1892, 1 1 year-old studied at a private school in Yingyue, Santan, Shaoxing.
1893 (19th year of Guangxu), my grandfather Zhou Fuqing came back and was dismissed for cheating in the imperial examination, while the Lu Xun brothers were placed in the home of his uncle Huangfuzhuang, who was more than 30 miles away from the city. Zhou Fuqing was sentenced to eight years in prison, so the Zhou family spent a lot of money every year to keep Zhou Fuqing alive. So family affairs began to decline, and later he moved to the countryside and other places around his husband's family. The death of Lu Xun's two collections of novels, Scream, Hesitation and Essays, can reflect that family changes have had a profound impact on Lu Xun.
1898, he left his hometown of San Tan Yin Yue at the age of 17, and entered Jinling Jiangnan Naval Academy, renamed Zhou Shuren.
1899 transferred to the Mining Road School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School, and forged a friendship with Chen Hengke.
190 1 year.
1906 In March, your mother ordered her to return to China to marry Zhu An. This autumn, Lu Xun and his second brother Zhou Zuoren went to Japan to study literature and art in Tokyo.
Lu Xun was the first international student in Northeastern University and the only China international student in Sendai at that time. In Sendai, anatomy teacher Fujino Genkuro had the greatest influence on Lu Xun. In Zhou Zuoren's Youth of Lu Xun and Xu Shoushang's Impression of Lu Xun, both of them have quoted Lu Xun's academic achievements published by Xiao Lin Maoxiong, MD, a medical college classmate of Lu Xun:
Anatomy 57.3 points;
Histological score was 63.7;
Physiology 65 points;
90 points in ethics;
95 points in chemistry;
60 points in German;
Physics 60. 1.
It can be seen that Lu Xun did the best in chemistry. The results of natural science and medical subjects are relatively average, except for the anatomy subject held by Fujino. The total score is like Lu Xun's self-report in "Mr. Fujino": "In 100 students, I am in the middle, but I am not behind." Some students in this class think it is "the topic of last year's anatomy experiment, which was marked on Mr. Fujino's handout. I knew it in advance, so I can have such a result."
After studying in medical school for a year, Lu Xun dropped out of school. He himself mentioned this matter in the article "Mr. Fujino", saying that since
Lu Xun himself was arrested and shot by the Japanese army for a documentary about the Sino-Russian war. He likes the fact that the Japanese are also bystanders. He thought that "saving the country and the people requires saving the heart first", so he gave up medicine and wanted to use literature to transform the "national inferiority" of Chinese people.
1907, planned to start a new life magazine, but failed due to financial problems. 1908 studied under Zhang Taiyan, joined the Guangfu Association (Zhou Zuoren thought he didn't), and translated some short stories of Eastern Europe and Russia with his second brother Zhou Zuoren, which is a famous collection of foreign novels, but the sales volume is average.
Entrusted Osamu Dazai to write a novel "Farewell" describing Lu Xun's study abroad, which was published in 1945.
Lu Xun was deeply influenced by the theory of evolution and loved reading original books, especially translated novels. His school days and previous experiences became the main source of materials for his book Flowers in the Morning.
Return to work
From 65438 to 0909, 28-year-old Lu Xun returned from Japan, and served as a teacher of physiology and chemistry in Zhejiang two-level normal school (now Hangzhou Senior Middle School), a teacher and supervisor of Shaoxing Middle School, and the president of Shaoxing Normal School (now Shaoxing University of Arts and Sciences). 19 1 1 wrote his first novel homesickness (in classical Chinese).
19 12 years, 3 1 year-old Lu Xun was invited by Cai Yuanpei to work in the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. After Yuan Shikai became president, he moved to Beijing with the government and served as the head of the Social Education Department 1 Section of the Ministry of Education. At this time, he experienced a period of depressed thoughts, was disappointed with social reform, was fascinated by the collection and research of inscriptions, and edited Xie Cheng's Hou and Ji. Influenced by money, she rejoined the New Culture Movement and became a professor at Beijing Women's Teachers College and a part-time lecturer in Peking University. (Note: Lu Xun was a part-time lecturer at Peking University at that time, not an employee of Peking University. Because at that time, President Cai Yuanpei decided to take a post at Peking University, and Lu Xun was a data scribe of the Ministry of Education. People who write the history of Peking University often make mistakes here and regard Lu Xun as an employee of Peking University. )
19 18, 37-year-old Zhou Shuren first published the diary of a madman, the first short vernacular novel written in modern style in the history of modern literature in China, under the pseudonym of Lu Xun in China. 192 1 65438+February, he also vividly created the image of Ah Q and published the novella The True Story of Ah Q. From 65438 to 0924, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Qian, Lin Yutang and others founded a weekly magazine, Yu Si.
