The Old Man by the Bridge —— A Realistic Short Story —— Iceberg Theory
Hemingway's early novels The Sun Also Rises (1927) and A Farewell to Arms (1927) have become the main representative works of the "lost generation" in America. After 1950s, he created a "tough guy character" represented by Santiago, and his representative novella The Old Man and the Sea was 1950.
In art, his concise and powerful style and excellent use of various modernist techniques caused a "literary revolution" in American literature, and many European and American writers were obviously influenced by him.
The sun rises, farewell, for whom the bell tolls, the snow in Kilimanjaro.
Medium-length: The Old Man and the Sea
Short story: the mountain is like a white elephant
2. Virginia Woolf is one of the representative writers of stream-of-consciousness literature in Britain and one of the three major stream-of-consciousness writers in the world, and is regarded as "the best female writer in the 20th century".
Stream of consciousness short story: Spots on the Wall; Long stream-of-consciousness novels such as Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.
Stream of consciousness represents writers and works: (French) Proust's "Remembering the Past"; Joyce's Ulysses and Woolf; (America) William? Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury.
Supplement:
Shakespeare was a great English playwright and poet in the Renaissance. His major works include 37 plays, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (collectively called "Four Tragedys") and Romeo and Juliet. His comedies include The Merchant of Venice, which Marx called "the greatest dramatic genius of mankind".
3. victor hugo-/kloc-a great French writer in the 0/9th century and the most outstanding representative of romantic literature.
Guns and Beasts —— Excerpts from the romantic novel 93
Novels: Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, Marine Labors (the above-mentioned humanitarian trilogy) and Smiling Man.
supplement
Balzac is a great French writer of critical realism in the19th century, the founder and outstanding representative of European critical realism literature. His main works are Encyclopedia of Human Comedy (including Gao Laotou and Eugénie? Grandet et al. ) is one of the most magnificent creations in world literature and one of the most brilliant achievements of human thinking labor. Marx said that it "provides an outstanding realistic history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris".
4 Puning
Antonov Ka Apple's Realistic Short Stories
Full-length: The Life of Arseniev, praised by Gorky as "an outstanding contemporary stylist". 1933, "Because of his rigorous artistic talent, he inherited the Russian classical tradition in his prose", and Puning won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
5. maxim? Gorky, a great proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union.
Danke —— A short story with romantic symbolic meaning —— The Old Lady Izgil
The Old Lady Ezekiel is Gorky's early romantic masterpiece.
Main works: autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth, My University, Novel Mother, prose poem Haiyan, etc. Lenin called him "the most outstanding representative of proletarian art" and called Mother "a very timely book".
6 Paul? Brazilian writer Golo is regarded as the most popular Latin American writer after Marquez. The Alchemist, also known as The Fantasy Journey of the Shepherd Boy, is praised by critics as "a modern classic that affects readers' lives". The cover of the English version published in the United States said: "A book that can completely change a person's life may not appear for decades. This is the kind of book you are facing. The American Library Association recommended this book as "the best reading for teenagers". Will Paul, French Minister of Culture? Goro is called "the alchemist in the hearts of millions of readers".
And after that, Paul? Goro has published many works, such as the halter, The Maids of the Lord God, I sat by the Piedra River and cried, The Fifth Mountain, The Handbook of the Light Warrior and Veronica's Decision to Die, all of which were all the rage and made Paul? Goro has become one of the most widely read writers in Brazil today.
7.leo? Tolstoy:/kloc-a representative writer of Russian literary realism in the 0 th and 9 th centuries,
Natasha —— From War and Peace
/kloc-the greatest Russian writers in the 0/9th century mainly include the long historical novel War and Peace and the landmark masterpiece Anna? Karenina, the novel Resurrection, the autobiographical novel Childhood and Adolescence. He created "first-class works in world literature" with powerful brushwork and superb artistic skills, so he was praised by Lenin as "a genius artist with the most vivid realism" and recognized as a literary master all over the world.
