Problems of English attributive clauses

Attributive clause Attributive clause and related terms

1. Attributive clause: Attributive clause is a clause guided by relative pronouns or adverbs. Its function is to modify a noun component of the main sentence as an attribute, which is equivalent to an adjective, so it is also called an adjective clause, which usually follows the antecedent it modifies.

2. Relative words: Relative words that lead to attributive clauses are called relative words, including relative pronouns and adverbs. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, who, as and so on. Relative adverbs include where, when, why and so on. Relative words often have three functions: 1, guiding attributive clauses. 2, not the cause. 3. As a component in the attributive clause.

Note: Relative pronouns can be divided into subject and object. Who is generally used as the object.

4. Attribute: Attribute is used to define and modify nouns or pronouns, and it is a word, phrase or sentence that modifies and restricts nouns or pronouns. In Chinese, "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mainly acted by adjectives. In addition, nouns, pronouns, numerals, participles, adverbs, infinitives and prepositional phrases can also be used in a sentence. When a word is used as an attribute, it is usually placed before the word it modifies as a prepositional attribute. When phrases and clauses are used as attributes, they are placed after the modified words as post attributes.

Precedent: the subject of a subject that is restricted or modified.

[Edit this paragraph] (1) restrictive attributive clause

Relative pronoun (as subject, object or attribute in a sentence)

1. can represent both things and people, which represents things; They are used as subjects or objects in clauses, and that as objects can often omit relative words, and that as objects can also be omitted. This is the book you want. Moreover, if which is the object of the preposition "intransitive verb+preposition" in the clause, be careful not to lose the preposition, which is always placed in front of the relative pronoun which, but some are placed in the original position.

2. When which is the object, according to the semantic relationship between antecedent and attributive clause, the preposition between antecedent and which cannot be lost.

3.which is often used to express things, but that is used instead of which in sentences followed by words, including when the antecedent is indefinite proNouns such as Any, Everything, nothing, etc., or is modified by every, Any, All, Some, no, Little, less, more, etc. At this time, that is often omitted, and when the antecedent is the superlative of ordinal number or adjective, or when the antecedent is the superlative of ordinal number or adjective, when there are both people and things in the antecedent, and when there is which in front of the sentence, that can only be used.

4. WHO and WHO-guided clauses are used to modify people, which are the subject and object of clauses respectively. When whois used as an object, you should pay attention to the object that can be used as a verb or preposition.

Which is a relative pronoun, and the modifier noun is an attribute, which is equivalent to the prepositive possessive case of the modified component. The clauses it guides can modify people and things. When the clauses it guides modify objects, they can be interchanged with of to express the same meaning.

Second, relative adverbs (as adverbials in sentences)

Relative adverb = preposition+relative pronoun

Why = For what?

Where = zai/zai/zai /...which (preposition with antecedent)

When = in/in/in/... which (preposition with antecedent)

1.where is a relative adverb, which is used to express the attributive clause of place.

2.when leads the attributive clause to indicate time [Note] It is worth mentioning that the attributive clause indicating the word "time" is only led by when, sometimes without any relative pronouns, and of course without that.

When you arrive in London, we will have been there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Every time he goes on a business trip, he will bring many necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrushes and so on.

When the logical subject of a clause is something, any, no, someone, anyone, nothing, something, anything, everything or nothing, it is often used to guide.

Someone here wants to talk to you. Someone here wants to talk to you.

[Edit this paragraph] (2) Non-restrictive attributive clauses

The function of non-restrictive attributive clauses is to further explain the modified components. Usually, the leading words and antecedents are separated by commas. After the clauses are removed, the other parts can still be established.

1. This causes the non-restrictive attributive clause to explain the whole sentence or part of the main sentence.

2. When the antecedent is modified by proper nouns or possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns, the attributive clauses behind it are usually non-restrictive, such as:

Charles smith retired last year. He was my former teacher. Charlie Smith retired last year. He used to be my teacher.

The house I bought last year has a lovely garden. The house I bought last year has a beautiful garden.

This novel is so touching that I have read it three times. This novel is very touching. I have read it three times.

3. Non-restrictive attributive clauses can also modify the whole main clause as the antecedent. At this time, the predicate verb of the clause should be singular in the third person, for example:

He doesn't seem to understand what I mean, which makes me very uneasy. He didn't seem to understand me, which upset me.

Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation. Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation.

