There are many achievements in the research of literature collation in Qing Dynasty. In Qing dynasty, edition science became a specialized subject.
Liang Qichao summarized the academic achievements in Qing Dynasty as 13 aspects of China's nearly 300-year academic history, academic changes and political influence in Qing Dynasty, namely, the interpretation of Confucian classics, the search and identification of historical materials, the identification of fake books, the compilation of lost books, collation, writing, phonology, mathematical exegesis, geography, epigraphy and local chronicles, the compilation of similar books and the collation of series. The achievement of these achievements is related to the tight literature network in Qing dynasty, scholars avoiding reality and burying their heads in textual research. Hui Dong, Yu Xiaoke, Dai Zhen, Duan Yucai, Wang Niansun, Wang, Qian Daxin and Zhao Yi, well-known scholars of Ganjia School, put all the knowledge of studying Confucian classics, phonology, exegesis of famous things, historical geography, natural calculation and music calendar into the track of textual research. When it comes to textual research, the version problem becomes the primary problem. Because "the version of the study, the first textual research, a word of gold, is particularly important in the history of classics" (Ye Dehui's "Yu Hua in the Book Forest"). In this regard, the masters of textual research have a deep understanding. Duan Yucai's "Dian Yun Ji" on the difficulties in collating books with comrades said:
Proofreading books is the most difficult to determine right or wrong. There are two kinds of right and wrong: the last right and wrong, the last right and wrong. First of all, we must determine the right or wrong of the foundation, and then we can judge right or wrong. ..... What is copywriting? Author's manuscript also; What is an argument? What the author said is right. ..... If you don't correct the original text first, you will falsely accuse the ancients; If you keep talking about right and wrong, you will miss today.
The so-called "original" in paragraph is to correct the mistakes in the version and restore the original, which is the first step of textual research. Obviously, the development of textual research has promoted the study of edition science.
The prosperity of private book collection is the material basis of typology research, which broadens the horizons of typology scholars. There were official collections and private collections in ancient China. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were a considerable number of official books, but only a few people, such as emperors and princes, used them, and it was difficult for ordinary literati to read them. However, every time the regime changes, the government's collection of books will be difficult and the losses will be serious. Therefore, relatively speaking, the role of official collections in preserving books, spreading culture and conducting academic research is not as great as that of private collections. The origin of private collections is also very early. Historical Records of Confucius' Family records that "later generations hid Confucius' clothes, clothes, piano and cars because of the temple", and "Zhuangzi Tianxiapian" also records that "there are many teachers' books". With the invention of paper and the popularization and use of printing, the number of books is increasing and easy to obtain, and the scale of private collections is also increasing. Since the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the collection of books has become more prosperous. There are thousands of famous bibliophiles in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Fan Qin Tianyi Pavilion, Mao Jinji Ancient Map, Qian Jiangyun Building, Huangpi Martyrs' Sacrifice Hall, Huang Yuji Hall, Wu Building, Haiyuan Pavilion, Eight Thousand Volumes Building, Lushi Building and Wang Yiyun Bookstore. These book collectors not only collect books, but also engage in proofreading, editing, engraving and academic research. Many of them became famous scholars in Qing Dynasty, including edition experts. With the increase of books, the types of editions are bound to be rich, and erudition is a necessary condition to become a publisher.
The exposition of edition science in Qing dynasty can be divided into two categories, one is the exposition of scholars with both editions and the other is the works of edition experts specializing in editions.
