Rhetoric is a way or method to improve language expression by modifying and adjusting sentences and using specific expressions. There are many common figures of speech, and the college entrance examination syllabus clearly requires the following eight kinds: metaphor, analogy (divided into personification and imitation), metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and so on.

Generally speaking, metaphor, exaggeration and personification are linguistic categories; Duality, parallelism and repetition are structural classes; Rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions emphasize mood categories. The meanings, functions and expressive effects of these eight figures of speech are different. Let's make a brief summary.

1. Metaphor:

It is a rhetorical method to explain another abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar thing or situation with a specific, simple and familiar thing or situation.

Function: For example, it helps people to understand easily. Used for narration, explanation and description, it can make things vivid, vivid, concrete and concise, giving people a vivid impression; When used in discussion, it can make abstract truth concrete and profound truth easy to understand.

Metaphor consists of three parts: <1÷ ontology ÷2÷ vehicle ÷3÷ metaphor (the biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicle, personification does not. )

Metaphor can be divided into three forms: metaphor, metaphor and metonymy. The form of simile can be simplified as: a (ontology) such as (metaphor: like, like, if, Jude, like, like) b (vehicle). The form of metaphor can be simplified as follows: A is B (metaphor: Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng). Similes are similar in form, while metaphors are consistent. Metonymy: only vehicles appear, but noumenon and figurative words do not appear. Sparrows know the ambition of swans! See the table below for details:

kind

trait

thing-in-itself

Metaphorical vocabulary

vehicle

example sentence

simile

Axiangwan

appear

Love, love, love, love, love, love, love, love.

appear

That little girl is like a flower.

metaphor

A is B.

appear

Become, become

appear

The thick green scenery is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.

metonymy

A generation

Didn't appear

not have

appear

Numerous arrows shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls landed on the roof.

Sense of attachment

The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.

Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty. The most typical example: "The breeze passes by, bringing a faint fragrance, like a faint song on a tall building in the distance." (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) Incense is the sense of smell, and singing is the sense of hearing. The author communicates two feelings, namely synaesthesia.

In addition:

"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell passes through the rain curtain and clouds, so it is "wet", and the touch and hearing are interlinked.

"Kindness is like a drum piano, towering like a mountain, and soup is like running water" ("Lv Chunqiu? Ben Wei) listens to the sound of the piano and knows that he is aiming at mountains and running water. Hearing and vision are interlinked.

2. Analogy:

With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things. Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.

Function: bright colors, vivid images and rich ideograms. It can make readers have a vivid impression on the things expressed, produce strong feelings, cause * * * sounds, and make the article more vivid.

(1) personification:

Write things as people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.

Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. Example:

< 1 > Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in bloom. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing

< 2 > Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. -"The Hope of Spring" Du Fu

< 3 > The sun blushed. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing

(2) Quasi-things (borrowing things to describe people):

(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing. Example:

< 1 > The crowd rushed up in despair.

Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

(2) write things A as things B. Example:

The volcano let out a roar.

< 2 > not far away, they saw a man's face under the generous lotus leaf and his lower body growing in the water. ("Lotus Lake" Sun Li)

3. Metonymy:

Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead. Types of metonymy: features replace things, concreteness replaces abstractness, parts replace whole, and whole replaces parts. Method:

Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.

(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.

If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. -"Looking at the Tianmen Mountain" (2) Characteristic Generation Ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).

For example, the compass turned around angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ...-"Hometown"

③ Concrete generative abstraction

For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. -"meiling three chapters"

(4) Tool replaces ontology.

For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. -"Yu Qian Fan"

(5) proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.

For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! -"The Last Speech"

4. exaggeration:

Rhetorical method of deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the description of the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.

Function: it can arouse rich imagination, better highlight the characteristics of things, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, arouse the associative effect, and arouse readers' strong sense of * * *.

(1) exaggeration: exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.

Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned.

(2) reduce exaggeration: reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.

