"Chongming Folk Custom" is displayed in Zunjing Pavilion and Chongsheng Temple. Mainly through vivid scenes such as market towns, folk families, farming, textiles, etc., it reproduces the hard work of Chongming people and simple living, giving people a real feeling of being there. Among them, there are vivid displays of the commercial scenery of Chongming Old Street at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and there are also vivid representations of the "Sitingtou Zhaigou" and its indoor home layout. In the part of farming and weaving, more than 30 kinds of common production tools with different functions are shown to people.
In addition, the Chongming County Museum also has fixed exhibitions such as "Huangpimo Art Museum", showing 60 exquisite prints created by the famous printmaker Huangpimo (Chongming people). The exhibition "Chongming Island History and Ancient Ships" is mainly arranged in Dacheng Hall and Dongxi Hall in Chongming, Gong Xue, and consists of preface hall and six units. The first unit is the bumpy formation of Chongming in the Millennium.
Chongming Island is the product of the development of the new Yangtze River Delta, and its birthplace is the shallow sea outside the Yangtze River estuary. The Yangtze River flows downstream from west to east, and when it flows into the estuary area, a large amount of sediment is gradually deposited at the junction of the river and the sea due to the decrease of the specific gradient and the slow flow rate. As a result of many years, on the one hand, the sediment in the rivers and seas merged into a coastal plain on the north and south banks of the Yangtze River estuary, on the other hand, the river was dotted with estuarine sandbars, and Chongming Island became a typical estuarine sandbar in this ups and downs. It has experienced more than 1000 years of ups and downs from the surface to the final formation of the third largest island in the motherland.
During the Wude period in the early Tang Dynasty, that is, 6 18-626 AD, in the southern waters of Dongbuzhou (now Lvsi area), the Yangtze River estuary began to rise and two sandbars gushed out. The two continents are separated by water by more than 50 miles, with the sea in the east, the river to Taicang in the west, the river to Wusong Port in the south, Sheshan in the southeast, the river to Jiading County in the southwest and Langshan in the northwest. At that time, it was named Dongsha and Xisha, which was the predecessor of Chongming Island.
1025, the northwest of Dongsha continued to rise until Yao (named after the ancestors of Yao and Liu) bordered Dongsha. 11kloc-0/year, Sansha rose fifty miles northwest of Yaoliusha. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Dongsha collapsed, Xisha collapsed, Sansha rose in the north, and Yaoliusha collapsed in the south and rose in the north, gradually connecting with Sansha. Since then, until the early Qing Dynasty, there were 60 large and small sandbars in the Yangtze River estuary. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, that is, around 1644, scattered sandbanks slowly rose into blocks during the lifting process, starting from Gaotousha in the east and reaching Pingyangsha in the west, becoming a big island with a length of 200 Li and a width of 40 Li. Chongming is a vast island with an area of 1200 square kilometers and a population of nearly 600,000. Located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, it faces the sea in the east, faces Jiading and Baoshan in Shanghai across the river in the south, and borders Haimen and Qidong in Jiangsu in the north. It is like a shining pearl at the mouth of the Yangtze River.
In the Records of Chongming County written by Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the geographical and historical information about Chongming East and Ersha outcropping in the Yangtze River estuary and setting up Chongming Town in Xisha was recorded: "During the period of Tang Wude, the Caspian Sea east of Wu Jun was more than 300 miles, and the two continents suddenly flooded, called East and West Ersha, which gradually accumulated high and wide, and fishermen relied on it to become prosperous. At the beginning of Shenlong, Chongming Town was located in Liangsha. The name of Chongming began here. "
In the Records of Chongming County written by Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the rise and fall of Yao and Sansha Island and the origin of its name were also introduced: "In the year of Song San, a sand continued in the northwest, and the east and west sand were separated by more than 50 miles. Yao and Liu are the first because they are named Yao. At the beginning of Jianzhong and Guo Jing, two sands collapsed in the east and west, one in the northeast, and three sands were named after it. Or there are three surnames, Zhu, Chen and Zhang, who live here because of the name of Sansha. "
According to legend, the "Sansha" in Chongming was named after Zhu, Chen and Zhang in Jurong, Jiangsu Province, who moved here first. Jurong still retains some relics related to Chongming, such as Chongming Temple and Chongming Tower. According to the Records of Jurong County written by Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, in Qing Dynasty, Jurong County was bounded by Dongxi Street, Huayang Town in the south and Chongming Town in the north. The Family Tree of Cai, which was circulated among the people in Chongming, also recorded the history of Cai's moving to Chongming in the Southern Song Dynasty in considerable detail.