Many famous scholars in Qing dynasty often need to study versions and rely on version knowledge when they are engaged in the study of Confucian classics and historical subsets. Such as Lu, Qian Daxin, Zhao Yi, Sun Yirang, Wang Niansun, Yu Yue, Duan Yucai, Gu Guangqi, etc. , studied the version to correct the mistakes in the words of classical and historical philosophers. Yu Jiaxi, not far away, introduced their situation and said:
You can see the same thing in several books. If this book is wrong, you can learn from other books, but it won't be wrong. One word is also used by all families. If this article is wrong, refer to other articles and you will get its right. Words, phonology and exegesis are all based on classics. Historical inspection laws and regulations, official system, geography. Therefore, the mistakes in recent editions, the mistakes in Song and Yuan editions, and the mistakes that were never published are all obvious and vivid. ("Preface to the Notes of Yu Jiaxi and Huanggu")
These textual scholars often record their views on the edition in anthologies, diaries and notes. For example, Wang Shizhen's Ju Louis, Zhu Yizun's Lu Shu Ting Ji, He Chao's Yimen Reading Club, Lu's Collection of Books and Classrooms, Qian Daxin's Zhu Ting Diary Copy and Ten New Records, Gu Guangqi's Shi Si Zhai Ji and Shi Si Zhai Shu Postscript, while Jiang Guangxu of Huang Pilie's Reading the Secretary of East Lake, Lu
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Ye Dehui's Lin Shu Hua Qing was an important achievement of the Qing version.
Ye Dehui (1864- 1927) was born in Changsha, Hunan. In the 18th year of Guangxu (1753), he was a scholar and soon abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown. He devoted his life to the collection and arrangement of ancient books. He has made great achievements in Confucian classics, history, philology, literature, textual research, etc., but his academic influence in the field of catalogue edition is the most prominent, and his representative figures are Guangutang Bibliography, Bian Yuan Shu Zhi and Lin Shu Hua Qing. Guangutang Bibliography is his collection catalogue, and Bianyuan Reading Record is the postscript of his collection. The ten volumes of Lin Shu Hua Qing and the two volumes of Lin Shu Yu Hua are the summary of his life's typology research experience. This book is based on his feelings. Ye's Poem of Collection Chronicles only narrates the anecdotes of bibliophiles in past dynasties, without any published materials, providing people with systematic knowledge of typology since the woodcarving book. Based on abundant materials, Ye expounded the book titles, plate names, specifications comparison, materials and material values, printing, binding, identification and preservation methods of carved books in past dynasties, and described the generation and spread of ancient movable type printing and color overprint, famous carved books in different times, and many anecdotes about carving books, copying books, selling books and collecting books.
Ye Dehui's "Lin Shu Hua Qing" is the first monograph on edition science in China, which has a great influence on later edition science research and edition catalogue compilation. However, this book also has many biases, such as extensive materials and unsatisfactory arrangement style; Due to the limitation of the times, his works are also restricted, especially a large number of rare books and rare books published after Ye are unprecedented, so the discussion in the book is naturally not complete and true.
The core of edition science is edition recognition. Scholars in Qing Dynasty paid more attention to the identification of ancient books and began to look for certain rules. In addition to Ye Dehui's Lin Shu Hua Qing, there are many contents in this respect, which are discussed by Qian Ceng, Huang Pilie and Sun Qingzeng respectively. Sun Qingzeng's Ten Books Collection Jian said:
I don't know how to distinguish books, but I still know nothing about color discrimination and deaf hearing. Although his heart is not bad, it is not enough to help him.
The typographers in Qing Dynasty summed up some formal features in the first edition printing from the aspects of font, layout, paper and ink, taboo words, engraving, preface and postscript, brand note, seal and inscription, so as to guide the compilation of their edition catalogue.
Due to the influence of textual research in the Qing Dynasty, the society has higher and higher requirements for edition catalogues, and many edition catalogues have appeared, whether they are official collections or private collections. The influential ones are Tianlu Bibliography, Reading Collection, Ji Bibliography, Handed Down Building Bibliography by Xu Xueqian, A Concise Catalogue of New Four Treasures of the Study by Shao Yichen, A Collection of Records of Love for the Sun by Zhang Jinwu, Bibliography by Sun Xingyan and Zhu Xueqin. Ding Richang Rare Books Collection, Mo Youzhi Song and Yuan Old Books Collection, Guating Knowledge, Lu Xinyuan Song Lilou Collection, Yang Shaohe Accidental Collection, Miao Collection, Bibliography of Rare Books in University Library and Yang Shoujing.
