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Liang Shiqiu's artistic talent in prose creation, it should be said, really began to shine from "clever essays". After that, he worked tirelessly and eventually became everyone. He began to write prose from 1923, and published a collection of prose from 1927, but there were not many good structures, which did not attract the attention of the world. However, in Yashe's prose, there are many chapters full of charm, which are quite different from other writers' prose styles and emotional appeal. It is no accident that this extraordinary work occupies a place in the history of literature.
However, it was not at the time of its publication that Essays on Elegant Rooms won people's praise. At that time, the country was in crisis and war, and people were rarely interested in it. The core spirit of Essays on Elegant Rooms is to enjoy and cherish life and describe all kinds of worlds and human nature. In the years when people's lives are unstable, how many people have the heart to listen to such words? It didn't rise until the period of stable economic development. Its popularity in Taiwan Province Province began in 1950s. At that time, due to the instigation of the authorities, anti-* * literature was rampant on the island. How can such works be called art? Then there is the proliferation of vulgar works concocted for commercial interests, catering to the mouth and stomach of some bottom citizens. What is the aesthetic value of this thing? However, new literary works since the May 4th Movement were basically banned by the authorities. In this case, Yashe's Essays on Ya Ji Ya Ming (compiled in 1947, which was not published due to the war, and was published by Taipei Zhongzheng Bookstore at the end of 1949) is very precious. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the literature in Taiwan Province Province has made great progress, but as far as prose is concerned, only a few have reached the realm of "elegant house" series. At this time, Liang Shiqiu became famous and was regarded as a great master by Taiwan Province Province. His various prose collections are of high artistic taste, and it is inevitable that they will continue to sell well. It was in the late 1980s that mainland readers came into contact with Liang Shiqiu's long-lost prose again. From the founding of New China to the end of 1970s, the essays of All the Way to Leisure were almost extinct in Chinese mainland, and almost all the works people read had strong political utility, and the lessons were very meaningful. In the 1980s, there were more and more lovable sketches, but it seems that no one has been recognized by everyone. Zhou Zuoren's long-forgotten prose began to be reprinted. However, the works of this old man with bitter tea taste bitter. After all, people who like this bitter taste are limited, and more readers prefer Liang Shiqiu: because of his persistence in life, his attitude towards life is carefree and free, and his words are elegant and humorous. And his works are full of the spiritual characteristics of cherishing limited life and enjoying life with fate, which is quite fashionable. Liang Shiqiu's name soon became a household name.
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Liang Shiqiu's prose began with Essays on Elegant Rooms, which has several outstanding creative characteristics: many of his works have distinct national consciousness and show his patriotic feelings; In his later years, he often showed a strong love for his home and country. This is a ... Second, related to this, this gentleman-like writer often criticizes the current shortcomings with a humorous style. Thirdly, in the materialistic society, he pays attention to pursuing spiritual pleasure, which comes from his efforts to do things for the society and his attitude of being indifferent to fame and fortune and enjoying life with art; Fourthly, he paid attention to and showed human nature, and devoted himself to suppressing evil and promoting good.
When reading Liang Shiqiu's prose, whether it is sentimental chapters or picturesque works, we are always infected by his emotional patriotism. Liang Shiqiu's "inaction" is limited to political aspects. He was disappointed with the political reality. After settling in Taiwan Province Province, the same is true. 1in the spring of 987, when reviewing his life and creation after going to Taiwan, he bluntly said his mentality: "It is hopeless to avoid the land and the sea." [7] But he loves life after all, so he still has a positive attitude in improving the world and people's hearts.
Liang Shiqiu's prose began with Essays on Elegant Rooms, which has several outstanding creative characteristics: many of his works have distinct national consciousness and show his patriotic feelings; In his later years, he often showed a strong love for his home and country. This is a ... Second, related to this, this gentleman-like writer often criticizes the current shortcomings with a humorous style. Thirdly, in the materialistic society, he pays attention to pursuing spiritual pleasure, which comes from his efforts to do things for the society and his attitude of being indifferent to fame and fortune and enjoying life with art; Fourthly, he paid attention to and showed human nature, and devoted himself to suppressing evil and promoting good.