1924, Nobel Prize in Literature-winning Indian poet Tagore visited the Forbidden City, and Beijing arranged for Lu Xun to meet with Tagore and take a group photo. At that time, the domestic evaluation of Tagore's visit to China tended to be polarized, and Lu Xun evaluated it as "making a bottle of perfume".
"Proverbs of Lu Xun" Lu Xun * * * is 14 government civil servant, with the rank of recommendation, the Ministry of Education as the organ and the Ministry of Social Education as the unit (the director is Xia Cengyou), and the director and minister is 1 (Dr. Xuan is the assistant director). The main achievements are as follows: as the representative of the Ministry of Education of the National Language Unification Association, he coordinated the formulation of phonetic symbols (with Ma Yuzao, Zhu Xizu, Xu Shoushang and Qian Daosun, he proposed and wrote "Unified pronunciation, but improved anti-tangent, so two-syllable simplified characters are the most suitable"); Cooperate with Qian Daosun and Xu Shoushang to design the emblem of the Republic of China in China, and write the Description of Drawing the National Emblem of the State Council (see Complete Works of Lu Xun in 2005 for the full text); And designed the school emblem of Peking University at that time, which was the artistic font of the word "Peking University"; In charge of library and information service: in charge of Shi Jing Library (later Beijing Library, now National Library of China), etc. Until he was dismissed by Zhang, then Minister of Education. Therefore, Lu Xun filed an administrative lawsuit with China Ming Guo Ping Committee and won the case. He can be reinstated according to law, but he chose to leave the government system. Yi Peiji, a good friend, signed an order to reinstate Zhou Shuren, who is also the president of Beijing Women's Normal University. 1926 after the March 18th tragedy broke out, Yi Peiji and others were wanted by China's temporary ruling state (note: Lu Xun was not wanted). During the restructuring of Cai Yuanpei's Ministry of Education into a college, Lu Xun was hired by Cai Yuanpei as a "special writer" of the college with a monthly salary of 300 yuan. After the university was owned by the Ministry of Education, the salary was renamed as "Ministry of Education Preparation Fee", and it was still paid monthly. From 65438 to 0932, Lu Xun no longer served as a "special compiler" of the Ministry of Education.
Xiamen Guangzhou
1In August, 926, Lu Xun was wanted by the Beiyang government for supporting the patriotic movement of students in Beijing and protesting the "March 18th" tragedy (note: Lu Xun was not wanted, but "a collection of great achievements" here, so he went to Xiamen University as a professor of liberal arts. A few months later, 1927+65438, 46-year-old Lu Xun left Xiamen. 19 arrived in Guangzhou on June 8, and accompanied by Sun Fuyuan and Xu Guangping, he moved to Sun Yat-sen University in the morning to live with his 29-year-old student Xu Guangping. At that time, Zhu Jiahua, president of Sun Yat-sen University, invited Lu Xun to the school. Lu Xun's diary: 65438+1October 26th, "Let's go to the evening for dinner first"; /kloc-February (New Year's Eve), Xiang Gong invited Lu Xun to dinner in the evening. Soon after, Gu Jiegang was hired to come to school. Only six years after graduating from Peking University, Gu became a research professor. Lu Xun was not convinced, claiming that he would leave as long as he came. On February 18 and 19, he went to Hong Kong to give two speeches, Silent China and Old Tune Has Been Singing, in the YMCA Auditorium in Sheung Wan.
Life in Shanghai in his later years
1927 10, Lu Xun resigned from Sun Yat-sen University and came to Shanghai. /kloc-for 0/0 years, he has been living in the cross-border road-building area in the northern part of the Shanghai Concession (the so-called "semi-concession" refers to Lu Xun Park in the northern part of Hongkou District today), where there is a special political environment to protect his writing and many of his Japanese friends from persecution. 1930, successively joined China Freedom Movement League, Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League. However, there are many ideological conflicts between Lu Xun and the leaders of the Left League, so some people think that he is a freelance writer. From 1927 to 1936, Lu Xun created many unforgettable essays and a large number of ideological essays to translate and introduce foreign progressive literary works.
During his stay in Shanghai, Lu Xun had contacts with Soong Ching Ling and Chen Geng. There is a contradiction between the literary group hosted by Lu Xun and the literary group hosted by Guo Moruo and Yu Dafu. Lu Xun trained young writers, including Xiao Hong, the first female writer in Rou Shi, Bai Mang, Xiao Jun and China, and also had an argument with Dick. Starting from 193 1, Lu Xun vigorously advocated woodcut prints, and began the history of China prints. 1933, Lu Xun wrote "In Memory of Forgetting" in memory of five members of the "Left-wing League" killed by the Kuomintang, including Rou Shi and Hu Yepin. Li Zeng, China's propaganda minister, wrote to Lu Xun, hoping that he could scold Chiang Kai-shek by his real name. Lu Xun refused to say, "the article is easy to write ... but you can't live in Shanghai." 1936 65438+1October19 Lu Xun died of tuberculosis in Shanghai at the age of 55. The news of his death attracted the attention of China. Tens of thousands of people spontaneously held an unprecedented grand funeral for him as a literary figure, and representatives of the people covered his coffin with a white flag with the words "soul of china", which caused a sensation. For the first time, there were *** 12 coffin bearers who were divided into two rows. The first two are Ba Jin and Lu Digen, followed by Hu Feng and Bai Cao. Huang Yuan, Zhang Tianyi; Jin Yi, Yao Ke; Zhou Wen Wu langxi; Xiao Jun (Tian Jun), Li Liewen. Buried in Shanghai Hongqiao International Cemetery. From 65438 to 0956, Lu Xun's tomb was relocated in Hongkou Park, Shanghai.
