From Changsha to Jishou, if we go to Liye, the distance will be closer, but our destination is not Liye, but Longshan County. Crossing the winding Panshan Highway, we reached a vast plateau and peaceful land. In the hinterland of Wuling Mountain in the northwest of Hunan, at the junction of Jingchu and Bayu, there are two county towns-Longshan County, Hunan Province and Laifeng County, Hubei Province, and a bridge tens of meters long.
After finishing my work in Longshan County, a beautiful county, I was supposed to go back to Changsha directly, but someone suggested going to Liye to see the ancient town of Liye, which, together with Wangcun, Pushi and Chadong, is called the four ancient towns in western Hunan. Longshan county is in the northernmost part of Longshan, and Liye is in the southernmost part of Longshan.
So, we had to walk from north to south along the expressway at the junction of Hunan and Chongqing. The bumpy mountain road, 5-6 hours' drive, runs through the Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Grand Canyon.
Some people question whether it is worthwhile to run such a long mountain road to see such a small town. In my mind, I think it is worthwhile.
Not to mention the scenery of the ancient town, just walking through the Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Canyon, the beautiful scenery makes people linger. The mysterious and beautiful place in "The Bandits in Wulong Mountain" has been lingering in the dream. Now that it has quietly and truly passed through the mysterious Wulongshan Grand Canyon, the mood is naturally very exciting.
On both sides of the road are lush and winding peaks. At the end of the road are clear rivers with blue waves, sometimes cliffs and sometimes winding paths, lush hills and trees, and small terraces and Miao wooden houses scattered in the mountains. There are white clouds on the head and birds and flowers in the mountains, which makes people forget the hard work of the rugged mountain road.
After more than five hours of climbing mountains and mountains, our vision suddenly became clear. On the vast plains, in the golden autumn sunshine, we are presented with waves of rice and vegetables, which makes people forget that we are in Xiangxi. There are more and more houses on the roadside, and my intuition tells me that it is time to start a career.
But the first thing that catches our eye is modern buildings, three or four-story buildings, some of which have been completed, some are under construction, some have stopped working, no one lives, and they have not been fully built. Is this an ancient town? A friend of my colleague Longshan said that this is the new town development zone in Liye. This land is reserved for foreign investment, but the investment effect is not good, and some of them have become half-baked projects.
After a few minutes' drive, we finally entered the ancient town. This is my imaginary ancient town, streets paved with bluestone slabs, Tujia-style buildings in the Qing Dynasty, ancient wooden houses with carved railings, and signs of antique shops, which make people indulge in heavy history.
But there are no tourists as bustling as the ancient city of Fenghuang, and no one is constantly flowing. I only saw a few old people sitting leisurely in front of the mottled old house, drinking tea and chatting or smoking a pipe, and some were doing their own housework leisurely in the old house. Generally called an ancient town, it is often dormant in the dust of history for too long. While emitting a faint flavor of the times, it is filled with rich original flavor.
Walking on the bluestone road in Liye, my feeling is that Liye has been dormant in the dust of history for too long, and she has been sleeping in the artistic conception of Ming and Qing novels. If she continues to sleep like this, it will fade away in a few years. However, in the early summer of 2002, the discovery of an ancient well awakened a dream of more than two thousand years and inspired the passion of this ancient town in western Hunan, which was raised in a secluded mountain.
This is an ancient well, a talking well, a well that can tell the history of more than 2,000 years ago. In 2002, during the excavation of the ancient city of Liye, nearly 36,000 Qin bamboo slips were unearthed from this ancient well at one time, far exceeding the sum of all the Qin bamboo slips unearthed in China. Known by experts as "the first well in China", it has more than 65,438+10,000 words, covering all aspects of social life, including postal service, military equipment, arithmetic, keeping notes, etc.
Bamboo slips belong to the Qin Dynasty after Qin Shihuang unified China, which lasted from the 25th year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC) to the 2nd year of Qin Ershi (2 10 BC), which was quite a year. Liye Qin Bamboo Slips are the following 1975 Yunmeng Qin Slips, 1979 Yunmeng Qin Slips, Qingchuan Haojiaping Qin Slips, 1986 Fangmatan Qin Slips, 1993 Wangjiatai Qin Slips (last century,
At the same time, hundreds of ancient tombs in Liye were discovered at the same time as this ancient city. The ancient city is built by the river, close to Youshui, covering an area of 1 1,000 square meters. There are rammed earth walls, moats, construction sites and drainage facilities. Many ancient wells are regularly distributed inside and outside the ancient city, which together constitute a complete ancient city system.