Liang Shiqiu's character is consistent with his literary style. 1937, ethnic conflicts suddenly intensified, and he was blacklisted by the Japanese invaders, which was undoubtedly caused by his keen anti-Japanese propaganda. 1940 65438+ 10, went to the front with Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to express condolences to the soldiers; Under the urgent need of saving the nation from extinction, he presided over the compilation of wartime textbooks for primary and secondary schools, participated in the compilation of popular literary works such as drum music and cross talk with the theme of "promoting Chinese culture and encouraging the fight against the Japanese aggressors", and also spent a lot of energy. After he was old and weak, his daughter Wen Qiang invited them to live in the United States, because he had no one to support him in Taiwan Province Province. He applied for permanent residence and refused to become an American citizen. When asked why, he said, "Americans must swear allegiance to the United States of America. I can't do it. Because I love my China! " 〔8〕
When reading Liang Shiqiu's prose, whether it is sentimental chapters or picturesque works, we are always infected by his emotional patriotism. Liang Shiqiu lived in Qingdao for four years, and he was very attached to this beautiful coastal city. Qingdao was once occupied by colonists. Referring to the former German Reichstag, which overlooks the whole city and the mountains, he wrote: "In any case, although this building is quite magnificent, it does not give a pleasant impression, because it brings us shameful memories." He wrote about the streets of Peiping and the folk customs of the ancient city: those "authentic Peiping people", with birds in cages, almost turned a blind eye to the foreign concession with exceptionally smooth and clean roads and "refused to go into that angry place." In the seemingly calm narrative, we can all feel his admiration for the "authentic Peiping people" with strong national pride. Sightseeing describes his feelings caused by receiving foreign friends in Taipei. He is disgusted with those foreign tourists who are interested in our backward things. There is an article in Seattle Miscellanies, The Dried Bean Curd Storm, in which an American talks nonsense in a book about local customs: "He said that China people eat ape lips, swallow tails, bird tongue soup and fried wolf meat." Liang Shiqiu sneered with disdain: "Overseas anecdotes are so outrageous that I have to be ashamed of my ignorance." These places also show his national pride.
Liang Shiqiu wrote a series of homesick works in his later years. Many of them are in the name of "talking about eating". Ham is one of them. After recalling how he used to eat ham with mainland friends, he finally wrote that he was lucky enough to get a thin, hard but genuine ham from Jinhua, Taiwan Province Province (when the "three links" between the two sides of the strait were not yet open), and his wife took it to the store and asked a familiar boss to share it. After chopping in half, the boss was unconsciously overjoyed: "I haven't smelled this smell for decades!" " "and" I can't put it down when I smell it. "These descriptions vividly and movingly show the homesickness of the people in Taiwan Province Province. Liang Shiqiu and his wife gave him ham claws, and he was overjoyed. " I said to stew a pot of soup when I go home. "The boss's homesickness caused Liang Shiqiu to sing deeply. Liang Shiqiu is not from Zhejiang, but he called Jinhua ham "hometown meat". He actually expressed his love for his motherland by exaggerating his boss's homesickness.
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In Liang Shiqiu's prose, there are many descriptions of the social world, and there are also many works that criticize the shortcomings of the times. This shows that he is dissatisfied with his society. However, judging from the content of his works, he doesn't want to change the social system. He just wants society to keep improving.
What he doesn't like most is officialdom. In Shake Hands, he described all kinds of handshaking scenes, and the most impressive thing was that he described the handshaking posture of "being a big official or thinking of being a big official" in disgust: this kind of person "always sticks out his chest, holds out the palm of a child prodigy and looks at the sky", even if you take the initiative to hold out his hand, "his hand is still rigidly stretched out, but he doesn't hold it. Liang Shiqiu has always hated all kinds of officialdom figures, and he has also rudely ridiculed such a small topic as shaking hands with people who call themselves "public servants". In Facebook, he called an official a "professional error". He also said that this kind of person's face is a "roller blind" face: "There is a face outside, which will roll up like a curtain at the right time to reveal another face. "This kind of person is often indifferent to his subordinates," making you unable to watch the color and unfathomable ",but sometimes he pulls his face like a donkey, making you feel a few feet shorter in front of him; However, "as soon as he saw the boss, the donkey's face was shortened, then it became a flat face, and immediately became a persimmon face, smiling." He sarcastically said that this fickle face is a necessary tool for arrogance and flattery in officialdom. The social environment is dirty, but the officialdom is still there. From Liang Shiqiu's description of the handshake gesture and fickle faces of officialdom figures, readers will probably feel a sense of disgust at the indifference and hypocrisy of interpersonal relationships in official career.