Qian Ceng (1629— 170 1) was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. His father, Qian, was famous for his rich collection of books during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. Wang Zun inherited what his father had hidden, and got the secret book of his ancestral home, Qian Qian B Jiang Yun Lou Yu. He collected more than 4 100 kinds of books at home and arranged them into three volumes: Catalogue of Garden Books, Bibliography of Library Hall and Reading Qiu Min Collection. These three catalogs have different details and styles. The first two only remember the title, the number of volumes, the number of albums and the version. The books in Reading Collection are the best in Qian's collection. They are dedicated to the exquisite bamboo slips or old books of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Under each book, the second time, mark the similarities and differences between ancient and modern times, make a detailed textual research, and attach comments from authors and works. Later generations thought that this edition of book cataloging began in Qian Ceng. In version identification, Qian studied the age of the version from the aspects of engraving, font, paper and ink color, and evaluated the quality of the version from the aspects of first printing, reprinting, original edition and reprinting. Reading Qiu Min Ji has a great influence on many rare books and inscriptions in later generations.
About the same time as compiling the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties successively completed the continuation of Tianlu Lin Lang Bibliography. This edition of the catalogue is edited by, Peng, etc. Divided into classics, history, philosophers and collections. In each category, Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and innuendo Song Dynasty take the era as the second time, or if one book is written in two moments, two books coexist; It's no problem to print two editions, and two books coexist. Each book has its own method of solving problems, and there are textual researches on the year of engraving, the place of engraving and the inscription marks of collectors. Although there are only more than 1000 kinds of books recorded in this edition, as it is a collection of books by the Qing government, it has developed in style compared with the Bibliography of Sui Chu Tang and Reading Qiu Min Ji, so it has had a certain impact on the catalogues of later editions. There are many mistakes in version identification.
In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774), due to the voluminous catalogue of Sikuquanshu, Emperor Qianlong ordered Ji Yun and others to compile a concise catalogue. This project came to an end in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782) and became a civil affair. Later, the Sikuquanshu and the General Catalogue were added and deleted several times, so the books included were slightly different from the Simple Catalogue of Sikuquanshu. The concise catalogue only contains more than 3400 kinds of books selected by Sikuquanshu, and the abstract is simple, only describing the number of volumes, authors and main contents. Shao later marked it for this purpose.
Shao (1810-1860), a Taoist from Renhe, Zhejiang, is a member of the official cabinet and foreign minister. He is the author of The Book of Rites, Shangshu Yi Tong, and Benyan's suicide note. He admired Zhu's study of Confucian classics, especially the study of edition catalogue, and there was a concise Catalogue of Si Ku Quan Shu on his desk. Every time he saw the inscriptions and manuscripts of Siku in Song, Yuan, Ming and early Qing Dynasties, he marked them under each heading. After being circulated, Wang, Sun Yirang, Huang, Miao and others made corrections. During Guangxu period, Sun continued to compile Xianfeng, and later produced various versions, namely Xuzhi. 1959, Zhonghua Book Company published Notes on the Concise Catalogue of the Four Supplementary Databases, and added each batch of proofreading as an appendix, which was "continued" with Shao Zhang to form a book. This edition catalogue records the editions of the books collected in Sikuquanshu quite extensively, and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. However, due to knowledge and experience, some valuable books are inevitably left out. Moreover, the source of its materials is mostly a series of rumors recorded or obtained by others, which have not been visually observed, so the mistakes in various descriptions have not been corrected. Nevertheless, the Catalogue of China Ancient Books still has high practical value before it is compiled.
The great bibliophiles of Shao's contemporaries also studied the edition catalogue.
Mo Youzhi (1811-1871) was born in Dushan, Guizhou Province, whose real name was Zixian, also known as Tuoting, in the 11th year of Daoguang (65438+). Wherever I went, I made great efforts to search for secret books and ancient books, and the collection was remarkable, which was called "Yingshan Caotang". There are engravings of Song and Yuan Dynasties in the collection, but most of them are fine engravings of Ming and Qing Dynasties, copied by famous artists and famous schools. It is composed of three volumes and appendix three volumes. Sixteen volumes of Qiu Tingzhi's Notes and Biographies. The former recorded his personal scriptures and eyes; The latter is the annotation made by Mohs in the concise catalogue of Sikuquanshu. He wrote down every different version of a book under this article by Jian Mu, and even listed dozens of versions in a book. The uncollected books of Jian Mu are also recorded in the corresponding category. These two catalogues also have certain reference value.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Yang Shoujing wrote and published sixteen volumes of Visit to Japan, which is a knowledgeable book catalogue version, recording all kinds of rare and secret ancient books he obtained and saw in Japan. Pay attention to the spread of the version wind overseas. Japanese scholar Mori Lizhi's A Visit to the Classics and Han's Textual Research on Old Ancient Books are also famous.