"There are terracotta warriors and horses in Xi in the north and Qin bamboo slips in Liye in the south. "The unanimous understanding of archaeological experts has made Liye, a little-known town, the first ancient town in China, and Xiangxi is not a wild place in history.
Walking in Hino is an unrestrained spiritual walk. Feel her rich historical atmosphere from time to time, you can draw inferences from others, and you can look for dusty memories of those years.
The meaning of "Liye" means "land reclamation" in Tujia language. According to legend, at the beginning of development, Tujia ancestors changed from fishing and hunting to farming, and cultivated land by manpower, hence the name.
Thousands of years ago, what kind of war baptism did this ancient city, which lived in seclusion among mountains, undergo? Judging from the building materials, pottery fragments, bronze weapons and living deposits unearthed in the ancient city, the ancient city of Liye was a military castle built by the State of Chu during the Warring States period, which was used to expand the territory and resist the attack of the State of Qin. At the end of the Warring States period, the Qin army invaded the Youshui River Basin from Wujiang River Basin, and the Chu army was forced to move eastward, so the ancient city was abandoned.
So, when and who buried so many complete Qin bamboo slips in a well? Tens of thousands of volumes of Qin bamboo slips unearthed in this well are official documents left by Ganling County Cheng.
According to the data, Baojing County has always been called Ganling County in ancient times, and today, Chengguan Town of Baojing County is still called Ganling Town. This name has been used since more than 2000 years ago and has its own rich historical background. Now, the south of Liye Town in Longshan County is Youshui River.
2. What does Tan Qi mean? Tan qi
Born in 19 19, Hunan contemporary writer, Longshan County. Member of China Democratic League, 1947 Graduated from Political Department of Hunan University. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was the subject director of Hunan Tea Cave Normal School and the principal of Longshan County Junior High School. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as vice president of Dupo Middle School in Kunming, Yunnan, a Chinese and English teacher in Jianshui No.1, No.2 and No.5 Middle School, and an English teacher in Longshan No.1 Middle School. Representative of the Seventh People's Congress of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, member of the second, third, fourth and fifth CPPCC of Longshan County. 1984 retired, and now he is a member of Chinese Poetry Society, Hunan Poetry Society, consultant, executive director and editorial board of Longshan Baiya Poetry Society. He is the author of Spring Grass in Southern Yunnan and Frost Leaves on White Walls. In recent years, he has published 2 14 works inside and outside the province. Among them, the representative works are Du CuO, True Taipei Friends, Students in Mianluo, Watching the Ceremony of the Tujia People's Mourning Festival in Longshan, Returning Home, Seventy Feelings, Winter Tour in Taiping Mountain, Love between Partridges and Longji Highway Bridge, and Joey. Lu Wuji, Huaxia Ewing (Volume I and Volume II), Series of Thousand Schools of Contemporary Poetry (Volume II), Range Rover (Volume II), Ode to All Things, and Xing Jin Weekly, National Style Fan Yin. June 1997 Participated in China Poetry Advanced Seminar and Writing Pen Meeting. His creative deeds have been included in the Dictionary of Contemporary Hunan Writers edited by Hunan Academy of Social Sciences. Luming Literature Cup, Cai E Cup, first prize of Xiangxi Poetry Society 1997.
3. Spring to Longshan 300-word composition "The morning breeze blows, the sun shines, and the red scarf floats on the chest ..." March is a good time for spring outing. On this sunny morning, groups of "red scarves" bathed in brilliant sunshine and rushed to Xinlongshan Park! Along the way, we sang and laughed, bypassed the flowery and grassy flower beds, crossed the busy crossroads, passed the empty cultural square in the alley and passed the bridges. The stone wall with the word "Longshan" inscribed by Wu Juenong stands in front of us like a huge screen.
The winter jasmine on the roadside hangs long green braids and shows a golden smile, welcoming us. At the gate of the park, four thick stone pillars stood proudly in front of them like guards, only the words "leading to nature" were written on the cross sill.
Stepping into the gate, at the foot is a stone carving painting of "dragon and phoenix playing with pearls": the dragon sticks out its tongue and is lifelike; Phoenix birds flap their wings and are lifelike. Looking up, a beautiful landscape painting appeared in front of me.
On the left is a wooden lounge with a strong cultural atmosphere. In front is an artificial pool. There is an island in the pool. There are two towering trees on the island. The branches crossed together as if they were two close friends.
There is a pavilion and a boulder rockery opposite. The stream runs along the cracks in the stone, flows into the pool and passes through the small pavilion in the pool. The pavilion is like a mini-hut, which is probably the residence of fairies in the water. Walking around the pool, there is an artificial stream on one side, which extends to the foot of Longshan.