"Gift" describes an event that Liang Shiqiu experienced in Taipei: Mr. Liang of a certain bureau of a government agency lives in the same street with him, and the giver only knows his last name, but not his first name, so he mistakenly gave him a "Liang Yu" gift many times. When questioned, he said, "It would be terrible if Mr. Liang didn't make decisions for us in the bureau." It turns out that this place is one of the common bribery cases in Taiwan Province Province. The author ridiculed: "There is no pig that will not be slaughtered if it is fat." It reveals the ulterior motives of the giver. This article was written by the author. Primitive people came back from hunting and distributed their prey to everyone. At that time, the givers and recipients were very aboveboard, which was in sharp contrast with the furtiveness and ulterior motives of bribers today. The author uses this contrast to deny the current world trend of "people's hearts are not ancient"
Liang Shiqiu's criticism of the disadvantages of the times cuts into all aspects of society. Every time a new idea comes out, people read it because of its appropriateness and humor, and sometimes they even smile and even laugh. His humor is often ironic. However, even satire, involving general social customs, is different from those chapters aimed at officialdom. The officialdom is too dirty, far from the "good government" he hopes, and he often casts a contemptuous glance, and the language is inevitably mean; But when criticizing other worlds, he is always gentle and gentle, showing a gentleman's style.
In Cars, he is full of cynicism about the snobbishness of the world, and he doesn't agree with the social phenomenon whether he owns a car or not. When talking about the fact that many women regard whether the other person owns a car as the basic condition for choosing a spouse, he wrote: "It is also worthwhile to sacrifice other conditions for a car. ..... As for what kind of material the marriage partner is, that is secondary. A husband can weigh 200 pounds, and a car can weigh a ton. Small flaws are too big to judge. " Humorous language, with clear hints. It is a kind warning to those women who put the cart before the horse on the issue of marital conditions. "Modesty" begins with the style of giving up one's seat at a banquet. Every time a guest meets such an occasion, no one will take the lead in showing humility; Then he turned his head to write about the long-distance bus station, where people were "competing for entry and exit". If there is no wooden fence at the ticket office, the order is unimaginable. In sharp contrast, Liang Shiqiu said that he "discovered" one thing: people decide whether they are humble based on their own interests. Attending a banquet and sitting at the end of the table actually "doesn't mean you don't have a bite", so you might as well be modest; But the situation at the long-distance bus station is different. If you are humble, you won't have a good seat, or even a seat. The kind of "humility" that people are used to is actually hypocritical. When he revealed it, he was a little shocked. Humorous writing contains his expectation of building a social civilization with real humility and virtue. I wrote "Zhong" because I felt that the Taipei Municipal Government's "Chongyang respects the elderly" gave every elderly citizen a "Zhong", which was criticized by many people. Critics argue that "Zhong" and "Zhong" are homophones. However, the municipal government did not use scientific principles as guidance, but ridiculously denied that it was a "clock" and renamed it a "timer". This leads the author to think about all kinds of superstitious phenomena that flood the society, and gently ridicule them: if someone forbids children to read books on the mahjong table (the homonym of "book" and "lose"), although reading is a good thing; I also talked about an acquaintance, a rich boy, who posted "a huge upside-down blessing" on his door ("inverted" is the same as "arrived"). I think it won't be long before, "this blessed man rode away on a crane!" " The article also lists a series of ridiculous examples, supplemented by humorous comments, which are full of fun. The author's criticism of superstition is all contained in the eloquent narrative, which is not difficult for readers to understand.
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When reading Liang Shiqiu's prose, we are often infected by his spirit of being indifferent to fame and fortune, ambitious and enterprising. He pays attention to spiritual pleasure. In the article "Mourning for Mr. Qi Rushan", after reviewing the past, he wrote: "I think there are two things that make Mr. Wang most depressed when he is studying: one is his dedicated academic spirit, and the other is his leisurely artistic life." Regarding the second point, Liang Shiqiu made some explanations: "Mr. Qi Lao is a person who really knows the art of life and has a deep love for life"; "Mr. Qi is open-minded and persistent, so he can enjoy life and enjoy life as an art, so he looks like a wild crane in the clouds." He further explained how Qi Rushan "enjoyed life": "He didn't luxuriously enjoy the entertainment of sight and sound, but enjoyed all kinds of social life easily." In fact, Liang Shiqiu himself is just like this. The so-called "enjoying life as art" means that in life, not only as a living person, but also as an aesthetic object, we can look at it with an appreciation attitude, thus enriching our spirit and interest and getting emotional pleasure from it. Many of Liang Shiqiu's essays embody such characteristics, which we can often feel from his narration and description of external things or his own experiences.