Supplement:
Pushkin,/kloc-the greatest Russian poet in the 9th century. "Father (ancestor) of Russian literature"; His works are called "Encyclopedia of Russian Life"; The main works are lyric poem Ode to Freedom and poetic novel Eugene? Onegin, the fairy tale poem The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish, etc.
Turonev is a Russian critical realist writer in the19th century. His main works include the novel Luo Ting, Father and Son, The House of the Noble, etc. Hunter's Notes, a collection of prose stories, describes the miserable life of serfs and criticizes serfdom, and is known as "a book that ignites fire". Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece.
Chekhov is a great Russian writer of critical realism. His major works include the short story Death of a Little Civil Servant, The Chameleon, The Trapped, the novella The Sixth Ward and the play The Seagull and Uncle Vanya. He is the only Russian writer who reached the peak of the world literary world with his short stories. One of the three major short story writers in the world.
Nikolai Gogol is the best satirist in Russia in the19th century, the founder of critical realism literature in An Imperial Envoy, and the image of a miser in Dead Soul (one of the four misers).
Ostrovsky: a writer of the former Soviet Union in the 20th century. His masterpiece is How Steel was Tempered.
8. Tagore-19-a great Indian poet in the 20th century.
Suba —— A Realistic Short Story
Representative poetry collections: Gitanjali, Crescent Moon, Gardener and Birds;
There are novels such as shipwreck, Gora, family and the world, and two sisters.
The novella Four Men
Short stories such as debt repayment, abandonment, and Suba, are people alive or dead? ","Mahamoya ","The Sun and Dark Clouds ".
19 13 Nobel Prize in Literature is the first person in Asia. Tagore is a writer with great world influence. He wrote more than 50 poems, and was called "Poet Saint".
9. Shiga Naoya
The Realistic Short Story Sibi and the Gourd —— Japanese Shiga Naoya
Shiga Naoya (1883- 197 1), a famous Japanese novelist, was praised as "the god of novels" by Japanese critics. 1904, she published her first novel, Cauliflower and Girl. 19 10, he founded birch magazine with Takeo Shimashima and Masuma Shimashima. Some young literary and art workers around the magazine were dissatisfied with the naturalistic literary trend of thought that advocated pure objectivism at that time, demanding positive humanity, advocating respect for individuality, giving full play to people's will, advocating humanitarianism and idealistic literature, and forming the "Birch School". Shiga Naoya is one of the representative writers of the Birch School, which has become an important school in modern Japanese literature.
10. Heinrich? Trembling sound
On the Bridge-A Realistic Short Story-Heinrich, Germany? Burr, 1972 got Nobel Prize in Literature.
His main works include Arriving on Time (a masterpiece of German Ruins Literature), The Clown's Opinion (an important work of German disobedience literature) and a collection of short stories, Vagabond, If You Go to Spa ...1971published a photo with a lady (a group photo centered on a lady), which is the crystallization of all his creations.
1 1 spaghetti? Calvino (1923- 1985) is one of the most influential writers in contemporary Italy.
Livestock Forest —— A Realistic Short Story —— Calvino, Italy
He took part in the resistance movement during World War II, and his first novel The Road to the Spider's Nest was written based on this experience. Soon this work won an award and he entered the literary world. Calvino worked as a journalist and later as an editor of children's literature. His main works are: Viscount in Two, Argentine Ant, Knight Without Existence, etc. His works are unique and he is good at writing novels in the form of fairy tales. So his novels can also be said to be fairy tales. Besides writing novels, Calvino also collects and writes folk stories like the German brothers Grimm. Calvino traveled all over Italy, and after two years of hard work, he finally compiled an Italian fairy tale, which can be compared with the fairy tales of Andersen and Brothers Grimm.
12 Strindberg
Half a Paper-Short Story-Strasbourg, Sweden
Strindberg is the most outstanding novelist and dramatist in the history of Swedish literature. He is known as "the first Swedish writer with world influence". His works are regarded as valuable national heritage in Sweden and highly praised by many people in other countries. Strindberg is the founder of Swedish naturalism literature and the pioneer of European expressionism and symbolism. Representative works include the drama "Go to Damascus" and the novel "The Red House". He also wrote the excellent autobiographical novel The Maid's Son (4 volumes), the novella The Residents of hymes Island, which is famous for describing the scenery of the islands, Miss Julie and the Creditor, which is regarded as a model of European naturalistic drama, and the novella The Sea.
