The development of ancient maps-The development history of ancient maps has different characteristics in the East and the West. According to records, the Yellow Emperor of China used a map to fight against Chiyou. During the Xia and Yu dynasties, Dayu cast a map of Jiuding. There are records such as "World Map" and "Land Map" in Zhou Li of Zhou Dynasty, indicating that maps were already used for production and land management at that time. Since the emergence of agriculture in the Yellow River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have been the cradle of ancient oriental culture. It can be said that the development of China map is due to the needs of agricultural life and war. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new mathematical calculation method appeared due to the needs of farmland water conservancy and military engineering. Although the map at that time has not been handed down, it is not difficult to imagine that the map has been widely used. For example, when Confucius saw people engaged in land survey and household registration statistics, he greeted them in the car to show his respect; In order to assassinate the king of Qin, Jing Ke asked for an audience in the name of offering a picture. This shows that the map at that time was an important tool in the hands of rulers. According to records, there were land maps, administrative maps, military traffic maps, world general trend maps, maps of mines and tombs in ancient China. The earliest ancient maps of China that can be seen now are three maps unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in BC 1973, which were buried in BC 168, namely topographic map, garrison map and city map. The scope of the map is similar to that of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and the content and representation are roughly the same as those of modern maps. These maps enjoy a high reputation in the history of map development. With the development of western maps, it is more certain that when agriculture began to exist along the Nile in ancient Egypt, the river flooded the farmland in spring and washed away the boundaries of the fields. In order to redefine the land, a map with mathematical significance has been produced, which graphically represents the land corridor and quantity. In ancient Greece and Rome, due to the development of handicrafts, the development of maps shifted from agriculture to maritime trade and military war. They learned the knowledge of geometry and geography in Egypt, and compiled large-scale, accurate charts and large-scale and small-scale world maps. In the history of ancient map science, there are two world-recognized cartographers. One is Ptolemy of Greece (AD 90- 168), who studied how to depict the spherical surface of the earth on a plane, and put forward two drawing methods of the world map, one is to draw the longitude and latitude lines into a simple sector, and the other is to draw a spherical surface. This drawing method is called map projection. This is a very important foundation and one of the most important contributions of the early west to cartography. Ptolemy discussed the method of determining the shape, size and latitude and longitude of the earth in his book "Geographic Guide", and chose the meridian crossing Ferro Island in the Atlantic Ocean. This method has been used until 1884. He was the first person to draw a map of the world with ordinary conic projection. His works are of epoch-making significance in the history of ancient western maps, and he is called the founder of map science. The other is Pei Xiu (AD 224-27 1) of the Western Jin Dynasty in China. He compiled a map of the region and a topographic map of the abbot. The former is a historical map, while the latter is a simplified map of the State of Jin. He put forward the "six bodies of cartography", that is, the principles of scale, orientation and distance in map drawing, which laid the theoretical foundation of ancient cartography in China. The planning method he adopted had a long-term impact on the pattern of ancient China map drawing, and was highly praised by famous geographers in later generations. To sum up, China's ancient map-making is not inferior to that of the West in practice or theory, and it has unique ideas in the West, so it should be sorted out, instead of belittling itself and humiliating foreigners. Zheng He was a famous navigator in Ming Dynasty. He was born in 137 1. Real name horse, fine print. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he was taken into the palace and served as a waiter for Prince Judy. When he became emperor, he was promoted to the eunuch of the Inner Palace, surnamed Zheng, also known as the "Sambo eunuch". In order to consolidate her dominant position and expand her political influence, Judy resumed the maritime traffic interrupted by the Yuan Dynasty. Zheng He was well-versed in * * * language, and was highly valued by Judy. He was sent to lead the fleet to the Western Seas for seven times. At that time, the so-called western ocean refers to the vast area west of the South China Sea, including the Indian Ocean and coastal areas. Zheng He commanded about 20,000 sailors, soldiers, medical officers, comprador, etc. Many times, and took away more than 100 treasure ships, which were much larger than the three ships with insufficient load 100 tons discovered by Columbus in the New World of America. From 1405 to 1433, seven voyages took 28 years and passed through 37 countries. Zheng He was the first China native to cross the Indian Ocean to reach the east coast of Africa, before Columbus 1492 crossed the Atlantic to reach America and Portuguese da Gama 147 1 year bypassed the Cape of Good Hope to reach the Indian Ocean on the south coast of Africa ...