The author of the essay "Elegant House" is a humble house in his own country. He lives happily in this secluded residence. The wind is like a gazebo and the rain is like drops. Although there is a phenomenon like "gathering mosquitoes into thunder" here, he is also good at self-resolution: "Mosquitoes disappear naturally in winter", not to mention Mingxia's "Who knows I can't live in an elegant house!" There is a sense of drifting with the times, and it also shows his philosophical attitude of being happy with the times. This attitude should be said to have its positive side during the national disaster. Need to know how many suffering compatriots were displaced at that time! Compared with those dignitaries who are comfortably enjoying the happiness in Qionglou's jade words, Liang Shiqiu, as a well-known scholar and university professor, is so poor and happy that it is particularly valuable. But Liang Shiqiu didn't waste his time in this simple environment. He has done many things that are beneficial to society. The article said: "I have a chair and a couch, both of which I don't want." He leads a comfortable and rich life. It is rainy in Sichuan. Now that the rain is coming, he is calm and relative. The article wrote: "When it rained cats and dogs, wet marks were everywhere on the roof. At first, they were as big as bowls, then they expanded like pots, and then they kept dripping. Finally, the plaster on the roof suddenly cracked like a wonderful flower ... "It's quite poetic. Being indifferent to the phenomenon of "gathering thunder into an array", treating the gypsum cracks on the roof as "like a wonderful flower in full bloom" and enjoying the ups and downs with great interest, doesn't it mean that he takes life as the aesthetic object and looks at various events around him with a free and easy attitude? The author is really open-minded in his personal experience, but he shows no concern for the country and the people at all. After all, it is not in line with the world (not to mention his personal hardship is caused by the national disaster). The sketches written by Liang Shiqiu during the Anti-Japanese War are almost entirely like this, which is a pity.
Liang Shiqiu said that although "Yashe" is a simple house, it "has its own personality." The author of "Elegant Room" also has his own personality. During his stay in Yashe, Liang Shiqiu wrote an essay entitled Poverty, which is quite helpful for us to understand his personality. The article said that people who are poor cannot be short-sighted; The end reads: "The typical poor man is Yan Hui, who only eats and drinks once, but never changes his enjoyment in a mean alley." . Then quote Confucius: "Eat with water, bend with arms, and have fun." This sentence comes from the Analects of Confucius, followed by two sentences he did not quote: "Ill-gotten wealth, letting wealth and fame drift by like clouds." Later, he gave a hint in a "Jin Lu Qu" for the writer Qi Jun: "Rich clouds." It is an important aspect of Liang Shiqiu's personality to value righteousness over profit and be poor without changing his pleasure, which is prominently reflected in many of his essays. He enjoys life without crossing the line. Given that the establishment of Western-style democracy in China has become a bubble, he is very disappointed by the political reality. Liang Shiqiu, who lives in a dirty society, alienated politics in order to get rid of his troubles. There is no doubt that his attitude towards life has a negative side, but he despises the powerful and does not stumble over the reins of fame. And the pursuit of a pleasant and comfortable world interest is not a reversal of the world style of pursuing high officials and generous salaries without hesitation.
Liang Shiqiu has a saying: "As long as everything goes with the flow", then "it has its own taste" ("Line"); In Happiness, he said: "If you are the Zhan Ran in your heart, you will be unhappy"; He also said that only a "pure heart" can be happy. So he devoted himself to his work and enjoyed life. Then he expressed his personal experience: "In the process of work, there are both distress and happiness. When you are done, the happiness of' getting what you want' is the supreme happiness. " His life has a wide range of fun, including walking, following the scenery and enjoying all kinds of life in the world: "Its beautiful and happy moments are everywhere. ..... Rain is fun, sunny days are beautiful, birds jump around and peck, cats and dogs eat soundly and sleep soundly, which one doesn't make people feel happy? ..... occasionally meet a smiling face, can you not make people happy for half a day? " In his view, anywhere in the world can enjoy the joy of life. This is a life experience of Liang Shiqiu, and his heart is Zhan Ran.
Because Liang Shiqiu regards the success of his work as a kind of "supreme happiness", his life is really full of fun. He has worked hard all his life. Hard work is an important factor in his career success. He admired Zeng Guofan's motto: "One starts with getting up early." When he was old, he wrote an article "Get Up Early", in which he recalled his young translation of "Love Letter between Abela and Elucius": "When the sun didn't come out, I moved a bamboo chair in the porch and began to write. When the sun was half shining in the yard, when there were many people and noise, I would collect my pen. It was translated into that book in a month, and it is still very pleasant to recall. "
When Liang Shiqiu wrote Middle Age, it happened that people reached middle age. He said frankly, "Don't think that people will be finished in middle age. No, the fun of middle age lies in knowing life and yourself quite well. He said with great pride: "Only in middle age can you play a big role, and only in middle age can you really understand the contents of the play." The spirit of life he showed by expressing his feelings is still commendable.
