing Chen Duxiu 10 Yu Ben's New Youth, I decided to hire Chen Duxiu as a liberal arts senior with a monthly salary, and asked him to move the New Youth to Beijing and visit Chen Duxiu at the hotel immediately.
Chen Duxiu moves around during the day, goes to the theatre at night, and stays up late. Cai Yuanpei comes to see him almost every day, sometimes early. He told the waiter not to wake Chen, but to give him a stool and wait at the door. Cai is an academician from Erjinshi, and once served as the education chief of the provisional government of the Republic of China, while Chen is just a scholar. Cai Lixian's corporal demeanor is really admirable. Chen Duxiu didn't want to be employed at first, saying that he would go back to Shanghai to run New Youth. Seeing that Cai was so sincere to him, he promised to move New Youth to Peking University, and he also promised to go back to Shanghai to tidy up and then come to Beijing.
Before taking his family to Beijing, Chen Duxiu said to Yue Xiangru, a friend of Qian Yue, "I didn't teach in a university, and I don't have any degree title. I don't know if I can do it. I will try for three months. If I am competent, I will continue to work. If I am not competent, I will return to Shanghai. "
1917 65438+1October 13. Cai Yuanpei announced that "Xia Xiqi, the senior liberal arts student in our school, resigned, and hereby appointed Chen Duxiu as the senior liberal arts student in Peking University".
After the news that Chen Duxiu is a senior liberal arts student came out, the whole school shook. The young students warmly welcomed and told each other, while the old teachers and young teachers secretly discussed and complained that Mr. Chen Can only wrote a few essays, without real talent and practical learning. It's not enough to teach at Peking University, let alone be the person in charge of arts and sciences. Cai Yuanpei has a clear attitude towards these attacks and strongly refutes them. He said: Mr. Zhongfu is good at exegesis and phonology, and he has expertise in learning. In the past, even Mr. Zhang Taiyan regarded him as a fear friend. People who are familiar with Chen Duxiu also stand up and say that he has literacy, research and works on philology. Professor Gao even said that Mr. Zhongfu was not under Mr. Zhang Taiyan when he talked about philology.
Peking University is the highest institution of higher learning in China, and the liberal arts senior is equivalent to the later dean of the College of Liberal Arts, which provides a very favorable social position for Chen Duxiu to carry out the New Culture Movement. After taking office, Chen Duxiu lived in No.9 Jiang 'an Hutong, Dongchizi, an ordinary small courtyard house. Chen Duxiu rented three north rooms, separated by carved wooden partitions, with bedrooms on both sides and a reception room in the middle.
In July of the same year, Hu Shi graduated and returned to China. Chen Duxiu immediately recommended him to teach in Peking University. With the consent of Cai Yuanpei, he became Professor Peking University on September 10, teaching English, English rhetoric and ancient China philosophy.
Soon, Chen Duxiu's good friend Li Dazhao also came to Peking University.
Li Dazhao stayed in Shanghai temporarily after returning from Japan in May. 19 16. He often goes to Chen Duxiu to plan the new culture movement. In August, at the invitation of Tang Hualong, Li Dazhao went to Beijing to edit The Morning Bell. Tang Hualong is the principal of Li Dazhao, and he is sponsored to study in the East. However, Tang colluded with Yuan Shikai and supported Yuan Shikai to sign a "after-care loan" with the five-nation banking group, which was despised by the world. Later, he changed his attitude, joined the ranks of protecting Yuan Guo and did some good things. When Li Dazhao received an invitation from Tang Hualong to run a newspaper in Beijing, he didn't want to do it. Under the repeated persuasion of his classmate Bai Jianwu, he decided to use newspapers to create public opinion and become the editor-in-chief of young chinese.
Chenzhong is the mouthpiece of the Constitutional Studies Association, and its social site is located in Prime Minister Hutong, next to a courtyard of Wen Tianxiang Temple, a national hero who resisted gold in the late Southern Song Dynasty. After intense preparation, the first issue of Li Dazhao was finally published. Li Dazhao published "The Mission of Morning Bell" in the inaugural issue, publicly stating that the purpose of "Morning Bell" is to awaken the people and inspire young people to catch up and forge ahead bravely ... to find my ideal China and youthful China.