Historically, due to the frequent fluctuation of sandbars, Chongming Island has changed frequently in terms of state, county government and administrative divisions. According to county records, Chongming set up a town in the early Five Dynasties, and in the fifteenth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1222), it set up a godsend saltworks in Sansha and moved to Tongzhou. In the 14th year of Yuan Dynasty (1277), it was promoted to a state, built in Yao and Yu, and moved to Yangzhou Road. In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), the state was reduced to a county. Since then, the establishment has remained basically unchanged, first transferred to Yangzhou, then transferred to Suzhou and then transferred to Taicang. During the Republic of China, it was successively subordinate to Nantong and Songjiang in Jiangsu (it was once subordinate to Shanghai Special City during the occupation). After liberation, he was transferred to Nantong, Jiangsu, and transferred to Shanghai in June 1 958+February1. Chongming Island is surrounded by water, and has been going back and forth on the island by boat. Therefore, the shipbuilding industry and water transportation in ancient Chongming were very developed. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chongming had maritime trade with the north. Chongming sand boat, suitable for sailing in shoals and shoals, originated in Chongming and is famous all over the country. It is one of the four major systems of wooden sailboats in China.
According to Qing Qianlong's Chongming County Records, "the sand boat was named after Chongming Sha." Chongming sand boat has a long history. As early as the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1276), when Chongming and Jiading Zhangxuan opened the shipping route from Chongming to Zhigu (now Tianjin), they already used sand ships to carry goods. The barge has a shallow, wide and flat bottom, low center of gravity, few buildings on the ship's surface, small wind-affected area, smooth navigation, and is not afraid of shoals by relying on sand. The ship has many masts, many sails and high sails, which is beneficial to improve the speed and make up for the lack of high navigation resistance at the bow. Water flaps (commonly known as scratching heads) are installed on both sides, which can overcome the shortcoming of drifting due to shallow draft at the bottom when sailing against the wind. Sandboat has strong adaptability and wide uses. It can be used as a fishing boat and freight. It has long been an important water freight vehicle on Chongming Island, and it is also a commonly used sailboat along the coastal areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong. According to statistics, during the reign of Qing Qianlong, there were 3,500-3,600 sand boats in Shanghai, which increased to 5,000 in 1826, accounting for half of the national total. At that time, the sampan manufacturing and shipping in Chongming played an important role in China, and one third of the sampan industry in Shanghai was run by Chongming people. 1872, Li Hongzhang founded China Merchants Bureau to monopolize water transportation and contract commercial goods. After that, Chongming's junk boat industry finally began to decline due to insufficient freight volume and lack of competitiveness.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the navigation between Chongming Island and the north and south banks mainly depended on ferries. Ferries on Chongming Island began in the early 5th century or earlier, when ships had already passed Taicang and Liuhe. According to the Records of Chongming County in the Republic of China, "Guandu began in the thirty-first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. There are two ships in Zhang County, from Shiqiao River to Taicang Nanguan, named Changdu, and from Nanhong to Duandu. "
In the 22nd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1896), passenger routes were opened between Chonghu and Shanghai, and the earliest port on Chongming Island was built in Nanmen Port. From the early years of the Republic of China to the 1980s, there were 29 ferries in Chongming, of which the South Coast Ferry 12 was completely abandoned and replaced by a modern port terminal. There are 17 ferries and 5 ferries along the north bank. Today, Chongming Island has a dense water transportation network, with five passenger terminals and ten cargo ports. The former small junk has gradually changed into motorboats, catamarans and even hovercraft and speedboats. The "Three Masters of Shipping" enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad.
Throughout the ages, the well-developed maritime industry in Chongming has cultivated a batch of outstanding talents who are famous in history for our country. Among them, Shen and Chen of Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty made the most remarkable contribution to the maritime industry in China, and were called "Three Masters of Chongming" by later generations.
Zhu Qing (1236-1303) is very familiar with the situation in South Hokkaido, because he often goes out to sea to sell smuggled salt, and sometimes robs wealthy families and ships. At most, nearly a thousand pirates and 500 ships gathered, constantly harassing wealthy coastal households, reaching Tonghai in the south and Jiaolai (Jiaodong Peninsula and Laizhou Bay) in the north. He was erratic, and the court was helpless. In the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1275), Wu Meng, the general of Yuan Dynasty, led his troops south to Zhenjiang and defeated Song Jun in Jiao Shan. Soon, Bo Yan, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, divided his forces to attack Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) and ordered Wang Shiqiang to call pirates. So, Zhu Qing led troops to the Yuan Dynasty and was appointed as the agent to manage thousands of families (Wu Zhi). In the second year, Zhu Qingfeng was ordered by Bo Yan to transport the books and classics of the Southern Song Dynasty from Hangzhou to Dadu, which is now Beijing. After the successful trial, Zhu Qing suggested to the imperial court that grain should be transported to the north by sea. After being approved, he finally opened the north-south sea waterway from Liujiagang, Taicang, South China, to zhi gu, North China via the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, making it an important waterway for transporting grain from the south to the north in the Yuan Dynasty, which made an important contribution to the development of ancient maritime transportation in China. Later, Zhu Qing dredged the waterway from Loujiang to the East China Sea, opening up the trade road between China and Japan, Korea and Ryukyu. After Zhu Qingchuang started shipping, his family moved to Taicang, and opened the Liujiagang sea route to zhi gu. At that time, there were many merchant ships in Liujiagang, Taicang, and the poor countryside became a huge city. Merchant ships from Ryukyu, Japan, North Korea and other countries all enter Hong Kong for trade, so Liujiagang enjoys the title of "Six-country Wharf". Zhu Qing himself was in power for a period of time, and he was as rich as an enemy, making him the best in the south of the Yangtze River. Due to Zhu Qing's contribution to the Yuan Dynasty's unification in the aspects of fighting in the south and establishing and managing maritime traffic, Yuan Dade was promoted to Zuo Cheng, a province in the south of the Yangtze River, in charge of the Yuan Dynasty's grain transportation in four years (1300). 1303, Zhu Qing was framed and killed.