You can only see a world the size of a palm.

(3) Exaggeration in advance: what appears after saying appears first, and what appears first appears after saying.

She was drunk before she served her glass.

5. Duality:

A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same or similar structure and symmetrical meaning are arranged symmetrically to express two opposite or similar meanings.

Function: Formally, the syllables are neat and symmetrical, with strong sense of rhythm, easy to remember and beautiful melody; The content is concise and concentrated, with strong generality.

Main methods:

"1" is right. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.

For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.

< 2 > objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.

For example, frown at thousands of people and bow your head as a willing ox.

< 3 > series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has dual forms, such as inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.

Example: I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.

6. Parallelism:

Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.

Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic and organized, and be more conducive to expressing strong feelings (or enhancing the expression effect). Accustomed to reasoning, can explain the truth more closely and thoroughly; Used to express feelings, can express feelings to the fullest.

Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

7. ask questions:

In order to attract the attention of others or highlight what is said, express it in the form of questions. That is, deliberately ask questions first and then answer them yourself.

Function: The overall function is to attract attention and inspire readers to think. Used in the title, it can attract readers, inspire readers to think and better reflect the center of the article; Used at the beginning or end of a paragraph, it can not only arouse thinking, but also play a transitional role in connecting the preceding with the following; When used in argumentative writing, the argument can be deepened and the context is clear. Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; Can better describe the ideological activities of the characters; You can also express your feelings tactfully, arouse readers' thinking and attention, and understand the theme.

Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):

Express definite meaning in the form of questions, express negation in the form of affirmative questions, express affirmation in the form of negative questions, and only ask without answering. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.

Function: express clearly, strengthen tone, make people think deeply, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.

As for me, don't I have anything to blame?

In the practical application of the above figures of speech, due to various reasons, there are often some misuses. Therefore, when using them, we must pay attention to the following points:

1. metaphor: apt and vivid; Pay attention to reflect the author's thoughts and feelings; The vehicle of metaphor must be easy to understand;

2. Analogy: it must be the expression of one's strong feelings, and the feelings must be in harmony with the described environmental atmosphere; People and things to be compared, or things and things, should be similar or similar in character, form and action.

3. Metonymy: Metonymy must be clearly representative, so that people can understand the alleged things as soon as they hear it; When using the physical characteristics of characters as loanwords, we should pay attention to the differences in their praise and criticism colors and usage occasions.

4. Exaggeration: Based on objective reality; Be clear, not like exaggeration and facts; Try to be original.

5. Duality: the upper and lower couplets should be consistent in words, structure and syllables, and pay attention to correlation; Try to achieve the unity of form and content.

6. parallelism: we must proceed from the needs of the content, and the form of parallelism cannot be made up. Parallelism is a combination of many items, some of which are full of many items, and some of which are very important in many items, leaving implications and hints for readers to think deeply. Ellipsis should be used at the end of the latter sentence.

In addition, rhetorical devices such as quotation, irony, repetition, pun, etc. It is often tested in the college entrance examination, which is explained below.

1. Reference:

Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) Improving the effect of language expression can be divided into explicit quotation and implicit quotation.

Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.

< 1 > explicit quotation (direct quotation).

For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.

< 2 > dark quotation (indirect quotation).

Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.

2. Irony:

The so-called "irony" uses words or sentences opposite to the original intention to express the original intention, and enhances the expression effect through irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.

3. Repeatedly:

In order to emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, that is, to make the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the needs of expression.

<1> is repeated continuously (there are no other words in the middle).

Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.

< 2 > interval repetition (there are other words in the middle).

For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.

Function: Mainly used in poetry, it plays the role of reciting repeatedly and expressing strong feelings. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can also make the format of poetry orderly, ups and downs, and beautiful language.

4. Pun:

Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.

Function: It can make the language express implicit humor, deepen the meaning and impress people.

"1" is a homophonic pun.