How was the ancient map drawn?
The map was drawn in ancient China. The following are several representative evolutionary histories from the Three Kingdoms period to the Yuan Dynasty. From the narration, we can know how the ancients measured and drew maps.
China also had the ability to draw nautical charts in the Song Dynasty. Of course, science developed rapidly after the Yuan Dynasty (for example, the hybrid seismograph can measure astronomy). At the same time, the development of foreign science is also wonderful ... (for example, the map of Taiwan Province Province drawn by the Dutch sailing around Taiwan Province Province).
The first monograph on calculation —— Calculation Classics of Islands
The Book of Island Calculations was written by Liu Hui, a mathematician in the Three Kingdoms Period (3rd century BC). When he took notes for nine chapters of arithmetic, he wrote a volume of errors and attached it to the book.
Li Jiang, a mathematician in the Tang Dynasty, listed the heavy differences and named them "Calculating Classics on the Island", which was listed as one of the "Ten Books of Calculating Classics" in ancient China. The nine examples in this book all involve the problem of height measurement and its calculation. These nine examples are: measuring the height of islands (lookout island), measuring the height of pine trees on mountains (lookout pine), measuring the size of cities (lookout city), measuring the depth of gullies (lookout valley), measuring the height of towers above ground (lookout tower), measuring the width of rivers (lookout wave mouth), measuring the depth of clear water pools (lookout Qingyuan) and measuring the width of lakes (from mountains)
In order to solve these problems, Liu Hui put forward specific calculation methods, such as repeated table method, continuous cable method, cumulative distance method and so on. These methods boil down to one point, that is, gravity difference measurement. Gravity difference measurement is a theory and method to measure the height, distance and depth by using simple measuring tools such as moment, watch and rope, according to the proportional internal relationship between the corresponding sides of similar right triangle. Before Liu Hui, Zhao Shuang made a daily height map and put forward gravity difference's measurement theory for the first time when he was annotating the Classic of Weekly Parallel Calculations. In the book Calculation of Islands, Liu Hui skillfully used gravity difference's theory to put forward a variety of specific measurement and calculation methods, which popularized gravity difference's measurement theory.
Island Calculation is an enduring monograph on calculation. Gravity difference's surveying theory and method revealed in detail became the basic basis of ancient surveying, and built a bridge to realize the leap from direct surveying (step or quantity) to indirect surveying. Until today, the theory and method of weight difference measurement still have reference significance in some occasions.
What is "painting six bodies"
Six-body surveying and mapping is the six methods of surveying and mapping put forward by Pei Xiu, a cartographer in Jin Dynasty.
Pei Xiu (AD 224 ~ 27 1) was a well-known person in Hedong (present-day Shanxi). When Emperor Wu of Jin lost the lawsuit, he became prime minister. He looked up the old map left by Wei according to "the Sixth Army passed by, the region was far and near, the mountains and rivers were dangerous, the roads were circuitous and the roads were straight".
Because the old maps were sketchy and the place names changed a lot, he compiled the earliest atlas of China-regional map and topographic local map with the help of the guest scene. He summed up the experience of cartography in the past and put forward six principles of cartography, namely, "six aspects of cartography": one is "fraction", which reflects the ratio of area to length and width, that is, today's scale; The second is "quasi-observation", which is used to determine the mutual orientation relationship between landforms and features; The third is "Dao Li", which is used to determine the distance between the two places; The fourth is "competition", that is, relative elevation; The fifth is "square evil", that is, the fluctuation of ground slope; The sixth is "straightness", that is, the conversion between the fluctuation of the site and the distance on the map.
