Zheng Da Guangming Hall, located at the main entrance of Yuanmingyuan, is the first of the 40 scenic spots in Yuanmingyuan. Zheng Da Guangming Scenic Area, including Zheng Da Guangmingtang and Dagongmen District, was built in the third year of Yongzheng (1725).
Serious
The word "aboveboard" comes from Zhu's "sages and sages of the ancient times, who sincerely contributed to each other and did their best, but made an aboveboard career with * * *". There are poems explaining "aboveboard" in Qianlong's poems: to build happiness, be honest and impartial, be ambitious to adapt to things, be handsome (bright) with a view of the country, and treat the masses (bright) with yourself as a mirror.
Jane Jane
According to Mr. Wang Rongzu's investigation of history of qing dynasty's archives, Yongzheng said to the official department and the Ministry of War before 1725, "I am no different from the palace in Yuanmingyuan, and everything in this office will be handled as usual." The emperor turned the place where he handled government affairs in Yuanmingyuan into a "diligent hall", and his life in the garden from 1725 was similar to that in the palace. A year ago, the main buildings included in the project were built for the emperor to handle government affairs or transfer the political power center of the Forbidden City, including the Guangming Hall in Zheng Da and Qingyan in Kyushu.
Renovation of Zheng Da Guangming Hall
The main hall of Yuanmingyuan is 129 feet high (about 39 meters) and 63 feet wide (about 19 meters). Seven columns with a diameter of 2 feet 9 inches (about 84 cm) stand on a 4-foot (about 1.2 m) high step. There are couplets in Yong Zhengdi's calligraphy in the hall, and there is a "fair and square" plaque in Yongzheng's calligraphy in the hall. There are seven halls, with a wide platform in front and five halls for everything. The rugged rocky mountain behind the temple is called Shoushan. The mountain is still there today, but the jade bamboo shoots are out of sight.
Generally speaking, this area is surrounded by fences. With the rise of the political status of this palace, the main hall has added two wings. The military affairs minister in the east wing handles government affairs, while the minister in the west wing directs the wing.
Qianlong period style
Of the forty scenes of Qianlong, this is the first scene he named.
In the middle of the hall is the emperor's throne, which is made of rosewood and beautifully crafted. The throne is covered with yellow embroidered satin cover. The throne is located on a high platform with three steps below. The platform is surrounded by red lacquered wooden railings, carved with roses and other flowers, which are exquisite and full of charm. There are high screens on both sides of the throne, which are decorated with aquamarine and peacock feathers, and the feathers of birds are dotted with rubies and jasper. The throne is covered with exquisite embroidered cushions. Above the throne hangs a plaque inscribed by Yong Zhengdi, "Fair and square". Deep patterns are carved on the wooden ceiling, and crystal clear glass lamps engraved with western tributes are hung. White Korean paper is stuck on the window. There is also a panoramic view of Yuanmingyuan hanging on the west wall of Guangming Hall in Zheng Da, covering almost the whole wall. On the east wall, there is the Qianlong Imperial Book "Imperial Book Zhou Shu No Escape". Emperor Qianlong appreciated the designs here very much and praised: "If you don't carve or draw, you will get a sense of elegance. There is a steep stone wall behind the house, and jade bamboo shoots are rugged. The vestibule is open and wide, looking around the wall, the trees are dark and bright, the flowers are red and purple, and the layers are endless. " That is, "if you don't engrave, you will."
Zheng Da Guangming Hall includes a series of buildings, such as leading space. From Nankai, it must pass through the screen wall, the court and two palace gates, and then reach Zheng Da Guangming Hall, the main body of the former building complex. Zheng Da Guangming Hall is elegant and dignified in design, with seven rooms wide and three rooms deep. It is surrounded by cloisters, a gray tile resting on the top of the mountain, a bucket arch and red diamond doors and windows. It is located on a high pedestal. It was built in the early years of Yongzheng 1725. This scene includes the Grand Palace Gate, Zheng Da Guangming Hall and East-West Annex Hall, which are the first group of buildings after entering the park. The hall is tall and solemn, with a four-character plaque painted by Yongzheng.
The Burning of the Hall of Justice and Light
1793 (58th year of Qianlong), British ambassador Gorni (1737- 1806) visited China, and the gifts brought by the British king to celebrate the birthday of Emperor Qianlong were displayed in this hall. 1860 10 when the British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan (the Battle of Gengshen), the headquarters of the British and French invading army was located here when they looted and burned the western suburbs of Yuanmingyuan. This hall was the temporary headquarters of the leaders who invaded China, and was later set on fire.
Detailed explanation of Yuanmingyuan data
Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection, which can be called a treasure house of culture. Hugo once said: "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame de China are added together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum." The garden is luxuriously furnished and has a large collection of art treasures. According to westerners who have witnessed the Yuanmingyuan, "the magnificent scene in the garden is beyond description and imagination of Europeans".