For example, "I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost the willow, and Liu Yang was embarrassed to go straight to the sky." ("Yang" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and "Liu" actually refers to Liu Zhixun)

"Silkworms will weave until they die in spring, and candles will drain the wick every night." ("silk" means "thinking" to express the love between men and women)

< 2 > Phonetic pun.

It is a rhetorical way, which deliberately leads to the meaning of one thing and the meaning of another according to the polysemy conditions of words. This rhetoric often appears in two-part allegorical sayings. For example:

Boil jiaozi in the teapot-you can't pour it out if you have a mouth in your heart.

The old lady wears lipstick-I'll show you some colors, some of which show intimate and friendly feelings.

The difference between expression, rhetoric and expression

Many journalists can't distinguish the three concepts of "expression", "rhetoric" and "expression", and they are often confused, which affects their correct answers. Although they all belong to expression skills, there are obvious differences:

1. rhetoric

Any method or means to make sentences more vivid, expressive and artistic can be called rhetoric. Rhetoric is aimed at specific sentences.

There are many kinds of figures of speech with different contents. However, there are eight rhetorical devices (figures of speech) * * * that students are required to master in the syllabus of college entrance examination: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions.

Rhetorical devices in poetry include metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, rhetorical questions, truthfulness and arousal.

⑴ Metaphor: Comparing one thing or situation with another can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and turning abstraction into image. For example, the poem "How many sorrows can there be, just like a river flowing eastward" skillfully compares the abstract "sorrow" to the river flowing eastward, and writes the number and length of sorrow.

Example analysis: Read the following Song Ci, and then answer this question.

Liu zaoqing. Liu sent abroad.

Pan-chrysanthemum (1) cup deep, blowing plum (2) angle far, all in the capital. Gather and disperse in a hurry, lonely geese by the clouds, duckweeds on the water. How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. After dark, I miss you, the dust goes with the horse, and the moon sails.

【 Precautions 】 ① Pan-chrysanthemum: Drink chrysanthemum wine. 2 blowing plum blossoms: hitting plum blossoms.

Q: What methods does the author mainly use to express his feelings? Please elaborate in whole words.

Analysis: This poem mainly uses metaphor. The first part uses the metaphor of "a lonely goose on the cloud and duckweed on the water" to express the pain of parting, and the next part uses the metaphor of "the dust goes with the horse and the moon sails" to express the feelings of missing.

⑵ Metonymy: Borrowing related things instead of expressing things. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.

For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream "Do you know? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " In the poem, "green" and "red" are used to replace leaves and flowers respectively, and to describe lush leaves and withered flowers respectively.

(1) Borrow the signs and features of people (or things) to replace the names of people (or things).

Case study 1: The wine in Zhumen stinks and there are frozen bones on the road. -Du Fu's "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian"

Brief analysis: "Zhumen" refers to the house of dignitaries living in Lishan Palace, which reflects the miserable situation outside the palace gate.

(2) Borrow representative parts of things to replace the whole.

Example analysis: 1: The solitary sail is far away from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows. -Li Bai's Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou

Brief analysis: "sail" originally refers to the tarpaulin hanging on the mast to make the ship move forward through the wind. Here, the poet refers to the whole ship with "sail".

Case Analysis 2: The ashes are gone —— Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.

Brief analysis: "sandalwood" is the mast of the ship, and the paddle is a rowing tool larger than the paddle, which is installed at the stern or beside the ship. We don't use warships here, but ...

(3) replace abstract things with concrete things that exist objectively.

Example analysis 1: ① We raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music. -Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip

Analysis: "Guan" is a flute-like musical instrument, and "string" is a gut or metal line on the musical instrument. Here, the poet refers to music with "pipe" and "string".

Example 2: I think that in those days, Wan Li was swallowed by a tiger-Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow. Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia "

Brief analysis: "Jin Ge" refers to a metal Ge, and "Iron Horse" refers to a war horse equipped with armored armor. Here, "Kingoma Iron" refers to elite troops.