Pei Xiu believes that the six aspects of cartography are interrelated and extremely important in map making. If the map only has graphics and no scale, it is impossible to compare and measure the distance between the field and the map; If you draw according to the scale, regardless of accuracy, then the accuracy of the map here is ok, and there will be deviations elsewhere; With direction and no road, we don't know the distance between residential areas on the map, just like the barrier between mountains and seas can't be connected; With distance, we can't measure the slope of Fugui Mountain, so the number of paths will be contrary to the reality of distance, and the map is not accurate enough to be used.
The comprehensive application of these six principles has correctly solved the problems of map scale, orientation, distance and their transformation. Therefore, six-body cartography became the basis of China's cartography theory before the Ming Dynasty, and occupied an important position in the history of cartography in China and the world.
Ji Li Fang Hua
"Planning one by one" is a method of drawing maps in proportion. When drawing, the map is first covered with squares, and the length of each side in the square represents the field, which is equivalent to the squares on the modern topographic map; Then draw the map content according to the grid to ensure a certain accuracy. According to written records, this method began with the principle of "six-body diagram" put forward by Pei Xiu in Jin Dynasty. He once compiled a topographic abbot map with a scale of one inch and a hundred miles.
Tang dynasty >>
What method did the ancients use to determine the boundary of the territory and draw it into a map?
The story of Dayu's flood control is a household name. According to the Records of the Historian, he "left the rules and right the rules", holding surveying and mapping tools, "walking mountains and showing trees, setting mountains and rivers". According to legend, Hebo, the god of the Yellow River, once gave Dayu a slate engraved with a map of the Yellow River basin. These are the reflections of the map surveying and mapping at that time. After the flood control, Dayu traveled around the world, designated China's land as Kyushu, and inspected local products and land to determine tributes, thus forming the pre-Qin geographical masterpiece Yu Gong. Since then, "Kyushu" has become synonymous with the land of China, and "Gong Yu" has become a proper term for geographical works.
To draw a map, you must first measure it. The ancients developed many methods from simple to complex.
According to the Spring and Autumn Wei, Emperor Yan, one of the five emperors, traveled hundreds of thousands of miles to measure the earth. Dayu also sent Qiu Zhang to survey the whole territory of Shu Hai from east to west and from north to south. It can be seen that surveying was one of the basic methods of geodesy at that time, so that thousands of years later, some people named the map "Yu Trace Map", which means the footprint of Dayu.
According to Liu Xin's Miscellanies of Xijing in the Western Han Dynasty, there is a kind of rail car that can calculate mileage, which was improved by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This kind of car adopts the principle of differential gear, which rings the drum once every ten miles and the bell once every ten miles, which greatly improves the speed of mileage measurement.
Vertical rod shadow measurement is a method to estimate the distance and position by measuring the length of sun shadow. The specific method is as follows: at noon that day, the watch poles with the same height (generally 8 feet high, equivalent to 1.88 meters) were erected in the north and south directions, and then the shadow of the watch poles was measured. According to "an inch of shadow is a thousand miles away" (the shadow of the sun is an inch, and the distance between the north and the south is calculated. According to Zhou Li, the shadow length from summer to the sun is/kloc-0.
"One inch of a thousand miles" is a rather rough empirical value, which was later denied by the theories and measurements of the southern astronomer He Chengtian, the Sui astronomer Liu Zhuo, the Tang astronomer monk and his entourage, and the Nangong theory.
As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Huainanzi recorded the basic method of measuring the height of the sun. When he arrived in the Three Kingdoms, Zhao Shuang, a native of the State of Wu, drew a map of the sun's height while taking notes on Zhou pian Shu Jing. The sun height map is a schematic diagram for calculating the sun height by measuring the sun shadow at two poles. Using the principle of similar triangles's side length ratio to measure the height of the sun and the long distance between the two places, it provides a method for indirect measurement. Mathematician Liu Hui said: "Anyone who looks extremely high and measures extremely deeply and knows its distance at the same time must use heavy difference." There are nine examples in his book gravity difference, including measuring the heights of islands, pine trees and buildings, measuring the size of cities, measuring the depth of valleys, and measuring the widths of estuaries and lakes.