Li Dazhao published many articles in Morning Bell, calling on young people to "create environment and conquer history with free spirit, eccentric thoughts, keen intuition and lively life".
The Morning Bell has just been published for 22 days, which has stung the Beiyang government authorities. Tang Hualong was dissatisfied with this, saying that Li Dazhao had turned Morning Bell into a non-partisan newspaper and asked Li Dazhao to change course.
Li Dazhao refused to go against his beliefs and decided to resign. He announced his resignation on the morning bell and left. From then on, he was hired as a writer in the Constitutional Proclamation, and continued to write articles to attack the disadvantages of darkness.
19 17 1 month, Zhang founded Jiayin Daily in Beijing. He went to Li Dazhao's apartment and asked him to be an editor. Li Dazhao is both happy and worried. Happily, he has another position and wants to work at once. Worryingly, Zhang's old friend became the chief justice of Duan government, which made him hesitate. So he asked Zhang:
"Mr. Xing Yan, can Jiayin Daily attack corrupt current politics? Throwing a gun at Kongjiadian is noisy? "
Zhang replied: "I am in favor of criticism and prevention of restoration; I also hate the darkness of the government and the private struggle of the cabinet. "
After some conversation, Li Dazhao finally said, "Good! I will take office today! "
Li Dazhao criticized the retro trend of thought on the topic of the relationship between Confucius and the Constitution. Zhang was afraid that Li Dazhao's radical articles would cause trouble and suggested that he rewrite his paper on international issues. Li Dazhao wrote an international review, introducing the Russian revolution to readers, and pointed out: "In all fairness, the success of this Russian revolution has not been affected by the previous revolutions in China. Today, we will rely on the success of the Russian revolution to strengthen our political power. " Li Dazhao's article implies that the advanced elements in China learn from the Russian revolution led by Lenin.
The Beiyang government wanted to catch Li Dazhao who publicized the revolution, and Zhang immediately sheltered Li Dazhao from Beijing.
Li Dazhao left Beijing in a hurry and went to Shanghai in the south to defect to his friends. When I revisited the old place, all my thoughts came to my mind, so I wrote a poem:
Heroes wash rivers,
Song and dance are still painting the building.
A generation's futile dream,
After ten years of poverty, there is only poverty.
The bamboo curtain is half rolled,
Banana fans first welcome overseas autumn.
There is nothing to say goodbye to Jiangshan.
There should only be Pan's five lakes boat.
Li Dazhao continued to study Marx's revolutionary theory and the experience of Russian revolution in Shanghai.
19 17 At the end of the year, Li Dazhao received a letter from Zhang. Zhang was appointed as the director of Peking University Library and professor of logic. He asked Li Dazhao to go north to replace him as the librarian, and claimed that he was approved by President Cai Yuanpei. Li Dazhao was overjoyed and went north today.
Li Dazhao was a librarian in Peking University and later became a professor of economics and history.
Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, put forward the educational policy of "academic freedom and inclusiveness", and resolutely opposed the idea of ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone. He believes that academic factions are relative, not absolute; Therefore, even if teachers in various subjects have different opinions, they should be "reasonable and well-founded" to give students the right to choose freely. He invited Chen Duxiu, who advocated the new culture, as the senior of liberal arts, and introduced Xia Yuanli, who was Einstein's theory of relativity, as the senior of science. Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Li Siguang, Qian, Shen, Liu Bannong, Lu Xun and other new figures also taught at Peking University.
Cai Yuanpei learned from others, and Chen Duxiu was the best. Cai's school-running policy is "professor running the school", and major school affairs are discussed and decided by the school affairs committee, which is equivalent to the later school affairs committee, and is composed of the principal, seniors and chief teachers. The term of office is 1 year. Chen Duxiu was elected as the commentator. In addition, he also served as the deputy director of the Peking University Admissions Examination Committee (chairman is Cai Yuanpei), director of the editorial department of the National History Museum affiliated to Peking University, and editor of Journal of Peking University.
After Chen Duxiu took office, he suspended classes and devoted himself to the reform of liberal arts in Peking University. The first important thing he did was to recruit talents for the liberal arts, so most celebrities who advocated the new culture movement gathered in the liberal arts of Peking University. Literary revolution and freedom of thought became popular.
