Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692), whose real name is Nongnong, was born in Hengyang, Hunan. 1643, the peasant uprising army became very powerful. Zhang invited him to join the peasant army, but he refused. 1644, the Qing soldiers entered the customs and continued to push south. Wang Fuzhi and his friends were locked up in Hengshan to fight against the Qing Dynasty. After the defeat, he fled to Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and worked for the Ghost King regime in Nanming. He was deeply dissatisfied with many people in the ghost king's regime. Soon, he saw that the tide had gone, resigned and returned to his hometown, and lived in Miaoyao mountain area in Xiangxi, Hunan Province for a long time. He lived in seclusion at the foot of Ishikawa Mountain in Hengshan Mountain and wrote hard, known as Mr. Chuanshan. There are 288 volumes of Chuanshan's suicide note, some of which have been lost. Representative works include Zhang Zizheng, Zhouyi Biography, Shangshu, Reading Four Books, Si Wenlu, Yellow Book, Nightmare and Mirror.
Wang Fuzhi developed ancient naive materialism. He thinks: "Between heaven and earth, everything is Qi, that is, everything is reason", "Qi" is a material entity, and "reason" is an objective law, that is, matter is universal, and objective laws also exist in matter itself; He also said: "Qi depends on reason", and "reason" here refers to spirit, that is, spirit depends on and is produced by matter. Without matter, spirit does not exist. Wang Fuzhi also studied a series of problems of epistemology reflection theory. He believes that objective things can be known, and knowledge comes from practice-"liberation" (here "liberation" refers to personal practice). Wang Fuzhi's philosophical thought is a summary of China's and ancient naive materialism's thought, which has pushed it to a new peak and has a prominent position in the history of ancient philosophy in China.
He was born in 1799 and died in 1873 in Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). China calligrapher of Qing Dynasty. Zi Zi Zhen,no. Dongzhou lay man. What calligraphy, all four-body, can be large or small, but also good at seal cutting His regular script is elegant, but not sparse. It also combines the precipitous and dense features of the North Monument, Ou Yangxun and Ouyang Tong, and pursues the style of "Zhang Hei Nv Epitaph" and "Dao Yin Monument", which makes his calligraphy extraordinary. Small letters also use the golden method, and the brushwork is meaningful. The cursive script melts and prints, and the converter is magnificent and unique. His seal script, centered with a pen, can be mixed with official script and matched with cursive script, which is also unique. He's calligraphy developed smoothly in his early years, wandering between Yan Zhenqing, Li Yong, Wang Xizhi and the inscriptions in the Northern Dynasties, with a pure flavor. Middle-aged people are getting older, their brushwork is getting more and more calm, their pens are shaking, and their taste is heavy; In his later years, people and books were old and perfect, and they were masters of epigraphy in the late Qing Dynasty.
Wang Xianqian
( 1842- 19 17)
There are long mountains in Chengnan Academy and Yuelu Academy.
People in Changsha county. This word is good for me, because this house is called Kwai Garden, and scholars call it Mr. Kwai Garden. Born in the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842). 18 years old make-up students. In the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), he went to Anqing, Anhui Province, and served as the director of the Yangtze River Navy. A few months later, he resigned. Tongzhi for three years (1864), served as the aide of Liang Hongsheng, the magistrate of Hubei Province. In the same year, he was recommended in the rural examination. I'm going to be a scholar next year. I'm awarded the Jishi Shu in imperial academy, the editor in scattered museums, and I'm tired of moving to imperial academy to give lectures. Guangxu six years (1880), served as a wine festival in imperial academy. He worked part-time in the National History Museum and Archives, and served as an examiner after taking the provincial examinations in Yunnan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. I studied politics in Jiangsu for eleven years. During his tenure, he recruited scholars, opened a bookstore in Jiangyin Nanjing Academy, and edited The Sequel of Huang Qing, which became more than 1000 volumes. It is also engraved with the Nanjing Academy Series. At the same time, I also asked to organize the border defense of the three northeastern provinces, stop the Three Seas Project, and impeach Li.