After the Han Dynasty, the surveying tools such as armillary sphere, moment-covering and star-pulling board were invented one after another, which made the astronomical geodesic activities more active and the methods more precise. The methods commonly used in the pre-Qin period, such as stepping, surveying and vertical polar shadow surveying, still have vitality. In the 10th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1582), Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, came to China and brought western astronomical geodetic methods. In order to compile the calendar, in the second year of Chongzhen (1629), under the auspices of Xu Guangqi, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, the Western Bureau was established, which was attended by westerners coming to China and adopted western calculation methods, and carried out astronomical observations together with the Central Bureau which adopted China's traditional astronomical measurement methods. After five years of preparation, 10 kinds of new instruments, such as quadrant, astronomical clock, horizontal hanging armillary sphere, latitude and longitude celestial sphere, and timing telescope, have been manufactured, and practical observations with the contents of measuring time, azimuth, meridian and arctic height have been implemented. The trend of western methods replacing China and France has emerged. Western modern astronomical surveying and mapping methods were adopted in the national map surveying and mapping in the early and late Qing Dynasty.
Guyuan area map
Direction, Legend and Scale: How did the ancients draw maps?
The painted map of Guyuan House in the late Ming Dynasty is very strange. The whole map is radial, the painter stands in the center, and the map presents its scenes facing all directions. And it is different from the usual direction of going up north and down south. This picture is up east and down west, left north and right south. According to Su Pinhong, deputy director of the Ancient Books Museum of the National Library, it is easy to determine the direction according to the level of ancient science and technology, but the ancients often determined the direction according to actual needs when drawing maps, sometimes with labels and sometimes without labels.
Guang Yu Tu, edited by Mindeiro Hongxian, is evenly divided with a square grid, like modern longitude and latitude lines. According to reports, this is an auxiliary line for drawing maps on a scale in ancient times, and it is called "planning ... > >
What techniques did the ancients use to draw maps?
Look at sinomaps/baike/20031021too long.
Maps have become very popular in modern people's daily life, even to the point where they have to bring maps when they go out. So, when did China start to have maps?
Some people speculate that the origin of maps predates that of words. Because the original image is like a painting, it faithfully draws mountains, roads and trees into the map, which is a guide for hunting and going out to work or travel.
For thousands of years, the fairy tale of "Hebo dedicating a picture" has been widely circulated among Chinese people. Legend has it that Hebo was moved by Dayu's spirit of "three don't enter the house". Hebo is the water god of the Yellow River. In order to control water, I traveled all over the mountains and swamps. Suddenly, one day, he saw Hebo coming from the Yellow River and offering a big bluestone. When I looked carefully, it turned out to be a water control map. With the help of the map, Yu successfully managed the water. Although the "legend" can't confirm the specific time of the origin of the map, it shows from the side that our ancestors used the map about 4 thousand years ago.
According to historical records, maps were born in China as early as 1000 BC. There is a record in Hanshu Jiaoyi Record: "Yu received the gold of nine shepherds and cast Jiuding, such as Kyushu". There is a saying in Zuo Zhuan: "I cherish Xia Fang's virtue, and pay tribute to Jin Jiu for grazing, casting a tripod and making statues, so that people can know the treachery of God." It means that in the heyday of the Xia Dynasty, people from far away painted landscapes, features and animals, and the chief of Kyushu gave Yu Xia maps and some metals as gifts. He took the "Gold of Nine Animals" and threw the paintings drawn by people from far away on a tripod so that people could distinguish various things from these paintings. The article "Get everything ready" clearly shows that this is a picture of a shepherd and a traveler. Unfortunately, the original logistics spread to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, but it was lost because of the war.