Chen Duxiu published an article on the educational policy in New Youth, accusing China of the disadvantages of education, and clarifying that his educational thought is automatic, enlightening, practical and systematic. Instead of his energetic, indoctrinating, empty and separated brain education. He believes that the purpose of higher education is different from general education, and it should focus on theoretical learning.
Chen Duxiu did four major things in the reform of liberal arts teaching in Peking University:
1. Expand liberal arts, add new departments such as German, French and Russian, and set up research institutes in the departments of philosophy, Chinese and English.
2. Allow students to choose courses freely, and it is compulsory to cancel all courses. The school has four doors wide open, and anyone who wants to attend classes can.
(3) Rectify classroom discipline and formulate examination system. On one occasion, in order to strengthen classroom discipline, Chen Duxiu mistook Li's nephew, who was often absent from class, and gave him a big demerit. As soon as he found the mistake, he brought it back to comfort Xu.
4. Buy books extensively and set up reading rooms to provide students with learning conditions.
While reforming liberal arts, Chen Duxiu also noticed his own transformation. In order to restrain himself, he joined the German Association of Peking University and became an A-level member. Cai Yuanpei initiated and organized the German Association in Peking University. There are three kinds of members: Class A members do not prostitute, gamble or marry concubines; In addition to the first three commandments, the second member will not be an official or a member of parliament. In addition to the above five precepts, members of Class C also added three precepts: no smoking, no drinking and no eating meat. Chen Duxiu's personality is bold and unrestrained, and his private life is more casual. Sometimes he dabbles in the field of flowers and willows. This was not surprising at that time, but it was incompatible with the character of the new school. After Chen joined the German Progressive Association, he was elected as a member of the German Progressive Association.
Peking University's reform and the implementation of the principle of freedom of thought broke through all kinds of ideological and cultural forbidden zones set by feudal die-hards and showed young students a vast new world of academic freedom. It improves the quality of teaching, broadens students' horizons, expands students' knowledge fields, and plays an inestimable role in students' acceptance of new things and new ideas. The lifeless and decadent Peking University has become a fresh, lively, democratic and free garden.
Scientific and democratic thoughts prevail in Peking University. It stirred the minds of young intellectuals and opened the ideological floodgate blocked by feudalism for a long time. Young students quickly took action, set up associations, held rallies and actively intervened in state affairs. 19 18 In the winter, Li Dazhao organized a secret seminar on Marxism, which spread the idea of scientific socialism in Peking University.
New Youth, originally edited by Chen Duxiu 1 person, 19 18 1 was changed into a fan magazine and an editorial board was established. Editorial Board: Chen Duxiu, Zhou Zuoren, Qian, Hu Shi, Liu Bannong and Shen. It also stipulates that the editorial board will take turns to edit, one person for one issue, and go round and round. Every time New Youth is published, an editorial meeting will be held to discuss the next issue. Editorial committees are often held in Chen Duxiu's apartment, and Chen Duxiu's home has virtually become the headquarters of the New Culture Movement.
The editorial department of New Youth is a rather strong camp. Most members of the editorial board are radical Democrats or liberals, among whom Qian is a member of the old League; Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren) participated in the Guangfu Association and was a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government. He works in the Ministry of Education and studies ancient ruins in his spare time. Naturally, he can't meet any problems and ideologies. When I saw Qian soliciting contributions, it was convenient for New Youth to make connections. Inspired by New Youth, he published novels, essays, political essays, new poems and translations in New Youth.
Chen Duxiu had great respect for Lu Xun and said, "I really admire his novels", expecting him to write novels for New Youth and urging him again and again. 19 18 In May, Lu Xun's short story Diary of a Madman was published in New Youth. He angrily accused thousands of years old ethical codes of cannibalism, which was a battle against feudal ethical codes.
The influence of New Youth has expanded rapidly. When it was first published, there were only 1 0,000 copies. By 65,438+0,965,438+07, it had soared to 65,438+0.6 million copies, and after each issue was published, it was sold out in Peking University.
However, New Youth is a monthly magazine with a long publishing cycle, and sometimes it can't be published as scheduled. Most of the contents are academic articles, and it is difficult to play a timely guiding role in the real political struggle. In order to establish a faster, shorter and more direct publication than New Youth, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao proposed to establish Weekly Review.
