Located between the title and the preface, it is the main internal excerpt of the article, which plays the role of reporting and retrieval. In the past, academic papers were written without abstracts, but now some papers have abstracts, but the purpose and requirements of writing abstracts need further study.

Two, the national standard has made the following provisions on the abstract of the paper:

Abstract is a report, and the content of the paper is a short statement, without comments and annotations. The original meaning is "notification", "transmission" and "report".

Third, abstract features.

The writing form has three characteristics: short, precise and comprehensive.

1, short

The length is short and pithy. There are not many words, the shortest is more than a dozen words, and the longest is only 300 words.

2. Exquisite

The content is concise, and the essence of the article should be screened.

Step 3: Complete

The abstract can be an independent article. There is a retrieval publication-Abstract Magazine, which specializes in abstracts.

In short, the abstract is a brief statement of the contents of the report and the paper. This shows that the object of the abstract is mainly the content of the paper, the epitome of the paper, and the short statement of the paper, without comments and comments. The main function of this paper is to let readers know the main contents and conclusions of the paper as soon as possible.

Four. Content of abstract

Although its language is short, its content is very extensive. The basic contents are as follows:

1. The reason, purpose, scope and value of academic research. Namely the research background. (background)

2. The objects, main contents, experimental process, observed new phenomena and new achievements of academic research. Application of new achievements

What new methods have been introduced, and the comparison between new methods, new technologies and old technologies in terms of output, scale, cost and performance (methods).

3. Main conclusions and their values. (result)?

Five, abstract four elements:

The abstract of an academic paper is usually only one paragraph, but there are two core points, one is conciseness and the other is comprehensiveness. The two are not contradictory. Simplicity requires that the abstract should not write irrelevant content. Comprehensive means that the abstract should try its best.

And the core arguments and related conclusions of the paper.

The main content of this paper should be written with the "problem-conclusion" as the leading method.

1. The problem studied in this paper is the theme of this paper.

2. Methodology, that is, if the paper adopts a distinctive methodology, it should be explained in the abstract.

3. Theoretical presupposition, that is, if the thesis adopts theoretical presupposition and value judgment different from this topic, it should be explained.

4. Views and conclusions, that is, to explain the core conclusion of the paper. If there are many conclusions in the paper, then importance is the standard.

Simply put, it is "what problems have been studied, what methods have been used (based on what theory), and what conclusions have been drawn". Among them, the research questions and conclusions must be covered.

6. Why is the abstract of the paper so wrong?

Example 1: This paper defines the subject of legal act from the perspective of role and individual relationship, explains the ways and contents of the formation of legal act, discusses the process of individual socialization and its two stages of legal socialization, and points out that,

This paper introduces the content, significance and measures of legal personality shaping at present.

This abstract lists all the problems discussed in the paper according to the content of the paper, but it does not explain the relationship between each part, the relationship between each part and the theme, and what is the core conclusion of the paper. From this abstraction, we can't actually get valuable information. For example, "explain the way and content of the formation of legal acts", what way? What content? We don't know abstractly. "Discusses the process of individual socialization and its two stages of legal socialization", which two stages? What is the dividing standard?

In other words, the function of abstract is that readers can basically understand the author's views or conclusions even if they don't read the full text of the literature. If the author is interested in this view or conclusion, he can choose to read the literature intensively. If you can see from the abstract that the author's opinions or conclusions are not novel or of little value, you can skip this document directly. (In fact, this is also the basic method for us to filter documents. Remember, not all documents need intensive reading. )

Example 2: Public policy is the basic means of government governance. At the arrival of the "era of precision", it should be the proper meaning for by going up one flight of stairs to ensure the accuracy of public policies, formulate and implement accurate policies, and promote the scientificity and effectiveness of public policies. As a natural attribute of public policy, "policy precision" requires it to achieve a high level of "fine precision", and then generate and operate "precision policy". "Policy precision" fundamentally comes from its core elements, and mainly depends on the precise regulation of policy subjects, the precise definition of policy objects, the precise setting of policy objectives and the precise selection of policy tools. The realization of "precise policy" needs the comprehensive efforts of precise research and policy formulation, precise policy formulation and precise policy evaluation, so as to realize the comprehensive promotion of the whole policy system and process. "(Policy Precision and Precision Policy: Important Policy Trends in the Precision Age, China Administration, 20 18, 1).

This abstract is detailed and appropriate, expressing the core content of the paper and the author's point of view in a few sentences. It can be used as a model for writing reference.

"Public policy is the basic means of government governance. At the arrival of the "precision era", it should be the proper meaning to ensure the accuracy of public policies, formulate and implement accurate policies, and raise the scientific and effective nature of public policies to a higher level. " The problems existing in the research are explained and the significance of the research is expressed.

As a natural attribute of public policy, "policy precision" requires it to achieve a high level of "fine precision", and then generate and operate "precision policy". "Policy precision" fundamentally comes from its core elements, and mainly depends on the precise regulation of policy subjects, the precise definition of policy objects, the precise setting of policy objectives and the precise selection of policy tools. The realization of "precise policy" needs the comprehensive efforts of precise research and policy formulation, precise policy formulation and precise policy evaluation, so as to realize the comprehensive promotion of the whole policy system and process. "Clearly expounded the conclusion of the point of view, concise language, accurate words.

Example 3: The frequent occurrence of purpose/meaning emergencies often becomes an important fuse for the emergence of online public opinion. It is of great significance to study the mechanism of network public opinion in emergencies for the guidance, control and governance of public opinion. Method/process

Based on the perspective of information ecology, this paper extracts five explanatory variables: event information, publishing subject, information audience, information technology and information environment from four elements: information, information environment of information people and information technology.

The comparative analysis method (csQCA) is used to compare and analyze 40 emergencies, and three effective conditional configurations are obtained. Results/Conclusion The research results show that social security emergencies can easily stimulate public negative emotions and enhance the popularity of online public opinion with the help of online media platform. A good information environment not only facilitates public communication, but also promotes the emergence of online public opinion in emergencies to some extent; The irrationality of the publishing subject is an important reason for the emergence of online public opinion in emergencies. (Research on the Generation Mechanism of Sudden Internet Public Opinion from the Perspective of Information Ecology —— Comparative Analysis Based on 40 Clear Sets of Sudden Events, Information Science, 20 19, 12)

This example is a typical writing method of structured abstracts adopted by some journals at present. Structured abstracts generally require basic parts, such as objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Just write according to the requirements of the target journal.

Over!