According to Zhu, a thinker in Song Dynasty, the classic Classic of Mountains and Seas in later generations evolved from Jiuding Map in Xia Dynasty, and it is also an original map. Mountains, water, animals, plants, minerals, etc. They are all drawn on the "Five Zangs and Three Classics Map" in the classic mountain and sea classics, and marked with the directions, which is a relatively standardized map form. It can be said that China had an original map in the Xia Dynasty.
How were ancient maps drawn?
According to records, the Yellow Emperor of China used a map to fight against Chiyou.
During the Xia and Yu dynasties, Dayu cast a map of Jiuding.
There are records such as "World Map" and "Land Map" in Zhou Li of Zhou Dynasty, indicating that maps were already used for production and land management at that time. Since the emergence of agriculture in the Yellow River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have been the cradle of ancient oriental culture. It can be said that the development of China map is due to the needs of agricultural life and war.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new mathematical calculation method appeared due to the needs of farmland water conservancy and military engineering. Although the map at that time has not been handed down, it is not difficult to imagine that the map has been widely used. For example, when Confucius saw people engaged in land survey and household registration statistics, he greeted them in the car to show his respect; In order to assassinate the king of Qin, Jing Ke asked for an audience in the name of offering a picture. This shows that the map at that time was an important tool in the hands of rulers. According to records, there were land maps, administrative maps, military traffic maps, world general trend maps, maps of mines and tombs in ancient China. The earliest ancient maps of China that can be seen now are three maps unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in BC 1973, which were buried in BC 168, namely topographic map, garrison map and city map. The scope of the map is similar to that of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and the content and representation are roughly the same as those of modern maps. These maps enjoy a high reputation in the history of map development.
In the history of ancient map science, there are two world-recognized cartographers. One is Ptolemy of Greece (AD 90- 168), who studied how to depict the spherical surface of the earth on a plane, and put forward two drawing methods of the world map, one is to draw the longitude and latitude lines into a simple sector, and the other is to draw a spherical surface. This drawing method is called map projection. This is a very important foundation and one of the most important contributions of the early west to cartography. Ptolemy discussed the method of determining the shape, size and latitude and longitude of the earth in his book "Geographic Guide", and chose the meridian crossing Ferro Island in the Atlantic Ocean. This method has been used until 1884. He was the first person to draw a map of the world with ordinary conic projection. His works are of epoch-making significance in the history of ancient western maps, and he is called the founder of map science. The other is Pei Xiu (AD 224-27 1) of the Western Jin Dynasty in China. He compiled a map of the region and a topographic map of the abbot. The former is a historical map, while the latter is a simplified map of the State of Jin. He put forward the "six bodies of cartography", that is, the principles of scale, orientation and distance in map drawing, which laid the theoretical foundation of ancient cartography in China. The planning method he adopted had a long-term impact on the pattern of ancient China map drawing, and was highly praised by famous geographers in later generations.
How did the ancients draw accurate maps?
There should be no accurate map in ancient times, at least not in the modern sense. Accuracy, size, scale, contour line have nothing, how can it be accurate?
How to draw the historical map of China?
Liu hui's island calculation.
Island Calculation is a surveying work written by Liu Hui, a mathematician of Wei State in the Three Kingdoms period. It was originally the continuation and development of the Pythagoras chapter in the ninth volume of Liu Hui's Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic. The book ***9 questions all use measurement to calculate height, depth and distance. The first problem is to calculate the height and distance of the island, hence the name. Island Calculation is the earliest work of surveying mathematics in China, and it also provides a mathematical basis for cartography.
Pei Xiu (224-271) was born in Wenxi, Hedong (now wenxi county, Shanxi) in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and was a minister and scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Wei San rode as a constant servant, Shang Shu as a servant, Jin Guanglu as a doctor, Sikong and Feng Julu as county magistrates, and made a map of Gong Yu, which initiated the study of ancient map drawing in China.
Pei Xiu's greatest contribution to cartography is the six principles of cartography put forward in the preface of Gong Yu Area Map.