1918165438+127 October, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Zhang Shenfu, Gao, Gao Chengyuan, Hu Shi and others held a meeting in the office of the senior liberal arts student of Peking University to discuss the establishment of Weekly Review. At the meeting, Chen Duxiu was elected as the secretary and editor-in-chief, and the office of the editor-in-chief was located in the office of the senior liberal arts student in Peking University Xinlou.
On February 22nd 12, the weekly review was launched. Its contents include 12 columns, including: foreign affairs reviews, domestic affairs reviews, editorials, literary reviews, essays, new literature and art, domestic labor situation, exchanges, reviews, readers' reviews, new magazine reviews and theoretical selections. Weekly Review is an aggressive publication that criticizes the current political situation. It cooperates with New Youth, complements each other and makes joint efforts.
Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi and others openly displayed the banner of literary revolution in New Youth and Weekly Review, linked the literary revolution with the political revolution, and clearly put forward the revolutionary slogan of "three cardinals", that is, knocking down flattering aristocratic literature and building simple and lyrical national literature; Pushing down stale and luxurious classical literature and building fresh and sincere realistic literature; Pushing down pedantic mountain literature and constructing clear and popular social literature. Feudal quintessence school changed from fear and panic to crazy cursing and opposition. Tongcheng School represented by Lin Shu and Selected Works represented by Wei Liu were the most rampant. Therefore, Qian published a letter to the editor-in-chief of New Youth, opposing the literary revolution and maintaining feudal literature. Liu Bannong wrote a letter in the name of a reporter. Through this "double-reed play", I made incisive attacks on various criticisms of the retro trend of thought and the literary revolution, and achieved great success.
19 19 1, Chen Duxiu published "Reply to Local Records Crimes" in New Youth, which summarized the propaganda made in the past three years and fundamentally countered the attack of the die-hards. Finally, Lin Shu couldn't help it and jumped out to fight back crazily. Therefore, the struggle against the die-hards is carried out in the Weekly Review.
The struggle between the old and the new intensified and feudal officials appeared. Anfu Congressman Zhang went to the Ministry of Education to demand that publications such as New Youth and Weekly Review be banned. Otherwise, Congress will propose a bill to impeach the Minister of Education and impeach Cai Yuanpei, especially Chen Duxiu.
Facing the slander of the old school and the threat of the warlord government, Chen Duxiu was fearless. He compiled 27 articles supporting the new school in national 14 newspapers, and published them in Weekly Review with the title "Special Appendix: Public Opinion of New and Old Thoughts". 14 The remarks of major newspapers not only strongly reprimanded Lin Shu, but more importantly, reviewed the achievements made in advocating scientific democracy and literary revolution since the publication of New Youth.
Lin Shu's original intention was to destroy and contain the development of the new culture movement by means of slander and slander, but the result was counterproductive. The media has seen through this unreasonable way of cursing the streets of the fatuous old Wang Po, and more and more support the reformists represented by Chen Duxiu, but the power of the Beiyang warlord government standing behind Lin Shu can not be ignored.
In order to reduce the pressure of Beiyang government on Cai Yuanpei, Chen Duxiu published an editorial notice in New Youth, officially stating that the editorial department and writers of New Youth are completely private organizations, although some of them are school teachers. Our discussion is entirely our own responsibility and has nothing to do with Peking University.
The die-hards have long wanted to drive Chen Duxiu and others out of Peking University. It was widely rumored in Beijing that Chen Duxiu and others were expelled from Peking University, and Chen Duxiu immediately revealed: "If we use the power of the government to oppress the new trend of thought of dissidents, it is the sin of old thinkers at all times and at all times, and this is the fundamental reason for their failure." As for "rumors are scary and more despicable!"
Chen Duxiu, Qian and Hu Shi, teachers in Peking University, were expelled from Shenbao by Peking University in Shanghai. Once these rumors were published, readers believed them, so public opinion was in an uproar, and newspapers in Beijing, Shanghai and other places published comments one after another, and then a fierce battle broke out between old and new ideological trends.
The seniors, professors' meeting and directors' meeting of Peking University originally planned to merge arts and sciences after this summer vacation, and set up a provost to manage educational affairs, without seniors. Now I can't wait for it to be implemented ahead of schedule on April 8, and Ma Yinchu was elected as the director of education. Chen Duxiu, a liberal arts senior who was most hated by feudal evil forces, was thus excluded.