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In the aspect of human nature theory, Liang Shiqiu's views in the early and late stages maintained obvious consistency. 1928, he wrote in the new moon magazine that "great literature is based on fixed universal humanity" and "humanity is the only criterion to measure literature" (Literature and Revolution). [9] In Taiwan Province Province, he wrote a long article: a literary speech [10]. In this article, he still insists that "literature is a description of human nature" and says that people are "superior to animals" because "people are rational, people have noble feelings and people have serious moral concepts. This is what I call human nature. " He also reiterated the view expressed decades ago: "Human nature has always been * * *, and the yuan has been divided into ancient and modern times, and China and foreign countries have remained unchanged for a long time. The discussion and description of human nature is the field of literature, and the information in it seems simple, but in fact it is just some joy, anger, sorrow, joy, sadness, joy, separation and harmony, which are actually endless treasures. He is particularly firm: "If truth, goodness and beauty are the highest realm of art, then literature should pay the most attention to goodness. His emphasis on "goodness" is consistent with the dualistic theory of human nature: in his view, "goodness" can only be realized by "controlling desire with reason". In literature, we should use people's rationality, noble feelings and morality to overcome the weakness of human nature and cultivate and enhance the spiritual realm of readers. His prose creation is really trying to practice this proposition, and his works tend to whip ugliness and praise beautiful sentiments. However, the theory of human nature cannot explain the actual class division and opposition in life. It is not feasible to exclude or reconcile class differences and contradictions in literature with the theory of human nature. We should specifically analyze the theory of human nature permeated in Liang Shiqiu's prose.
All kinds of people have joys and sorrows, but their inner meanings are actually different. In the debate with Liang Shiqiu, Lu Xun described the relationship between human nature and class nature vividly, clearly and to the point in Hard Translation and Class Nature of Literature. In the early morning, happiness and other works, I, who is pure in heart and wants nothing, is infected by all kinds of colorful and vibrant things, which leads to happiness. However, that detached mentality clearly shows the carefree feelings of the gentleman class and is branded as a class. In Happy, Liang Shiqiu vividly tells people how to enjoy happiness. However, after all, there are classes to enjoy optimism, and people's pursuit of pleasure has its own content and methods.
Facebook, shaking hands and giving gifts all refer to the pen's contempt for people in officialdom and official career, and many sarcastic words are used. What he shows is a kind of dissatisfaction with Liang Shiqiu, a "good governmentalist". If he is hostile to the person in charge of the regime, it is impossible.
Liang Shiqiu sometimes uses twists and turns to express the theme that human nature is good, such as birds and pigs, as a metaphor for people. In "Birds", he described the happy and free birds in the forest, from the singing sound to the loveliness of the body, which combined his own feelings and was very poetic; At the same time, as a contrast, he talked many times about his inner feelings when he saw the man with a cage and the bird dancing in the street in the morning: "I don't feel that man's leisure, but that bird's depression." "Birds are so happy, probably only better than living in a herbarium?" He sympathized with the fate of birds. People who live in society are unwilling to live freely. Nobody wants to lose their freedom. Longing for freedom is indeed a universal human nature. He writes about birds because "bird nature" and "human nature" have the same yearning for freedom. He felt the joy of birds in the forest and the sadness of birds in cages, which clearly injected his feelings on earth. Few people write about pigs. The reason why Liang Shiqiu wrote "pig" also implies the expectation of good human nature. This article is similar to the theme of his other work Lazy. The first sentence at the beginning of Lazy is "Everyone is lazy." He thinks laziness is a weakness of human nature. Pigs are probably the laziest animals. Its life content is limited to ... eating, drinking, pulling, dispersing and sleeping', nothing else. Its life is boring. In the article, he wrote in a teasing tone: the pig "doesn't need labor, it has plenty of leisure"; "Except that there seems to be no regret in the end, the course of life is not innocent compared with any spoiled senior animal." Another cloud said, "It's a pity that it can only land on all fours and failed its whole body." "If it can stand up and walk, it doesn't matter if its belly is bigger. Its fat brain may win the respect of many people." In addition to the clever ridicule of the world, there is also a clear warning to the human nature that takes pleasure in laziness.
