Directory is the general name of directory. "Mu" refers to the title of an article or a book, and "Lu" is the explanation and arrangement of "Mu". The predecessors distinguished "Mu" and "Lu". Together, it is called a "directory". Selected Works of Zhaoming was appointed as Fan Shixing's memorial tablet for Taizai. "Shan Li Notes" quoted Liu Yu's "Seven Outlooks" as saying: "There is a catalogue of moss in the history books", which shows that Liu Xiang has used the word "oral record" when proofreading books. There is also a sentence in Han Shu Ban Yin Biography: "Love catalogue, slightly preface Hong Lie, narrate ten artistic and literary records", which shows that the word "catalogue" has been used as a noun as early as the Han Dynasty. In modern Chinese, the meaning of the word "catalogue" is: First, it is the abbreviation of "book diary". This catalogue records the titles, authors, publications and collections of books in a certain order, and is a tool to reflect the library model, guide reading and retrieve books. The second refers to what I wrote before the text of the book. In addition, according to a certain subject, a bibliography compiled for special research or a recommended bibliography introducing excellent reading materials to the masses is generally called a bibliography, and sometimes it is also called a catalogue.
Ancient scholars in China should be at the forefront of the world in their research on bibliography. Liu Ji's Seven Views in Han Dynasty was earlier than the first book classification in Europe-Vientiane Book Classification compiled by Swiss Jituna, who is known as the father of western bibliography 1500 years ago. Scholars in the past attached great importance to bibliography and knowledge about catalogues. Wang Mingsheng, a famous textual research scholar in Qing Dynasty, wrote in On the Seventeen Histories: "The most important thing in reading is the study of catalogues. Only when the catalogue is long can you learn; Unknown, always chaotic. " He also said: "The study of the catalogue is the first important thing in learning. You must ask for directions from now on before you can go in. " Catalogue is also very important for sorting out ancient documents. Yu Aixi, a famous Japanese bibliographer, summed up six functions of bibliography in textual research of ancient books in Introduction to Bibliography: one day, whether there is a catalogue or not, whether the book is true or false; Two, the classification of archaeological books in the daily catalogue is exempted for three days, and the nature of ancient books is determined by the number of parts recorded in the catalogue. On the fourth day, the lost books were examined by the catalogue, and on the sixth day, the authenticity of archaeological books was determined by the number of names deleted from the daily catalogue. Teacher Yu's above assertion is of far-reaching significance to school staff. For researchers, the catalogue is also a powerful assistant and work quotient. For the classification and description of books, it is helpful to use the catalogue to consult all the books. Close the books and materials, "that is, seek books by class and learn by books"; The daily records of the same team can also show the origin and genre of cultural studies, so that people can learn from them, which is undoubtedly of great significance to the research work. In the process of studying, sorting out and using historical documents, we must seriously study and study the catalogue, especially the catalogue of historical departments.
When did China's catalogue originate? The appearance of the catalogue is based on the accumulation of certain documents. According to the excavation and research on the Oracle bones lining in Xiaotun, Anyang in recent decades, we know that there are a certain number of Shang documents. The Oracle Bone Inscriptions F accumulated in Fj plane is a part of the literature records at that time. From the hair collar of Yin Ruins, it can be seen that the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of each cave has a certain age, which is usually based on the time when a Shang king was in power. Oracle bones in a cave have a certain order, methods and procedures, and corresponding symbols or numbers are arranged, which should be said to be closely related to the production of catalogues.
However, in the slave society, because the cultural classics are in the hands of the government, the circulation scope is limited and the writing tools are backward, which is not conducive to the development of bibliography. At the same time of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the transition from slave society to feudal society and the development of productive forces, academic research was unprecedentedly active, forming a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend". The old "learning in the official" was gradually broken, and books and materials with inscriptions, simple cores and embroidery as carriers increased greatly. People from fL class and all walks of life in society demand to sort out and catalogue documents for different purposes. It is under this historical condition that Confucius began to sort out the literature. According to records, he compiled Yi, revised Chunqiu, compiled poems and books, and ordered N and Yue. At the same time of this sorting work, Confucius is actually engaged in daily recording work: first, selecting documents, such as selecting more than 300 poems from 3000 poems; First of all, it is classified by various methods, such as wind by region, elegance by time and easiness by function; The third is to write a summary, such as "Poetry" and 6 15b Yao Xu; The four legs define the order of each box of six meridians. What is particularly worth pointing out here is that the literature classics of our gang, from the big preface and small preface made by 7L Zi in deleting the Six Classics, to the list of hundreds of white prefaces made by Jian Zi in the Warring States Period, and then to the book catalogue of Liu Xiang's proofreading books, all reflect the formation process of Ding Wo's four catalogues. Those big prefaces, small prefaces and self-names already played the role of "content summary" at that time, which were actually important contents of the catalogue.
Follow in the footsteps of Confucius. There used to be some works whose titles implied the content, such as All Love in Mozi, which revealed the content of the article. At the same time, there were some works classified according to the author, such as Zhuangzi, in which the self-written part was an internal article, and the later authors were classified as external articles and miscellaneous articles. With regard to the "preface" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, the "summary" in Push Nanzi is more complete than the previous "big preface" and "small preface", which is almost a daily record of a book. It can be seen that China's catalogue sprouted in the pre-Qin period and originated from the preface of Poems and Books.