Sometimes as can also be used as a relative pronoun.

5. In non-restrictive attributive clauses, the relative adverb why and the relative pronoun that cannot be used, but who and who stand for people, and which and who stand for things.

[Edit this paragraph] (3) Attributive clauses guided by relative pronouns

1.who refers to people as subjects in clauses.

The boy who is playing football comes from Class One.

I helped an old man who got lost yesterday.

Who refers to people and acts as an object in attributive clauses, which can often be omitted. (Note: There is not much difference between who and WHO, so it can be used universally. )

Mr. Liu is the man you talked about on the bus.

Mr. Ling is just the boy I want to see.

The man you met just now is my friend.

Note: the relative pronoun who is often replaced by who in spoken and informal style and can be omitted.

If you are the object in a clause, use who or who. For example, he is the man with whom I talked.

If you are the subject of a clause, you can only use who. For example, he is the man who has an English book.

3.which refers to the object, which is the subject or object in the attributive clause, and can be omitted when it is the object.

(1) Football is a sport that most boys like.

This is the pen that he bought yesterday.

4. when that refers to people, it is equivalent to who or who; When referring to something, it is equivalent to which.

Being the subject or object in the attributive clause can be omitted when being the object.

The number of people visiting this city increases by one million every year.

Where is the man I saw this morning?

Whose usually refers to people or things and is used as an attribute in attributive clauses.

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) The house I used to live in is often replaced by the following structure.

The classroom whose door is broken will be repaired soon.

Do you like that yellow book?

Do you like the yellow book?

[Edit this paragraph] (4) Note

Attributive clause guided by preposition+relative pronoun When relative pronoun is used as preposition object in attributive clause,

Clauses are usually guided by prepositions and relative pronouns.

The school where he once studied is very famous.

The school where he once attended is very famous.

I will bring the magazine you want tomorrow.

I will bring a magazine you want tomorrow.

We are going to listen to the famous singer we often talk about.

We are going to listen to the famous singer whom we often talk about.

Note: 1. Verb phrases containing prepositions are generally not used until they are opened, such as looking for, looking after, taking care of, etc.

This is the watch I am looking for. (t = correct)

This is the watch I am looking for. (f = error)

2. If the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun, the relative pronoun refers to the person with whom, not with whom or that; ; When referring to things, use which, not that；; When the relative pronoun is possessive, use who

The man with whom you are talking is my friend. (ton)

The man you are talking to is my friend. (6)

Our plane to Canada is very comfortable. (ton)

Our plane to Canada is very comfortable. (6)

3. "Preposition+relative pronoun" can be preceded by some, any, none, both, all, next, most, each, worry and other pronouns or numerals.

He loves his parents deeply, and they are all very kind to him.

There are many apples in the basket, some of which have gone bad.

There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.

relative pronoun

Relative pronouns (generally) can be used as subjects in clauses, and they are the objects of verbs, not prepositions.

Which refers to a thing, which is used as subject, predicate or object in a clause;

Who is the subject in the clause;

Who is the attribute in the clause;

Where modifies nouns indicating places in clauses as adverbials of places;

When usually modifies the noun indicating time in the clause as an adverbial of time;

Why is the adverbial of reason in a clause, and the antecedent is usually "reason"

Sometimes why can also be changed to for+which.

Doctors are people who take care of people's health.

________ ___ ________ ____________

Precedent subject predicate object

|________________________|

Attributive clauses modify antecedents.

[Edit this paragraph] (5) Attributive clauses guided by relative adverbs

1.when refers to time and is used as an adverbial of time in the attributive clause.

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to school.

(2) When we were together, it finally came.

2.where refers to the place and is used as an adverbial of place in the attributive clause.

Shanghai is the city where I was born.

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3.why refers to the reason, as an adverbial of reason in the attributive clause.

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

Note: Clauses guided by relative adverbs can be replaced by clauses guided by "preposition+relative pronoun"

The reason why he refused the invitation is not clear.

From the year he went to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

Great changes have taken place in this city. /Where I was born.

[Edit this paragraph] (6) Judging relative pronouns and adverbs

Method 1: Whether to use a relative pronoun or a relative adverb depends entirely on the predicate verb in the clause. If there is no object behind the intransitive verb, you should use a relative adverb or preposition plus a relative pronoun; When transitive verbs are followed by objects, relative pronouns are needed. For example:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I will never forget the day when I worked with you.