"This royal villa contains all kinds of precious treasures, which are spread all over thousands of households." Exquisite carved mahogany furniture, exquisite ancient broken porcelain and enamel bottle lamps, tapestries, carpets, leather goods made of gold and silver, pure gold-plated French clocks, exquisite general plan of Yuanmingyuan, pictures inlaid with gems, vivid plaques of scenic figures, and other exquisite domestic art products and various exotic decorations in Europe.
Yuanmingyuan is rich in books and cultural relics. Now, just a few examples are given. Wenyuan Pavilion is a library building modeled after Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo. It is one of the famous fourth royal pavilions in the north and was built in Qianlong for forty years. In the pavilion are the Sikuquanshu ordered by Qianlong and the Integration of Ancient and Modern Books compiled by Kangxi. Sikuquanshu is the largest comprehensive series in ancient China, with more than 3,400 kinds of books, nearly 80,000 volumes and more than 36,000 volumes. It embodies the ancient civilization of our country and shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation. Due to the voluminous articles in the book, the most important one at that time was selected and compiled into the Summary of Sikuquanshu, with a total volume of 12000. The manuscript of Yao Hui is divided into two parts, one is in the algae hall of the Forbidden City, and the other is in the "tasting room" of the East Wing of Changchun Garden. In addition, there is a famous Wenxuan in Hanjingtang-Chunhua Xuan, which was specially built to collect the manuscripts of the famous French post "Chunhua Pavilion Post".
Ge Tie was originally copied in Chunhua, Beining for three years (992), and included the' calligraphy marks' of 99 people including Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Cang Xie, Yu Xia and Confucius. The Post is divided into ten volumes, which is the first large-scale cluster post in China, and is known as the ancestor of ten thousand posts. During the Qianlong period, according to the Northern Song Dynasty's "The Initial Extension of Getie", this stone was carved with a hook after careful revision. It lasted for three years. In the spring of the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), about 24 cloisters in front of Chunhua Xuan were inlaid with 144 engravings. This is the famous "Gan Da Engraving Chunhua Pavilion Post". Needless to say, during the theft of Yuanmingyuan, precious books and cultural relics such as Sikuquanshu, Quanquanyao, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, and Chunhua Pavilion Post were not spared. This can reflect from one side that the imperialist invaders burned Yuanmingyuan, which caused great damage to human culture.
Of course, nothing is perfect. As big as Yuanmingyuan, several emperors expanded and rebuilt one after another. Coupled with the influence of the decadent consciousness of feudal emperors, it is still insufficient from any angle. However, on the whole, Yuanmingyuan is indeed an excellent garden. It can be said that it combines the excellent gardening art of China for thousands of years and pushes the classical gardens in China to a new height. At that time, people who witnessed its grand occasion said it was really good. Some westerners' impressions of China gardens began in Yuanmingyuan. In a word, Yuanmingyuan won the honor for our ancient civilization and was once the pride of our Chinese nation!
Destruction data of Yuanmingyuan
Yuanmingyuan is located on a plain in the north of Haidian Town in the northwest suburb of Beijing. It was originally the royal court of the Qing Dynasty.
It was built in the forty-eighth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1709) and basically completed in the ninth year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1744). Since then, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have been renovated and expanded for many times, lasting 150 years. People used to call it Yuanmingyuan, but it is actually the general name of Yuanming, Changchun and Qichun (later renamed "Wanchun"). It covers a wide area and its peripheral circumference is about 10 km. Yuanmingyuan is a waterscape garden, and the water surface accounts for more than half of the whole garden area. Landscape around mountains and rivers 145, and some landscapes are directly named after water. For example, Autumn Moon in Pinghu, Spring Dawn in Su Causeway, Moon in Santang and Wind Lotus in Quyuan are all from the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou. There are also Spring Scenery of Wuling in imitation of Peach Blossom Garden, Xifeng Flower in imitation of Lushan Mountain, Stone Maze in imitation of Lion Forest, Ruyuan in imitation of Zhanyuan Garden and Zhao He Deng in imitation of Gushan Crane Pavilion. , bringing together the essence of countless world famous places and gardens.
In its heyday, Yuanmingyuan was not only an unprecedented royal garden, but also the ruling center of the Qing emperor who gave orders and exercised power. From Kangxi to Xianfeng, six emperors lived here for three or four months every year, handling government affairs and conducting various political activities. At that time, there were offices of the central government departments such as the Cabinet, the Sixth Department and the Military Department on both sides of the gate of the Grand Palace. In the ruins of the northwest, several groups of large-scale palace ruins can still be found. There are Fairness Hall, Jiuzhou Qing Banquet, Anyou Palace dedicated to statues and sacrifices of emperors in Qing Dynasty, and Wen Yuan Pavilion in the library.