In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), Wang Xianqian went on strike in Jiangsu and returned to Changsha to settle down. The following year, he gave lectures in Hunan Sixian Lecture Hall, and set up a bureau to engrave books in the lecture hall. In seventeen years, he was the president of Chengnan College. Twenty years later, he served as the head of Yuelu Academy and gave lectures at Yuelu Academy 10 years.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Reform Movement rose all over the country, and some gentry in Hunan began to set up modern industries. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (65,438+0,896), Wang Xianqian invested 654,380+200,000 yuan in silver, raised funds with Huang Ziyuan and Chen Wenwei, and established Baoshan Machine Manufacturing Company with official funds. Mind its business forever. The company has been established for several years and has lost a lot. It was quickly handed over to the official office and closed for 25 years because of poor management.
Wang Xianqian, Zhang Zutong and Ye Dehui have been interfering in local affairs. "I have lived in the provincial wall for a long time, and my voice is very wide. All my colleagues are eager for their instructions. If they have any intention, they will try to get rid of it. " In the winter of the 23rd year of Guangxu, Hunan Current Affairs School was established, and Xiong Xiling, the prime minister of the school, hired Liang Qichao, Han Wenju, Tang and other Uighurs to teach. At first, it was supported by Zhang and Ye and manipulated by Yin. Following the upsurge of the Reform Movement, he criticized Liang Qichao, the general teacher of the current school, for "immoral behavior", "rebellion" and "preaching and teaching people with the evil of having no father and no gentleman", which made students "not know what loyalty, filial piety and righteousness are". He accused Southern Colleges and Boxes of propagating the theory of civil rights equality as "the journey of all equal animals" and "betraying sacred religions and destroying ethics". He also rallied Zhang Zutong and others to put forward "Shen Xiang's official career", wrote to Fu Yuan to strictly rectify the current political faction and expel Xiong Xiling, Tang and Liang Qichao and other reformists. He also sent a letter to Chen Baozhen, proposing to stop publishing "Box". He also colluded with the evil gentry in the province, encouraging some students from Yuelu, Chengnan and Zhong Qiu Academy to gather in the provincial capital, and agreed on the so-called "Hunan Learning Covenant" to restrain the words and deeds of scholars and combat the spread of new ideas. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, his proté gé Su Yu compiled "Wing Education Series", which focused on the mistakes of the Reform Movement of 1898 and praised Wang Xianqian's ability to "prepare for a rainy day".
In July of the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the uprising of the Self-Defense Forces led by Tang and others failed, and others reported to the governor, Lian San, to hunt down and kill more than 100 people of the Self-Defense Forces.
Twenty-nine years later, the school became popular, and Wang Xianqian still gave lectures at Yuelu Academy, and concurrently served as the curator of Hunan Normal University. Rebellion with "restless people", "heresy is flourishing, and revolutionary empty talk is full", so he no longer comes to the museum. In the same year, Yuelu Academy was changed to Hunan Institute of Higher Education.
In thirty-four years, Wang Xianqian's book was presented to the Qing court by the Governor Cen Chunkuai, and was awarded a bachelor's degree in cabinet. In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), there was a famine in Hunan and a rice rush in Changsha. He ordered the five-level transfer with the idea of "discussing righteousness" In the future, we will try our best to oppose the democratic revolutionary movement. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), after Wuchang Uprising, he changed his name to Kuai, lived in Pingjiang and wrote books behind closed doors. Three years later, he returned to Changsha. He died in 6 years (19 17).
Wang Xianqian consulted ancient and modern books and studied the laws and regulations of various dynasties. Academic research focuses on textual research, collation and collection of words. In addition to the above-mentioned proofreading, there are also the compilation of Ten Rules of the East in Qing Dynasty and Continuing Ancient Prose and Ci. He is the author of Supplementary Notes on Hanshu, Notes on Water Mirror, Notes on Later Hanshu, Notes on Xunzi, Notes on Zhuangzi and Notes on Three Schools. Chasing Han Yu for Wen Yuan and committing himself to Tongcheng School and Yanghu School; His poems are called "seizing the spirit of Du and transporting the spirit of the Soviet Union" and "focusing on the Qing Dynasty, which is quite prominent". There is a collection of poems by Xu Shoutang.