Judge and correct the mistakes (note: show the questions first, then the answers, cross the lines; It is represented by different colors. )

This is the mountain village that I visited last year.

I will never forget the days I spent in the country.

This is the mountain village that I visited last year.

I will never forget the days I spent in the country.

It is customary to associate nouns representing places or times with relational adverbs where and when. These two problems lie in the misuse of relative words.

Method 2: Accurately judge the antecedent components (subject, predicate, object, definite, form) in the attributive clause, and also correctly select relative pronouns/adverbs. Example 1. Did you visit this museum the day before?

A. which place

Example 2. Is this the museum where the exhibition is held?

A. the answer is:

Example 1 D, example 2 A

1 become affirmative: This museum was visited by you the other day. This is an exhibition held by the museum.

In the sentence 1, is should be followed by a predicate, only the one can, and you visited the attributive clause of one the other day.

In the second sentence, there are subject, predicate and object, and the clause part is an adverbial of the sentence, indicating the place. Due to the museum phrases of adverbs where and in, the preposition in+ can guide the locative adverbial. The preposition on in this question is not used correctly, so choose a.

The choice of related words is based on the components in clauses. When antecedents are used as subjects, definite articles and objects in clauses, they choose relative pronouns (who, Who, that, which, Who).

When the antecedent is used as an adverbial in a clause, we should choose relative adverbs (where adverbial, when adverbial, why adverbial).

[Edit this paragraph] (7) Preposition+relative words

The relative words after the preposition 1 cannot be omitted.

2) There can be no preposition before 2)that.

3) Some "preposition+relative words" structures that act as adverbials of time, place or reason in clauses can be interchanged with relative adverbs when, where and why. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

This is the reason why he is late.

[Edit this paragraph] (8) Precedents and relational words are combined into one.

1) Whoever spits in public places will be punished. No matter who can be replaced, parents will give everything to send their son to a technical school. (What can all these replace?)

But these two sentences are not attributive clauses, but nominal clauses. Because attributive clauses must have antecedents, while nominal clauses do not. Replace "whoever" and "what" with "whoever" and "all that" respectively, and the antecedents are "anyone" and "all" respectively.

[Edit this paragraph] (9) Non-restrictive attributive clauses guided by 9)as and which

Non-restrictive attributive clauses guided by as and which, as and which can replace the whole main clause, which is equivalent to and this or and that. As is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, while which is in a sentence.

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.

It is important for us that the sun heats the earth.

Typical example

1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, which surprised her.

A.which one is he

Answer C. This is a non-restrictive clause and cannot be modified by that, but that. It and he make the latter sentence into one sentence, and two independent sentences cannot be connected by commas alone. Besides, there is no point in choosing him.

As a result, the weather was very good, which was beyond our expectation.

A.which c. d. it

Answer B.

What can be used instead of sentences, in non-restrictive attributive clauses, and what can't. That can't be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses, nor is it a conjunction, which makes it impossible to merge two sentences connected by commas in English grammar.

It rained so hard yesterday that I couldn't go to the park. ..

A. which c is d?

Answer B.

As and which refer to all the meanings expressed in the main clause when guiding the non-restrictive attributive clause, which can be used as both subject and object in the attributive clause. But there are two main differences:

(1) as-guided attributive clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but which can't.

(2) When As stands for the whole preceding main clause and is the subject in the main clause, the predicate in the main clause must be a copula; If it is a behavioral verb, the relative pronoun in the clause can only be used which.

In this question, prevent is a behavioral verb, so the correct option should be B.

Applicable legislation of As

1. Same as …; As is a fixed structure, just like …

I have the same trouble as him.

Example 2. As can lead to non-restrictive clauses, often used with as.

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.

As is a relative pronoun. For example, 1 is the object of understanding;

As the subject of a clause in Example 2, the predicate verb know should be passive.

First, the antecedent of the special attributive clause "as/which"

1. Adjectives or adjective phrases can be used as antecedents, and prepositional phrases with adjective meaning can also be used as antecedents, such as:

My grandmother's house has always been very important to me, just like my own house.

In a certain language environment, some nouns can have the nature of adjectives. These nouns mainly express people's identity, occupation and status. It is worth mentioning that after these adjectives, the relative pronoun that leads the attributive clause cannot be who/who.

2. Verb phrase antecedents

This verb phrase has two forms: finite and indefinite. If it is a dynamic verb phrase, it is generally replaced by the finite or unqualified alternative verbs do and as/which in the clause. Do may or may not appear, but it cannot be replaced by other verbs.