There are seven articles in Lu Xun's will. The first few articles explain that the funeral should be simple. The fifth article tells Zhou Haiying, a young child, "If you have no talent, you can live a small life and never be a short writer or artist". The sixth article is not to take what others promised seriously. The last article is not to get close to people who "hurt others' teeth, but oppose revenge and advocate tolerance". "
There are also some controversies about the death of Lu Xun. Zhou Haiying, Lu Xun's son, once wrote an article suspecting that his trusted Japanese doctor Sudo 530 had deliberately misdiagnosed him, which led to his premature death without normal treatment. It was later confirmed that Lu Xun's real cause of death should be severe pneumothorax induced by tuberculosis and emphysema. After Mr. Lu Xun's death, many people came to visit him, including students and workers ..... Lu Xun fought with a pen all his life and was known as the' soul of china'. He was rated as the greatest writer, thinker and revolutionary, and the main leader of China's Cultural Revolution.
Major achievements
Complete Works of Lu Xun Lu Xun's works have a wide range of themes, diverse and flexible forms, distinctive and unique styles and humorous language. During his 55-year life, his genre of works involves novels, essays, essays, poems and so on. The Complete Works of Lu Xun has 20 volumes, with more than ten thousand words of 10 handed down from generation to generation. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many of his works were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, which had a far-reaching impact on the language and literature of New China.
Lu Xun's works are mainly novels and essays, and his representative works are: Collection of Novels, Scream, Hesitation, New Stories, etc? ; Prose collection "Morning Flowers Picking Up in the Evening"; A collection of prose poems "Weeds"; Prose such as Grave, Hot Wind, Gai Hua Collection, Gai Hua Collection Continuation, South-to-North Transfer, Three Idle Collections, Two Hearts Collection, Justice Collection, and Qiejieting Prose Collection, etc. Dozens of his works have been selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, and many novels have been adapted into movies. His works had a far-reaching influence on China literature after the May 4th Movement. ?
novel
"Diary of a Madman" Lu Xun started with novel creation. 19 18 The Diary of a Madman, published in New Youth magazine, is the pioneering work of China's modern vernacular novels and has far-reaching influence. Later, Lu Xun published several short stories in succession, and later compiled two short story collections, Scream and Wandering, which were published in 1923 and 1926 respectively. With the change of social situation, Lu Xun gradually gave up his planned novel creation and turned to essay writing. Lu Xun's later novels were accepted as New Stories. Lu Xun's novels are few in number, but of great significance, with many famous works. His early novels often have no bizarre twists and turns, but focus on the life of the bottom people in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, pay attention to the description of details, and can vividly depict characters and explore subtle psychological changes bit by bit. It mainly shows the numbness and ignorance of the bottom people and the hardships of life. "My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in the sick society, which is intended to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment." The later works use historical allusions to map real life, with calm and rich style and free and easy humor, which is quite different from the previous works.
Representative works include The True Story of Ah Q, Blessing, Kong Yiji, Hometown and so on. The protagonists of the novel, Ah Q, Sister Xianglin, Kong Yiji and Runtu, are well known to women and children in Chinese mainland. It is generally believed that the work representing Lu Xun's highest literary achievement is a collection of prose poems, Weeds.
Lu Xun 1933 "Forgotten Memorial (Manuscript)" written in memory of "Five Martyrs of the Left-wing League"
The work "Social Drama" was selected as the second volume of People's Education Edition and the first semester text of Su Education Edition; "Young Runtu" was selected as the primary school textbook of People's Education Publishing House.
essay
Lu Xun created a flexible essay form based on theory and carried it forward. His essays are numerous, with a wide range of themes, vivid images, sharp arguments and changeable writing styles, and are known as "daggers" and "throwing guns" (daggers and throwing guns originated from the essay crisis in Lu Xun's Ji Nan Ge Bei Xiang Ji), which profoundly revealed various social problems in China at that time. Representative works include Two Hearts, Gai Hua Collection, Continued Coverage Collection, Hot Wind, Sanxian Collection, etc.