There are big stones on both sides of the stream, sometimes there are slopes, and sometimes there are small bridges made of capping stones. The stream is crystal clear, sometimes slow and sometimes urgent, singing cheerful songs all the way.
On one side is a large bush. Tall green trees are strewn at random, and winding paths extend in all directions through green forests.
Walking through this endless winding path, you can not only appreciate the lifelike statues of celebrities on the roadside, but also learn about their deeds, breathe fresh air and get in touch with nature. The continuous Longshan in the distance stands tall, making people feel that nature is so mysterious and wonderful! In a blink of an eye, the spring outing is over, and the picturesque Longshan makes me linger.
The roadside winter jasmine is still smiling, as if expecting our next arrival.
4. What landscapes are there in Longshan? Longshan is located in Wuling Mountain in northwest Hunan, which is connected with the mountainous area in western Hubei. It is the settlement of Tujia people or the local Tujia language, which can be said to be the "old district" of Tujia people.
Between the mountains and rivers in this area, Tujia diaojiao building can be seen everywhere, beside the river bank and on the hillside. Liye is a small town by the Youshui River, and a large number of Qin bamboo slips have been unearthed.
In modern times, Liye, as an important pier crossing the river by the water, was once brilliant. There is a winding street in the faucet, which extends to the rolling water.
In Miaoertan, the colorful Tujia brocade "Xilankapu" is famous at home and abroad. Car wash river, winding around the town, standing by the quiet river, looking at the diaojiao building supported by wooden columns on the lined rocks.
5. Hunan Folk Composition 400 1. Entering Xiangxi, Xiangxi women are the most worrying.
Women in Xiangxi are simple and simple, just like a stone or a mountain flower in the mountains, without any artificial carving and decoration. No matter how the wind blows, how the sun shines and how the works are polished, women in Xiangxi are graceful and full of the most touching breath of life. Although sometimes you will see one or two people who are not very attractive, you can be sure that they are not from Xiangxi, but women and ladies from other places who come here to do business.
Xiangxi women are pure, ugly and beautiful elves. Under the background of Xiangxi, where the grass is lush and the trees are like flowers, Xiangxi women always walk in the best scenery.
The face is pointed and the lips are thin, the skin is tender and the waist is thin, the chest is straight, soft but not weak, charming but not vulgar, wearing your own embroidered clothes and a silver ring cast by your father and brother, swaying through your heart. Butterfly spots followed beautifully.
Dragonfly attractions are close behind. Purple swallows from the south murmured and followed her beautifully.
They are a kind of fine flowers and trees, which bloom in large numbers and grow in a large area. This unique and hurried woman is an elderly aunt.
She will go up the slope, and she will hide in the crops for a long time. The hoe and sickle in her hand will cut out a big poem and a big article in the drip of her sweat.
A woman, the plow in the article and poem, stooped and hunched, carrying blazing sunshine and hope of life, crawling forward. The fatter and thicker the palm of a crop, the stronger and sweeter the fruit, but the wrinkles on a woman's forehead are as deep and black as the furrows under a plow.
But women still stand in the fields, let the mountain wind blow, keep company with the white clouds, and then take the stars and moonlight home to make oil lamps to light up the life of the whole family. Those newly married sisters-in-law and unmarried sisters are just a group of chirping tits flying around day and night.
The silvery sound fluttered in the valley, raising a spring water, prompting a tree bud, soaking an unintentional yellow leaf and swimming straight to the bottom of the cup. They want to cross the shade to the other side of the mountain, visit relatives, watch the fun, meet their loved ones, or just buy something they like.
They don't draw eyebrows. They don't have perms or plastic surgery.
They only wear good clothes. Like their lovers, they hate those enchanting women who are beautifully dressed and make up.
Those lovers often wait on the rock slabs by the river or forest land, watching the love coming over the mountains. The water at the foot and the fish at the bottom are like a woman's palm touching his heart.
When a woman's doorbell rang, her lover stood up and shouted to them, "Oh-Oh!" " Xiangxi beauties pricked up their ears, their eyes lit up, and responded with a smile, "Oh!" If men "wow" and women "wow", the whole valley is "wow". No vows of eternal love, no rhetoric, that's how Xiangxi men and women promote love for us.
The Xiangxi woman, who had long belonged to her lover, stepped out of the queue to meet the man, shy but brave. But no! That good woman, who is softer and wilder than anyone else, suddenly grabbed her skirt with laughter and stopped coming forward, hey! Can't wait! If you don't want us before you walk in the door, is it so good to be a dear? We don't believe it! See if you are an idiot or a handsome steamed stuffed bun! We want a whole generation! As I said, I swarmed and hugged the man, pulling and tearing.