In the Qing Dynasty, the science of edition became a spectacular sight, especially the prosperity of textual research, which promoted the development of edition. The development of all kinds of academic research could not be separated from edition, which was called academic Jin Liang. Because of the practicality of edition science, edition catalogue has become the touchstone to test academic achievements. The large number and wide range of edition catalogues in Qing dynasty made edition science an important part of academic research, and established its disciplinary position of coexistence of catalogue and collation. Through the practice of edition catalogue, the connotation of edition science is constantly enriched, as evidenced by the appearance of Lin Shu Hua Qing.
Because there are many Qing edition catalogues that can't stand scrutiny, the Qing edition bibliography has been criticized by later generations. The reason is "plunder and trafficking". Hong's "Bei Jiang Shi Hua" Volume III has such a passage:
There are several bibliophiles: when you get a book, you must infer its source, whether it is true or false, or textual research experts, such as Qian Shaozhan Daxin and Dai. The second time, distinguish its version and note its errors, which is called the school home, such as Lu's "Wen Bi" and Weng Ge's "Fang Gang". The second time I searched for different books, the previous one made up for the loss of the golden chamber in the stone room, and the next one was for Dr. Ren to browse, which was called collectors, such as Fantianyi Pavilion in Yin County, Wupinghuazhai in Qiantang and Xuchuan in Kunshan. Second, although the book is exquisite, the author's intention has never been fully understood, and the time when the book was carved is the best known, and he is called a connoisseur, such as Pi Lie, Master Wu Menhuang, Zhen Wu Bao and Tingbo. In the second time, those who were backward in their old homes sold treasures cheaply, while those who were scholarly and rich demanded a good price, but they could not distinguish between true and false, knowing ancient and modern times. Song Xie and Yuan Xie knew at a glance that they meant robbing vendors, such as Qian Jingkai of Wumen, Tao Wuliu and Shi Zhongying of Huzhou.
This shows that although the emphasis on typology has become a specialized knowledge, there are so-called examiners, proofreaders, collectors, connoisseurs and predators. But it is "connoisseur" and "predator" who have a direct influence on the collection, identification and description of later generations.
The so-called "expert" is the clique of "Song". "The first thing is refinement, but I like Song engraving. The author's will is not fully glimpsed, but the year of engraving is the most profound." If so, it should be regarded as solid knowledge, but in fact it is mostly verbal and can't stand scrutiny. Therefore, it is precisely because it is only used to play with antiques, not archaeology, but is arbitrary and subjective, and is not bound by scientific methods. The identification of the Qing dynasty edition starts from the aspects of font, layout, paper and ink, taboo words, engraving, preface and postscript, brand records, seals and inscriptions. To be fair, the last generation of block printing did form some * * * same-sex characteristics with the times as the core. To sum up, it is necessary to help us understand the version, but if it is absolute and used to guide the practice of version catalogue, it is inevitable that there will be no mistakes. So Zhu Yixin, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, once said sarcastically:
Learn more about book titles, distinguish editions and evaluate the best books, so why not wait for scholars! (Answering questions in the innocent hall, Volume II)
With the appearance of "connoisseur", the "predator" knows that "the eyes are not true or false, but knowing the past and present, Fujian and Sichuan can't be bullied, and Song Xie Yuan Xie knew it at first sight", and wanted to accumulate some skills, but in order to make profits, he did not hesitate to make fakes and deceived others by various means. Almost all the false cases and mysteries in ancient books are caused by them. In fact, some cases are badly done, and people can often see through them at a glance, which reflects the problem of the clear edition catalogue from the opposite side.
To sum up, with the development of textual research, the study of Qing dynasty edition has become a theoretical and methodological knowledge.