13 Isaac Sylvester Singh, 1978 won Nobel Prize in Literature.
A realistic short story.
Isaac? Stevie. Singer, a famous American Jewish writer, was born in Poland under Russian rule at that time. 1935, Singh followed his brother to America. Singh lives in the United States as an editor and writer. He became an American citizen on 1943. Singh published nine novels, ten collections of short stories, two plays and sixteen collections of children's stories in his life. He won the American Book Award twice, one of which was awarded to him for his children's literature creation. Singer is regarded as the best storyteller of our time. 1978 Nobel Prize in Literature. 199 1 year, Singh died.
Main works: Fool Jim Pell, The Magician of lublin, Manor, Enemy, A Love Story and Little Sand.
The reason for winning the Nobel Prize: Because he has a passionate narrative art, which is rooted in the cultural tradition of Polish Jews and reflects the general situation of mankind.
14 garcí a marquez, 1982 won Nobel Prize in Literature.
Tuesdays nap time-short stories of magical realism-Garcí a Má rquez, Colombia
The main feature of Marquez's works is the ingenious combination of fantasy and reality, thus reflecting the real life of society and examining life and the world. This creative method of combining reality with fantasy is called "magic realism".
Important works include the masterpiece One Hundred Years of Solitude (known as "a masterpiece that reproduces the historical and social picture of Latin America"). ) the decline of parents, love during cholera, novellas, dead leaves, bad times, short stories, sapphire eyes, grandmother's funeral, and movies and literary scripts, such as kidnapping.
15 Borges
The Book of the Sand —— A short story of magical realism —— Borges, Argentina, a short story of the 20th century.
Novelist master
Borges (1899 ~ 1986), an Argentine poet, novelist and translator, is called "the first Latin American writer who influenced European and American literature". Born in Buenos Aires to a lawyer family of British descent. 1950 to 1953 chairman of the Argentine writers association. From 65438 to 0955, he served as director of the National Library and professor of philosophy and literature at the University of Buenos Aires. 1950 won the Argentine National Literature Award, 196 1 won the Formento Award in Spain, and 1979 won the Cervantes Award in Spain.
Masterpiece: A Garden with Bifurcated Paths (short story). Features of the novel: neat narrative, concise writing, strange conception and exquisite structure. The plot of the novel is often unfolded in the exotic background of the East, which is absurd and full of mystery.
His important works include poetry anthology Passion of Buenos Aires, Moon in front of us, Exercise Book of Saint Martin, Ode to the Shadow, Jin Hu and Deep Rose, as well as short stories such as Biography of Villains, Garden with Divergent Paths, Alef, Death and Compass, and Brodier's Report. And the works of Kafka and Faulkner.
16 Flantz? Austrian novelist Kafka
Bucket Knight —— Austrian Franz Kafka, the originator of modernist literature. 1904 (2 1 year) started writing in his spare time. He didn't aim at publishing and becoming famous, but only wanted to ease his inner anguish through writing. His main works include Castle, Trial, America and Short Stories, Metamorphosis, Trial, Cave and Hungry Artist, most of which were not published before his death. Kafka is recognized as the originator (founder) of western modernist literature and a representative writer of European expressionist literature.
Kafka's works describe little people living in the lower classes. They feel afraid, uneasy, lonely and confused in this world full of contradictions and distortions. They are oppressed, afraid to resist, and unable to resist. They look forward to tomorrow and see no way out.
Kafka lived in an era when Austria-Hungary was about to collapse, and was deeply influenced by Nietzsche and Bergson's philosophy. He always looks at political events as a bystander. Therefore, most of his works use grotesque images and symbolic intuition to express isolated and desperate individuals surrounded by hostile social environment, which has become the concentrated expression of "the confusion of modern people" sweeping Europe and set off a series of "Kafka fever" in Europe.