3. Sentences as antecedents

This sentence can be the whole main clause or just a clause in the main clause. Sometimes it is several sentences in a row, and sometimes it can even be a complete story.

Second, the position of the "as/which" special attributive clause in the sentence.

Due to the different components of antecedents, the position of the "as/which" special attributive clause in the sentence is as follows:

1. When adjectives are used as antecedents, adjectives or adjective phrases (including nouns with adjective nature) are used as antecedents, and the special attributive clause "as/which" is put after the antecedents.

2. When the verb phrase is the antecedent: when the verb phrase is the antecedent, put the special attributive clause "as/which" after the antecedent. However, when the clause contains an insertion element expressing subjective will, the special attributive clause "as" can be moved to the first sentence.

3. When the sentence is the antecedent, the position of the "as" special attributive clause is flexible and can be placed before, during or after the antecedent. However, if the antecedent is a direct speech, the "as" special attributive clause usually precedes the antecedent. If the antecedent is a negative sentence, the different relative positions of the "as" special attributive clause and the negative word can make it have different meanings. Because the special attributive clause "as" has this feature, sometimes its position cannot be moved casually. In informal style, a special attributive clause "which" can appear in antecedents.

Thirdly, the semantic function of the special attributive clause "as/which"

Generally speaking, as and which have the same semantic function and can be replaced with each other. But when the antecedent is a sentence, their semantic functions are different.

1. indicates the result.

There is a certain causal relationship between the special attributive clause indicating the result and its antecedent, and words with the meaning of the result are often used in the clause, such as verbs result, make, enable, cause and adjectives interested, surprising, charming, disaster, etc.

Step 2 express opinions

Special attributive clauses that express comments tend to affirm the correctness of the facts stated by antecedents, and are usually used with antecedents that express objective facts, universal truths or some habits; Clauses are often used to mean "conforming to the laws of nature", "well-known" or "frequently occurring", such as natural, well-known, common and so on.

3. Does it have adverbial meaning?

The special attributive clause of "as" has adverbial meaning (mainly modal adverbial meaning), while the special attributive clause of "which" has no adverbial meaning. The adverbial meaning of the "as" special attributive clause requires that it be consistent with the semantics of the antecedent, while the "which" special attributive clause is not limited by this.

Fourthly, the syntactic functions of relative pronouns as and which.

1.as/which is the subject of a special attributive clause.

When as is the subject, the predicate verbs are often conjunctions (mainly be, seem), and the subject complements are usually, rules, facts, etc. The conjunction verb be is often omitted. Behavioral verbs are generally used in the passive voice when they are used as predicates of "as" special attributive clauses (among which the auxiliary verb be is often omitted), while intransitive verbs are rarely used as predicates in "As" special attributive clauses, and the word "occurrence" is often used. For example:

As expected, Freddie attended the meeting.

When Which is the subject, the predicate verb is unrestricted, and the subject can be passive, but the auxiliary verb be is omitted when the predicate verb is passive.

Both as and which can be used as objects in special attributive clauses.

3.as and which are complements in special attributive clauses. For example:

We think he is a gentleman, but he can never be.

Subject-predicate inversion can be used in the special attributive clause "as", but not in the clause "which".

If the antecedent is not the subject complement or the object complement, the relative pronoun uses which instead of as. For example:

He speaks like a native, but he doesn't.

4. Attributive in special attributive clauses.

It can be used as an attribute in special attributive clauses to modify nouns such as facts, things and things. These nouns represent the meaning expressed by antecedents, sometimes omitted, and the meaning of the sentence is still complete. As cannot be used as an attribute. For example:

I was told not to take the train, but to take the bus, and I followed the advice.

[Edit this paragraph] (10) Usage of the relative pronoun that

Without this.

(1) When guiding non-restrictive attributive clauses.

This tree, which has been hungry for four years, is very famous here.

(b) cannot be used after prepositions.

We depend on the land for food.

We depend on the land where we get food.

(2) Only that can be used as a relative pronoun of the attributive clause.

In the sentence pattern have, only that is used instead of which.

(b) In indefinite pronouns, what any, nothing, the one, all, much, worry, any, little, etc. Used as a antecedent, but with that instead of which.

(d) When the antecedent is ordinal, numerals and adjectives are superlatives, and only that is used. .