Liang Shiqiu devoted himself to describing all kinds of human nature in his prose, but in class society, human nature cannot be separated from class nature after all. At the age of 8 1, he wrote an article "Homesickness of the Old Capital" (contained in Taipei United Daily News 1 983165438+10/0), in which he sincerely said: "... a far away. In his view, this is also a universal human nature. This statement can't be wrong, but "* * *" is only the surface. Different people have different homesickness contents. All kinds of homesickness actually have their own class connotation. As long as we skim through some homesick works in Taiwan Province Province in the 1970s and 1980s, we can see clearly that there is little in common between what the once rich people miss and the veterans who were arrested and enlisted in Taiwan Province. In the past, influential figures in the mainland were very different from scholars like Liang Shiqiu.
In the 1940s, in the article Children, Liang Shiqiu refuted the traditional view that children are the protagonists in the future world, but said that they are "the protagonists now everywhere" and there is a cloud: "Children are the heads of the family, and parents should be filial to him! It turned out that he was aiming at the social atmosphere of being a dragon and conniving and doting on children. Its starting point is naturally to correct social customs and promote the healthy growth of the next generation. It is human nature for parents to love their children; However, regarding children as the "head of the family" does not necessarily come from ancient times. Even in the 1940 s, families from all walks of life were not like this. There has always been a saying that "the father is the son" in China's feudal ethics, and it was also true in real life at that time. At least the children at that time did not have the status of "head of the family". Children can be regarded as a criticism of the shortcomings of the times, but it is hard to believe that what this article reveals is a human phenomenon of "regardless of ancient and modern times, regardless of Chinese and foreign countries".
Liang Shiqiu, who claims to treat "all kinds of social life" with the theory of human nature, often reveals his thoughts when he looks at life. In fact, some of his works, although they also preach the theory of human nature, are actually the theory of class harmony, and Liu Lun is one of them.
In the tradition of China, there are five kinds of interpersonal relationships, namely, monarch and minister, father and son, couple, brother and friend. Liang Shiqiu's sixth ethics is the relationship between master and servant. From his life, he really feels that the relationship between master and servant is difficult to coordinate, because the servant is "the person who uses money to hire the buyer's labor to drive him." In the society where Liang Shiqiu lives, the relationship between employment and being employed is essentially a class relationship. Because the host spends money, he is always "afraid that the servant will do less" and has the prejudice that the servant is always lazy. Since servants do manual work, they naturally eat a lot. "Few experts (especially housewives) look at it without frowning, which hurts people." How to resolve this contradiction? Liang Shiqiu put forward the word "forbearance": "Both sides need considerable forbearance" and stressed that "on the one hand, servants need forbearance more"! Why "more need to endure"? He found some really unreasonable reasons: "Master lost his temper because he lost money gambling, or he was angry with his boss, or he didn't sleep well at night, or he had indigestion." Is it reasonable for the master to lose his temper with the servant under such circumstances from the perspective of human nature? The article also lamented: "Now people's hearts are not ancient, and the servants' behavior is not in line with the ancient law." The "ancient law" has higher requirements for servants, and the situation of servants is not bad. Liang Shiqiu also advised the master to realize that his real skill may not be as good as that of a servant; He also said, "There is a secret to mastering the way of a servant, that is, treating him as a human being, so that we won't embarrass him for what he can't do easily, and we can correct all the faults that people can easily make." "He was also raised by his parents, so he received a little education to develop his personality, so there is always a little human heritage." Seems a little egalitarian. However, his exhortation to be kind to servants actually runs counter to his idea of trying to maintain the existing social order: he said that the relationship between master and servant only exists in the civilized world, "we really don't need to advocate resisting civilization." In the article, on the one hand, he did give his servant considerable sympathy; But he was kind enough to make excuses for the irrationality of the host. He listed the reasons why the master lost his temper with his servant (naturally, it was just an analogy), but none of them were justified. He obviously didn't ask the master for advice, noble feelings and serious moral concepts (Liang Shiqiu himself said that these three are "all my so-called human nature"). Can such a theory of human nature reconcile the relationship of the "Sixth Theory" and truly resolve contradictions? I'm afraid not, because he is not so convincing when he talks on paper, and the contradiction is obvious. When arguing with Liang Shiqiu in his early years, Lu Xun pointed out that his view of human nature was "contradictory and empty". [1 1] From the perspective of the sixth Lun, why not?