Ouyang Zhonggu (1849—1911) is a native of Liuyang, Hunan. Also known as Zhongyi Siniperca chuatsi, Byte Wu, No.1 Petal Ginger. Scholars and officials went to Fu Ling, Guangxi. Disciples Tan Sitong, Tang and Sun Yuqian. Tongzhi twelve years (1873), was elected as cabinet minister. He was hired by Tan Jixun, Minister of Housing, to teach his children. In the third year of Guangxu (1877), Ouyang Zhonggu returned to his hometown from Beijing, and Tan Sitong and Tang entered his school. Ouyang Zhonggu is knowledgeable, and Tan Sitong said that his knowledge "can really get out of the wind and shake the realm of former sages." Ouyang Zhong followed the rules and respected change, and once published "On Reform". Ouyang Zhonggu started organizing the Arithmetic Museum after receiving Tan Sitong's letter "Promoting Arithmetic". This move was strongly opposed by Liuyang diehard conservatives. Ouyang Zhonggu consulted with Tang and Liu and called his colleagues to raise funds. In the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), a computer club was established in Kuiwenge, the back hill of Liuyang Confucian Temple. With the development of the political reform movement all over the country, the political reform in Hunan has reached a climax. Ouyang Zhonggu, however, opposed Tan Sitong's idea of "trying to change western methods", changed his original intention and became negative. In the 24th year of Guangxu, Ouyang Zhonggu went to Beijing to compile Hui Dian. In twenty-nine years, he was awarded the magistrate of Guangxi Si 'en. Rotation of provincial offices, handling paperwork. Thirty-one years, awarded Pingle magistrate. There are many Yao people in Pingle, the land is barren and the people are poor. The leader ordered those who gave birth to two children to abandon one and those who gave birth to three children to abandon the other. People are afraid. After Ouyang Zhonggu took office, he first understood the principles, then established a level playing field, established trade, established a school, and taught with words. "This year is not over yet, and the results are great." Sometimes there is a poem day: "Yao people worship the noble songs, and the good news spreads many beautiful policies." In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, Ouyang Zhonggu was transferred to the magistrate of Guilin. In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), the ambassador of Guangxi was added. The following year, at the age of 62, he passed away. His legacy has been handed down from generation to generation.
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Tian Han (1March, 89812-1February, 968 10), whose real name was Shou Chang, used to be Bochum, Bochum, Bochum, Bochum and Hanxian. Drama writer, drama writer, screenplay writer, novelist, poet, lyric writer, literary critic, social activist, and leader of literary and artistic work. The founder of China's modern drama. People from Changsha, Hunan.
all one's life
Versatile, literary, etc. He studied in Japan in his early years, and began drama activities in the1920s. He wrote many famous dramas and successfully adapted some traditional operas. 1930, join the China * * * production party.
After 1949, Tian Han served as the director of the Opera Improvement Bureau and the Art Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. Persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution. 1in April, 979, a grand memorial meeting was held in Beijing.
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achievement
Tian Han has been engaged in literature and art all his life, creating more than 60 plays and operas, more than 20 movie scripts, 24 opera scripts, nearly 2,000 lyrics and new and old poems. Among them, March of the Volunteers was designated as the national anthem of the people of China after Nie Er composed music. Masterpieces of the drama include Tiger Catching Night, Death of Famous Brand, Chaos Bell, Song of Rejuvenation, Two Ways, Guan Hanqing, Princess Wencheng, and the adapted scripts Wu Zetian, Jianghan Fishing Song, Legend of the White Snake, Li Jingji and The West Chamber. Guan Hanqing represents the highest achievement of Tian Han's drama creation.
Ding Ling (1904- 1986), formerly known as Jiang, was born in Linli, Hunan. Life is full of legends. Early pursuit of personal life, and finally to the revolutionary cause led by the * * * production party. His literary creation gradually turned from the simple expression of personal distress to the description of broad social life. The masterpiece is the psychological novel Diary of Ms. Sha Fei published in 1930s. After joining the revolutionary ranks, he created a series of novels and essays praising the anti-Japanese soldiers. During the Yan 'an period, he was criticized in the 1942 rectification movement for publishing works such as March 8th Feelings. In the late 1940s, he finished the novel The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River, and 195 1 won the Stalin Prize for Literature. 1955, as the main figure of Ding Ling's anti-party clique, was criticized, and was exiled to Beidahuang for 8 years, and then put into Qincheng prison in Beijing. Five years later, he was released from prison and sent to Shanxi to carry out rural reform. 1979 rehabilitated. Later, he was the editor-in-chief of China, a large literary journal sponsored by Chinese Writers Association. 1986 passed away in Beijing on March 4th.