Draw six bodies:
One is "fraction", which is used to reflect the ratio of area to length and width, that is, the current scale;
The second is "quasi-observation", which is used to determine the mutual orientation relationship between landforms and features;
The third is "Dao Li", which is used to determine the distance between the two places;
The fourth is "competition", that is, relative elevation;
The fifth is "square evil", that is, the fluctuation of ground slope;
The sixth is "circuitous", that is, the conversion between the fluctuation of the site and the distance on the map.
Note: There are three different interpretations of "six styles": superior, superior, evil and pedantic. Generally speaking, according to the original text and considering the basic rules of cartography, it should be understood as three factors and methods to change the road length between two places (including errors caused by road undulation and bending) into a straight line length on the horizontal plane.
On this basis, Pei Xiu completed 18 regional maps of Gong Yu, which is the earliest historical atlas in China, and the "six painting methods" came from the preface of this book. It's a pity that this book has long been lost.
This "six-body painting" proposed by Pei Xiu was the most scientific and perfect painting theory in the world at that time. In addition to longitude and latitude and earth projection, he proposed almost all the main factors that should be considered in modern cartography.
Jia Dan (730 ~ 805) studied Pei Xiu's six methods and drew the world-famous "Hai Hua Yi Tu". Jia Dan was a geographer and cartographer in the Tang Dynasty. He adopted Pei Xiu's drawing method and organized a painter at the age of 55. It took 17 years to draw a huge map of China in the Tang Dynasty. The width of the map of foreigners in the sea is about 10 square abbot, which is 10 times larger than Pei Xiu's map of topographic abbot, which shows the scale of cartography in Tang Dynasty.
Yi Tu of Haihua is another China map masterpiece after Pei Xiu, which is of great significance in the map history of China and the world. Its main feature is that it pays attention to the textual research of historical geography, and the ancient and modern place names are marked with different colors, creating a precedent for the evolution map of China.
Song Dynasty is a glorious era in the map history of our country. Shortly after the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, the national master map "Chunhua Tianxia Map" was compiled based on more than 400 maps donated from all over the country. In today's forest of steles, there is a stone carved in Shaoxing for seven years in the Southern Song Dynasty, with flowers and pictures on both sides. The picture on the right is a part of the planned Yuji map in the planning map. As can be seen from the graphics of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, the accuracy of the pictures is very high. In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo (A.D. 103 1 ~ 1095) conducted a large-scale leveling, found the existence of magnetic declination, and revised the compass to 24 directions. The map of Shouling compiled by him is an atlas of states and counties in the world, including 20 maps. He is also the author of the scientific book On Meng Xi.
There was no GPS in ancient times. How is the map drawn?
Surveying and mapping maps are generally delineated by the ancients and measured by continuing the occupation or reduction of the previous dynasty.
How did the ancients draw large-scale maps?
In ancient times, the division of national boundaries and frontiers was mainly based on the military strength and value between countries, and the internal division was mainly based on customs or development. There were no contours and scales in ancient times, and the map was mainly about the obvious landmarks of this place, such as mountains and rivers. In what direction and distance, the distance is not many miles, but a few days of walking or riding. After all, this map has not been used by anyone except the army. Now, the ancient map looks more like a strategic map.
How did the ancients make maps?
China also had the ability to draw nautical charts in the Song Dynasty. Of course, science developed rapidly after the Yuan Dynasty (for example, the hybrid seismograph can measure astronomy). At the same time, the development of foreign science is also wonderful ... (for example, the map of Taiwan Province Province drawn by the Dutch sailing around Taiwan Province Province).
The first monograph on calculation —— Calculation Classics of Islands
The Book of Island Calculations was written by Liu Hui, a mathematician in the Three Kingdoms Period (3rd century BC). When he took notes for nine chapters of arithmetic, he wrote a volume of errors and attached it to the book.