Lift the man's ear, twist the man's face, cut the man's clothes and trousers, then lift them to the sky and beat the woman in red with oil until both men and women reach in and beg for mercy. So, okay, kiss and demonstrate! Two people, each with a "ghost child", reluctantly made a demonstration action.
Hey! How many men will be drowned by a drop of water from a woman in Xiangxi? Xiangxi women are ingenious and can embroider shoes. Xiangxi women are strong and beautiful, and they can have children.
Xiangxi women are beautiful and affectionate, and they will brew love. When Xiangxi women sing, the bullet in the song can knock down an iron heart.
When Xiangxi women dance, the love hook in the dance can hook a distant figure. Xiangxi women are the purest, truest, kindest, most beautiful and most intelligent people in the world.
But they are unfortunate. They seem destined to be a medicine buried deep in the ground. Since childhood, they have no children's paradise, only blue sky and green grass. Of course, they grew up in their parents' baskets like brothers and sisters, but they will never have the superiority and dignity of brothers and sisters.
When brothers and sisters wear new clothes to school, they often stay at home to sweep the floor, coax their brothers and sisters or do other things. Poor, can't afford it, parents' balance can only be biased towards brothers and sisters, and they are very wronged.
Because they are people who will spill water sooner or later and can't get it back, and sooner or later they will become other people's daughters-in-law to do other people's things. They often stand on their own terrace or lawn, watching their childhood jumping and playing on the campus playground, carefree, and they often listen to the bells coming from the leafy ancient maple trees.
When they climbed into the door outside the classroom and read "1+ 1 equals 2, 2+2 equals 4" in their partner's voice, the teacher was surprised to find those dark eyes: "Sister, come in and I'll teach you!" But my sister ran away blushing and never came back. Xiangxi women, a bunch of grapes ripened before sweetness, are sour all over the world.
2. Tujia is one of the ethnic minorities in China. It is mainly distributed in Wuling Mountain area adjacent to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou.
That is, Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing, Sangzhi and Guzhang counties in western Hunan; Laifeng, Hefeng, Xianfeng, Xuanen, Lichuan, Enshi, Badong, Jianshi, Wufeng, Changyang and other cities and counties in western Hubei; Youyang, Xiushan, Qianjiang, Shizhu and Pengshui counties in Sichuan Province. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Tujia nationality is 8028 133.
Tujia language is an independent language in the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. No mandarin, common Chinese.
Now most people speak Chinese; About 200,000 people along Youshui (originating in Hefeng, Hubei Province and flowing into Shui Yuan, Hunan Province) still use Tujia language, and some people also speak Chinese. Tujia nationality has many titles in historical records.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was called "species" for worshipping white tigers, "people" for using weapons, or "blessings" for people.
6. Tujia nationality in Xiangxi. Xiangxi, a Miao folk material, gave birth to a beautiful nation-Tujia. Many people think she is mysterious. Today I will unveil this veil for you.
At the same time, it also inherits the ancient culture and conforms to the modern form. Tujia History The population of Tujia in China is 5704223.
They mainly live in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province and Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hubei Province. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang and Qianjiang counties in Sichuan Province.
There are also distributions. Adjacent areas of Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan provinces.
In Tujia language, it belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are two dialects, southern and northern.
Living with Han people for a long time, most people use Chinese. People who speak Tujia also speak Chinese.
Tujia people live by mountains and rivers, and like to grow fruits, wood and flowers in front of and behind their houses. Most natural villages share the same surname and clan, one family and one house.
There are diaojiao buildings and ordinary bungalows with different styles. Tujia costumes are different between men and women. Women wear a long fat skirt with left lapels and rolled lace, long short sleeves, no collar and waist, lace pants, pointed flower shoes, white headscarf and silver ornaments.
Men wear stand-up collar-big-breasted clothes with right-breasted clothes, while young people like double-breasted short-sleeved clothes with many buttons, blue cloth pants, white cloth waistbands, short trouser legs and white handkerchiefs on their heads. Tujia people worship ancestors and believe in ghosts and gods.
The main festivals are Spring Festival, April 8th, Dragon Boat Festival, June 6th, Chongyang and so on. Tujia people use Chinese.
Tujia area is surrounded by mountains and rich in products. It has magnificent natural scenery and rich ethnic customs, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists.
Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China and has become a new tourist attraction. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "an indigenous people".
More than 2,000 years ago, they settled in present-day western Hunan and western Hubei, and were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people" together with other ethnic minorities. After the Song Dynasty, Tujia people were called "Tu Ding" and "Tu Min" respectively.
