From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to microfilm.

As early as 3,000 years ago, China had Chinese characters. These articles

Words are engraved on tortoise shells and flat animal bones.

The so-called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. These words, until

1899.

It was the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, and there was a man named Wang.

The official is ill. He knows how to treat diseases, and every time he catches medicine,

I have to see for myself and suffer for myself. On one occasion, he accidentally

I found a lot of good drugs called "keel".

He is surprised at things like words. So I put this medicine

All the shops engraved with the word "keel" were bought and used.

His profound attainments in ancient Chinese characters in China proved this point.

Some "keels" are tortoise shells and cattle left over from the Shang Dynasty.

The scapula, the words engraved on it are the words used at that time.

Words. On these Oracle bones, the Yin Dynasty is recorded.

Sacrifice, war, agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, meteorology,

General situation of political organization and cultural life. After ...

People used to call this kind of writing Oracle Bone Inscriptions. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions can.

It is said to be the embryonic form of the book.

It was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than two thousand years ago.

Appeared. At first, people wrote on bamboo or wood chips.

Actually, these wood chips or bamboo chips are called Jane or Xie. Bazhumu

The board is divided into strips with the same length and width (usually 5 inches to 2 inches).

Feet long), flat, with a knife or with a lettering machine on it.

Writing in watercolor pen, each piece can write 8 to 14 words. Someone put Jane.

Twisted with hemp rope, silk rope or pimp, it is called

To be a "book", you should also write a "strategy". What is the word "book" like?

A bamboo slip with a rope in the middle. Legend has it that Confucius was killed.

Diligence has actually broken this kind of pimp.

Time.

This heavy book is of course extremely inconvenient to use.

It is said that Qin Shihuang inspected 120 Jin bamboo slips every day.

Heavy. In the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo wrote an article to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

This article uses 3000 pieces of bamboo slips.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, books written on silk books appeared. this

This kind of book is called silk. It can be rolled up, and a book is it.

A roll or several rolls of silk, with a wooden stick as the axis, is also called it.

Scroll. Later, "Juan" became a quantifier of books. People often say

It is here that "it is beneficial to open books" and "reading thousands of books" began.

Here it is. This kind of book is lighter than bamboo slips, but the cost is too high.

Easy to be widely adopted.

The invention of paper provided an ideal material for the development of books.

There was a man named Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty who improved papermaking in the Western Han Dynasty.

Technology, so there appeared a book copied with paper. This kind of book also

It is a roll, light and applicable, low in cost and easy to store.

Convenient, so it has been used until today. However, handwritten copy

Writing paper books was very troublesome, and later it developed into block printing: block printing.

Print one side well, and a set of wood blocks can print hundreds of copies.

Thousands of books. The earliest woodcut book preserved now.

The book is the Diamond Sutra written by Xian Tong in the Tang Dynasty for nine years, and it is hidden in Britain.

National Museum.

Block printing is of poor quality and low efficiency. Carve a set of books.

It takes several years, and a book needs to be carved with many boards, which takes up a lot of space.

It is not easy to correct mistakes when measuring the stock of houses. Song chaoqing

Many years later, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. Using cohesive clay

Make it into thick blocks, carve it word by word, and burn it with a torch.

It's hard. When you print a book, you put the movable type blocks one by one according to the manuscript.

Order, on iron plate, with rosin, wax and paper.

Glue them together with something like ash and flatten the words with a flat plate.

The whole can be printed. Movable type printing is fast and of high quality.

Ok, it's easier to make dishes. You can correct mistakes whenever you find them.

Positive. After printing, take off the plate and the movable type can continue to be used.

This is an epoch-making reform in the history of printing.

In modern times, with the development of paper industry and printing technology

Improvement of printed books, such as mimeograph, lithograph, lead

Printing, color offset printing, photocopying and xerography, etc.

There are all kinds of books.

With the wide application of electronics and laser technology, in recent years,

There are many wonderful books, such as audio books.

Books, "TV Record" books, pop-up book, mini-books.

Books, etc.

A talking book is a book with miniature records or records in it.

The tapes, some with pronunciation codes printed at the bottom of the text, passed.

Electronic musical instruments can be simplified to human voices. Some children

Reading materials, with miniature records and stylus on the back cover. stylus

After touching the record, you can listen to it while it is spinning.

The voices of the characters in the book.

What's more interesting is a book called TV Record, which also

It is called "video disc". It looks like an ordinary record. This is the pass.

A special laser method is used to record images and sounds.

Connect the player to the TV while watching the video disc.

, you can restore images and sounds. According to learning and

The need for research can also stop the picture at any time. appear

The version of important academic books or papers can record some difficult-to-understand principles and difficult-to-see experiments.

On the video disc, it is sold with the book. Video discs can not only show things.

Body movements can also show many subtle phenomena. compare

Such as photosynthesis of plants, molecular movement of substances, and even

Nuclear rupture and other situations can be represented by animation.

Show.

There is also a book with three-dimensional illustrations. Open the book, in the book.

People and animals will stand up, vividly on the paper, lifelike.

There are not only many kinds of books, but also more and more.

Small. "Microfilm" is one of them. It uses photography.

A machine restores books or materials to film, usually the original book.

The size is 1/48. When in use, it can be played through a reader.

Return to the original size. In fact, this kind of microfilm technology, as early as

It was used in the Franco-Prussian War in the19th century, when France

The spy reduced a piece of information with more than 3000 pages to one.

On a few inches of film, the homing pigeon was taken back to Paris.

Miniature books are very convenient to save and use. If you put 1 10,000 species,

Each book is 6.5438+0.5 million words together, and the total weight is great.

There are about 5 tons, and the microfilm is only 15 kg.

Science is developing, and books are constantly evolving and becoming more and more abundant.

Rich nutrition nurtures people who study hard.