In architectural art, Yuanmingyuan has also formed a unique style of combining Chinese and western styles. At the northern end of Changchun Garden, a group of European-style gardens were initially built, including "Western architecture" designed by foreign experts such as Italian missionary and painter Lang Shining. Founded in Qingganlong 12 to 24 years (1747- 1759). Building materials are many finely carved stones, which are installed in major scenic spots in various forms. Garden pavement, hedge pruning, fence, stone carving, bronze statue, etc. They all have western characteristics, but the roofs are covered with glazed tiles unique to China, and the walls are inlaid with glazed tiles, while the traditional stone-piling and brick carving techniques in China are adopted. At that time, it was the only garden complex in the world with both eastern and western styles, so it was praised as "the garden of ten thousand gardens" by the west. The park also has a very rich collection of cultural relics, calligraphy and painting classics, which can be called a treasure house of oriental culture and art.
In the 26th year of Guangxu in Eight-Nation Alliance (1900), the allied forces organized by Britain, Germany, Russia, France, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria invaded China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China. The Boxers put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" and entered Beijing one after another. 1900 on may 3 1 day, Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Russia, Italy and other countries sent more than 300 troops to Beijing in the name of protecting the embassy. /kloc-in June of 0/7, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou Fort in Tianjin. 19 In June, Cixi decided to declare war on all countries, and declared war on June 2 1 day. /kloc-in August of 0/4, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Peking. /kloc-On the morning of August, 0/5, Cixi fled west with Emperor Guangxu. After the invading army entered the city, it set fire to the village, slaughtered about 1700 people in the boxer rebellion, looted in Beijing for three days, and then looted privately. On August 27th, the Qing government sent Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiaries to make peace with the eight countries, and on September 7th, 190 1, the Qing government concluded the "Xin Chou Treaty" with other governments.
There is a passage in the commentary of the movie "Burning Yuanmingyuan": A big fire once branded shame on every China person's face, but also branded deep hatred in every China person's heart. When the fire is burning in the air, a nation with billowing waves of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, a nation with hundreds of millions of powerful hands and hundreds of millions of tearful eyes can only hold an empty fist and watch this garden of thousands of gardens turn to ashes. ...
Garden characteristics of Yuanmingyuan
General situation of characteristics
Yuanmingyuan covers an area of more than 350 hectares, of which the water surface area is about 1.40 hectares. The plot ratio of Yuanmingyuan is 1 10,000 square meters more than that of the Forbidden City, and the water area is equivalent to a Summer Palace, with a total area equivalent to 8.5 Forbidden City.
Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Qichun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). , with a total area of more than 5000 mu.
Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces and exquisite pavilions in the garden; There is a "shopping street" symbolizing a lively market, and there are mountains and rivers symbolizing pastoral scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the lion forest scenic spots in Suzhou. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of China people's wisdom and sweat, and it is also a model of China people and even the world's architectural art and culture. In addition, Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures with different styles, extremely precious historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain and so on. It can be called one of the treasures of human culture and the largest museum in the world.
Theme element
The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Surrounded by nine small islands, the Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan is a symbol of Gong Yu and Kyushu. Build Yuanmingyuan on every island.
Old Summer Palace
Small gardens or scenic spots have their own characteristics and learn from each other. There is a good chance of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow is near the lake, spanning hundreds of feet, trimming fences and cutting wings, and it is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels and overlooking the sky, is a blue sky. " The west coast looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. Commonly known as goldfish pond. "Chiseling pool is a country where fish are happy, and there are more than a thousand scales beside the pool." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built by the lake, shaped like a Chinese character, warm in winter and cool in summer, with exotic flowers and grasses embroidered on the other side in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu residents in the north of Yuanmingyuan used Taixi (Xize) water method to introduce water into the room, and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is flowing, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. Serene of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
Penglai Yaotai in Fuhai is based on the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than 1000 boys and girls across the ocean to find fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that the enterprise could live forever. This can only be "a sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and the water and fog are hidden outside the method." Yong Zhengdi asked craftsmen to build three islands with rugged boulders in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan, symbolizing the legendary "Three Immortals Mountain" of Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot. There are halls and pavilions on the island, just like five golden halls. Jade Building Twelve ",and named East Lake" Fuhai "according to the meaning of" Xu Fuhai strives for perfection ". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai, five or six hundred meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small waters, is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the night of July 15, the Qing emperor watched the river lantern here. After freezing in winter, the emperor took an ice bed to play in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.
architectural style
Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan is that it imitates many famous gardens in China, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces six times in the south, visited Wutai stations in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan Mountain in the east. Wherever he goes, he likes famous mountains, rivers and gardens. After returning to Beijing, he will let the accompanying painters draw and copy in the garden. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied from the park, and the names will not be changed. As the saying goes: whoever says the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful will shrink in your arms.
After Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Yuanmingyuan has four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. An Lan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai is one of them. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong's southern tour, Chen Jiao Garden in Haining was named "An Lan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the wonderful structure of this garden very much. After returning to Beijing, he rebuilt and built around the Four Overflows Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan, imitating its location. After the garden was completed, it was named "An Lan Garden". At that time, Changchun Garden also built three other famous gardens. One is the Xiaoleyuan Garden, which was built in the East Courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled after the Wangyuan Garden of West Lake in Hangzhou. One was built in the thirty-second year of Qianlong, modeled after Jiangning (Nanjing). One is the lion forest built in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, modeled after the famous gardens in Suzhou. For example, the Garden and Lion Forest have 16 scenic spots respectively.
The west peak of Yuanmingyuan is beautiful, and it is the place where yongzheng emperor and Emperor Qianlong held a wonderful Tanabata feast on the seventh day of July. Here, you can borrow the scenery of the western hills. On the west bank of the river, there are a group of overlapping mountains, majestic and steep, and waterfalls in the mountain stream rush down. Looking closely, it looks like the majestic momentum of Lushan Mountain, hence the name "Little Kuanglu".
Sitting on a stone by a stream, imitating the Yinshan Lanting in Shaoxing. Built in Yongzheng period, commonly known as Liu Beiting. Scholars such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty once lived in Yonghe on March 3, 1999 (the last day). They would gather in Lanting to meet, meander water, compose poems and repair wedges (sacrificial activities), which became a much-told story.
The Lanting in the Yuanmingyuan, in the ravine, is rugged with rocks and continuous shock waves, and there are three-bay double-eaves pavilions. In the forty-four years of Qianlong, six "Preface to Lanting" posts by famous calligraphers of past dynasties were collected, which, together with the handwriting of great scholar Yu Min and Emperor Qianlong himself, became the "Eight Columns of Lanting". Emperor Qianlong requested that the pavilion be converted into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars, each of which was engraved with pillars. This is the famous Eight Pillars of Lanting in Yuanmingyuan. Dagong Kuanran, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was modeled after Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern part of this scene is in the middle period of Qianlong, which is modeled after the Yunlin stone chamber rock of Panshan Jingji Mountain Villa. Jiaqing poem praised "Shuanghe Zhai": the structure is deeply like Huishan, and the famous garden is quiet and leisurely. The winding path is steep, the pine and cypress are lush, the hole is rugged, and the stone is not stubborn. People know that the humorous garden in the Summer Palace is modeled after Huishan Airport Garden. In fact, there was a Jichang Garden in Yuanmingyuan at that time. It's just that the artistic conception of the two imitations has its own merits. Spring scenery in Wuling describes the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. Built at the end of Kangxi, it was called Taohuawu during Yongzheng. This used to be the place where Li Hong studied, and the library was called "Leshan Hall". In this scene, it is said that there are 10 thousand mountain peaches. There is an ancient Taohuawu in Nagato, Suzhou, which is said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although Taohuawu in Yuanmingyuan has broken through the shackles of official norms in many aspects, it has recruited soldiers and horses in various forms.
Building type
The main architectural types of Yuanmingyuan are temples, halls, pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, corridors, pavilions, houses, boats, halls, bridges, doors, walls, towers, temples, Taoist temples, villages and markets. The architectural style in its heyday also includes almost all possible plane layout and modeling styles of ancient buildings in China: there are common single-eave rolled-shed gray tile roofs, which are simple and elegant; There is also a palace-style double-eaved glazed tile to cover the top, resplendent and magnificent; There are both regular courtyards with one compartment and two compartments, as well as flexible buildings. There are as many as 38 kinds of architectural layout * * *, besides the common rectangular, square, circular, I-shaped, concave-convex, hexagonal and octagonal, there are many unique and novel plane forms, such as crescent, swastika, scroll, cross, square, plum blossom, triangle, fan, and even collar and square.
There are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called Hundred Scenery. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. More than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 10000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. It has created many rare architectural forms in the north and south, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square-shaped, scroll-shaped and so on. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; All kinds of scenery in the park are interlocking and distinct, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: there are many changes in the form of the buildings in Yuanmingyuan, which are uneven and have no stereotypes. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model, which seems to be randomly arranged, and none of them is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit.
Religious factors
The temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan also reflect the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, dedicated to the "Emperor" of Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi. There are nine palaces with a ridge and double eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. There are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, which are surrounded by Qiao Songyan's cover, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist first rises in the morning, the building appears and disappears in the smoke, just like Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrated their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers were stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and copper plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned, and the losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are difficult to measure by numbers.