After the founding of New China, it was officially named Tujia according to the wishes of Tujia people. Tujia nationality has its own language and belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.
Because most people have lived with the Han nationality for a long time, they began to use Chinese and Chinese very early. Only a few areas in Longshan, Yongshun and Guzhang counties in western Hunan still use Tujia language.
Tujia nationality is mainly engaged in agricultural production, influenced by Han nationality in economic and cultural development, but it also retains its own characteristics. "Golden Tung Oil" in Xiangxi and "Bashang Paint" in western Hubei are famous brands at home and abroad.
Tujia people worship their ancestors and believe in many gods. Tujia nationality is an ancient nation. Their ancestors flourished in western Hunan and western Hubei as early as 2000 years ago, and they were called "Wu Lingren" and "Wuxi people" together with other ethnic minorities.
After the Song Dynasty, they were called "Tu Ding", "Tu Min" and "Tu Bing" respectively. After a large number of Han Chinese moved in, "Tujia" began to appear as a national name.
Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "local people". After the founding of New China, Tujia people, who had not been recognized for a long time, were identified as a single nation through ethnic identification, and 1957 established Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
1983 Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in western Hubei was established, and then Youyang, Xiushan, Shizhu, Changyang, Wufeng, Yinjiang, Jiang Yan and other ethnic autonomous counties were established. Tujia nationality is greatly influenced by Han nationality, with developed agricultural production, rapid economic development and advanced culture and education.
The area where Tujia people live has beautiful natural scenery, Wulingyuan is a world cultural heritage, and Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "an indigenous people".
As early as 2,000 years ago, Tujia ancestors settled in western Hunan and Hubei, and were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people" together with other ethnic minorities. After the Song Dynasty, Tujia people were called "Tu Ding" and "Tu Min" respectively.
After the founding of New China, it was officially named Tujia according to the wishes of Tujia people. Tujia people, together with people of all ethnic groups, have made great contributions to the development of mountainous areas in western Hunan and western Hubei.
Since the founding of New China, two autonomous prefectures and nine autonomous counties have been established, and Tujia people have equal rights to be masters of their own affairs. Tujia people are hardworking, brave and full of glorious revolutionary struggle tradition.
During the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty, thousands of Tujia and Miao officers and men in western Hunan were transferred to the southeast coast to resist the Japanese invasion, and they won a great victory in Wangjiang, which is known as the "first in the southeast". During the Opium War, Chen Liansheng, a patriotic general of Tujia nationality, and his son Chen Wei defended Shajiao Fort and bravely resisted the British invasion, and their father and son died heroically.
During the period of 1928- 1935, the Tujia people, under the leadership of He Long and Ren, made great sacrifices and outstanding contributions to the creation of revolutionary base areas in western Hunan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou. Tujia culture and art are colorful.
"Xilankapu" and "Waving Dance" are called the artistic flowers of Tujia nationality. "Xilankapu", also known as "Tujia Brocade", is a traditional folk craft of Tujia nationality, which is famous for its bright colors and exquisite weaving.
"Hand-waving dance" is a popular folk dance of Tujia nationality. It is free and easy, rough and deeply loved by the masses. "Da Liu Zi" is a unique folk instrumental performance of Tujia nationality. It can play more than 200 sets of music cards with four percussion instruments and wind instruments, and is known as "Tujia Symphony".
White tiger is the totem of Tujia nationality. White tiger plays an important role in Tujia people's minds.
Tujia people call themselves "White Tiger Queen". According to legend, in ancient times, the ancestor of Tujia nationality, Bawu Township, was promoted to the chief of the tribe with five surnames, and was called "Lin Jun" in history.
Lin Jun led the tribe members down the river in a mud boat, went to Yangyan, killed the fierce goddess of salt water and settled down. People live and work in peace and contentment, and natural Lin Jun is deeply loved by people.
Later, Lin Jun died, and his soul became a white tiger and ascended to heaven. From then on, Tujia people regarded the white tiger as their ancestors and never forgot to worship it everywhere.
A white tiger carved from wood is enshrined in the shrine of every family all the year round. When getting married, the man should spread a tiger blanket on the spacious table in the purlin, symbolizing the sacrifice to the tiger ancestors.
Besides religious worship, white tigers can be seen everywhere in Tujia people's lives. Ancient Tujia ancestors used to drill, bow and sword for fun in battle, and all of them were engraved with tiger heads or tiger patterns.
Nowadays, children wear tiger-headed shoes, tiger-headed hats and "cat feet" flower quilts; The top of the door is carved with a white tiger, and the knocker casts a tiger's head. Its significance.