Li Jiang, a mathematician in the Tang Dynasty, listed the heavy differences and named them "Calculating Classics on the Island", which was listed as one of the "Ten Books of Calculating Classics" in ancient China. The nine examples in this book all involve the problem of height measurement and its calculation. These nine examples are: measuring the height of islands (lookout island), measuring the height of pine trees on mountains (lookout pine), measuring the size of cities (lookout city), measuring the depth of gullies (lookout valley), measuring the height of towers above ground (lookout tower), measuring the width of rivers (lookout wave mouth), measuring the depth of clear water pools (lookout Qingyuan) and measuring the width of lakes (from mountains)
In order to solve these problems, Liu Hui put forward specific calculation methods, such as repeated table method, continuous cable method, cumulative distance method and so on. These methods boil down to one point, that is, gravity difference measurement. Gravity difference measurement is a theory and method to measure the height, distance and depth by using simple measuring tools such as moment, watch and rope, according to the proportional internal relationship between the corresponding sides of similar right triangle. Before Liu Hui, Zhao Shuang made a daily height map when he annotated the Classic of Weekly Parallel Calculations, and put forward gravity difference's measurement theory for the first time. In the book Calculation of Islands, Liu Hui skillfully used gravity difference's theory to put forward a variety of specific measurement and calculation methods, which popularized gravity difference's measurement theory.
Island Calculation is an enduring monograph on calculation. Gravity difference's surveying theory and method revealed in detail became the basic basis of ancient surveying, and built a bridge to realize the leap from direct surveying (step or quantity) to indirect surveying. Until today, the theory and method of weight difference measurement still have reference significance in some occasions.
What is "painting six bodies"
Six-body surveying and mapping is the six methods of surveying and mapping put forward by Pei Xiu, a cartographer in Jin Dynasty.
Pei Xiu (AD 224 ~ 27 1) was a well-known person in Hedong (present-day Shanxi). When Emperor Wu of Jin lost the lawsuit, he became prime minister. He looked up the old map left by Wei according to "the Sixth Army passed by, the region was far and near, the mountains and rivers were dangerous, the roads were circuitous and the roads were straight".
Because the old maps were sketchy and the place names changed a lot, he compiled the earliest atlas of China-regional map and topographic local map with the help of the guest scene. He summed up the experience of cartography in the past and put forward six principles of cartography, namely, "six aspects of cartography": one is "fraction", which reflects the ratio of area to length and width, that is, today's scale; The second is "quasi-observation", which is used to determine the mutual orientation relationship between landforms and features; The third is "Dao Li", which is used to determine the distance between the two places; The fourth is "competition", that is, relative elevation; The fifth is "square evil", that is, the fluctuation of ground slope; The sixth is "straightness", that is, the conversion between the fluctuation of the site and the distance on the map.
Pei Xiu believes that the six aspects of cartography are interrelated and extremely important in map making. If the map only has graphics and no scale, it is impossible to compare and measure the distance between the field and the map; If you draw according to the scale, regardless of accuracy, then the accuracy of the map here is ok, and there will be deviations elsewhere; With direction and no road, we don't know the distance between residential areas on the map, just like the barrier between mountains and seas can't be connected; With distance, we can't measure the slope of Fugui Mountain, so the number of paths will be contrary to the reality of distance, and the map is not accurate enough to be used.
The comprehensive application of these six principles has correctly solved the problems of map scale, orientation, distance and their transformation. Therefore, six-body cartography became the basis of China's cartography theory before the Ming Dynasty, and occupied an important position in the history of cartography in China and the world.
Ji Li Fang Hua
"Planning one by one" is a method of drawing maps in proportion. When drawing, the map is first covered with squares, and the length of each side in the square represents the field, which is equivalent to the squares on the modern topographic map; Then draw the map content according to the grid to ensure a certain accuracy. According to written records, this method began with the principle of "six-body diagram" put forward by Pei Xiu in Jin Dynasty. He once compiled a topographic abbot map with a scale of one inch and a hundred miles.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jia Dan compiled a map of foreigners in the sea at a speed of 100 miles per inch. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo compiled a map of counties and counties in the world (also known as the map of guarding tombs). Yuan ... >>