1, in general:

Gunpowder, compass, papermaking and movable type printing are the most representative scientific and technological achievements in ancient China.

2. The emergence and spread of the four great inventions:

(1) papermaking. In the early Western Han Dynasty, China already had paper. Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved papermaking, which was called Cai Hou Paper. The invention and improvement of papermaking is a great revolution in writing materials.

(2) printing. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, block printing appeared in China. Song dynasty is the golden age of block printing, and people have used color overprinting technology. Bi Sheng, a commoner in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing with cement.

(3) gunpowder. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The earliest gunpowder weapons were muskets, rockets and artillery. In order to resist the attacks of Liao, Xixia and Jin, gunpowder was widely used in Song Dynasty.

(4) compass. The earliest guider in the world was invented by China during the Warring States Period. Later, people used the characteristics of magnetic conductivity to make a compass. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was used for navigation.

(5) communication.

A papermaking technique was introduced into Europe by Arabs, which promoted the development of European culture.

The introduction of gunpowder into Europe promoted the development of gunpowder weapons in Europe and accelerated the decline of feudal system in Europe.

The use of C-compass promoted ocean navigation and ushered in the era of geographical discovery.

D Europeans also borrowed from China's printing technology and built their own movable type printing machines, which promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, and promoted ideological emancipation and social progress.

Second, "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" and abacus calculation

1, Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which adopted the most advanced decimal notation in the world at that time and was the most advanced applied mathematics work in the world at that time. It marks the formation of a complete mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.

2. abacus

Pearl algorithm composes smoothly, with decimal notation, and the operation is flying. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the application of abacus was popularized and developed. By the Ming Dynasty, the bead algorithm had spread to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and even other parts of the world.

Three, stone catalog and armillary sphere

1, China is one of the earliest countries in the development of astronomy.

2. The astronomical observation records in ancient China are recognized as the oldest and most systematic in the world.

3. Compiled the earliest catalog in the world.

4. The stone catalog is the oldest existing catalog in the world, which holds the equatorial coordinate data of more than 100 stars, and has important reference value for astronomical research.

In order to better observe the astronomical phenomena, many advanced astronomical observation instruments were created in ancient China, such as armillary sphere and simple instruments.

Fourth, Chronological Calendar and Four Agricultural Books.

1, China Xia Dynasty had a calendar called "Xia Zhengxiao", which was improved to lunar calendar in Shang Dynasty.

2. In Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing compiled Timekeeping Calendar, which was the best calendar in ancient China. 3. Four agricultural books.

(1) the imperial edict of Xi in the Western Han Dynasty;

(2) The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty;

(3) Wang Zhen's agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty;

(4) The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration by Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty;

(5) Features: It is one of the four outstanding agricultural books in ancient China. The Book of Qi Yao Min is the earliest, the most complete and the most systematic ancient agricultural scientific work in China.

Five, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Compendium of Materia Medica

1. Huangdi Neijing compiled by the Western Han Dynasty is the foundation stone of Chinese medicine.

2. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's monograph Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Creatively put forward the method of syndrome differentiation and treatment, laid the theoretical foundation of clinical science of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations, and was praised as a treasure book by later doctors.

3. Li Shizhen's magnum opus Compendium of Materia Medica has made outstanding contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. It is a systematic summary of traditional Chinese medicine before16th century. Known as the encyclopedia of oriental medicine.