Shen (1594— 1647) is generous and thrifty, and advocates chivalry. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, wars broke out all over the country, and water transportation between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River was often blocked. Shen Shang played in the imperial court, suggesting that the pioneering maritime transport should be resumed, and it is more convenient and cheaper to transfer water from Taicang Liuhe to Tianjin. He also presented five volumes of Nautical Books and Nautical Charts, brought his own boat and tried to sail by himself, which was a success. From then on, the "Southern Grain Transportation to the North" began to sail along this sea route. 1642, the Qing Taizong led an army to invade the south, and the Ming army stationed in Songshan (Jinxian County, Liaoning Province) was trapped urgently. Shen, a doctor in the emergency department of Ming Dynasty, planned the front line of grain and grass rescue. Shen personally led the grain carrier, set out from Taicang Liuhe, worked day and night, and successfully completed the task within half a month. 1643, Shi Kefa, governor of grain transportation, sponsored Shao Qing of Guanglu Temple. Emperor Chongzhen also attached great importance to Shen. He once said: "Being an official is like sinking, why is it difficult to treat the world!" 1644, the Ming Dynasty fell. In response to the edict of Nanming regime, Shen destroyed his family and set sail for the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to stop the Qing army from going south. 1647, Shen, Zhang Mingzhen, and other famous anti-Qing generals set out from Zhoushan base, led the sailors down the river and seized the lost land in the south of the Yangtze River. In Luyuan, Fushan and other places, they fought fiercely with the Qing army for four days and nights, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing army. 14 On the evening of April 1, the wind was very strong, and Shen's warship capsized, resulting in heavy casualties. The rest of the warships drifted and ran aground in Xuliujing, surrounded by the Qing army. The Qing soldiers shouted: "Those who shave their heads and surrender will not die!" Shen was advised to surrender and flee. Shen Yi replied sharply: "I am an imperial envoy of the Ming Dynasty, and I can't die without backbone!" Finally, he and his 700 people were captured by the Qing army and sent to Suzhou. Tu, the governor of Qing Dynasty, surrendered to Hong Chengchou and Liang Zhou many times. Shen Yizheng said sternly: "If you die for your country, you will die without regret!" Death is unyielding, and death is calm.
Chen (1891-1953), also known as, was a famous maritime figure in the modern history of China. During his long sailing career, Chen has developed superb sailing skills. 19 14 graduated from Tongli merchant marine college. At that time, China's maritime sovereignty was controlled by Britain, and China people could only work as coolies on ocean-going ships, while foreigners held important positions such as captain, first mate, second mate and chief engineer. Chen is very dissatisfied with this situation. He made up his mind to win a place for his countrymen in the maritime world, so he studied hard and became familiar with the navigation channel through practice, and finally made his mark in the maritime world. 192 1 year, with superb navigation technology and professional knowledge, he broke through the obstruction of foreigners who controlled China's sea power and became the captain of "Li Sheng" and the first Chinese captain in China, thus ending the situation that foreigners controlled and monopolized the navigation rights of foreign ships in China for a long time. 1924, Bobby Chen became the chief captain of Zhaoxing Shipping Company, in charge of more than 30 ships, becoming the first person in China to be the chief captain. Chen knew that it was hard for China people to get this kind of treatment, so during his tenure, he paid special attention to personnel training and actively introduced China sailors. 1926, in order to safeguard the interests of Chinese seafarers and strive for autonomy in navigation, Chen Chengli established the China Merchant Seamen's Association and was elected as its president. 1929 was recommended by the China General Chamber of Commerce as a representative of China to attend the 13th International Labour Conference devoted to international maritime issues. At the meeting, he put forward the idea that "to improve the treatment of seafarers, all member countries must respect each other's maritime sovereignty over territorial waters and inland rivers", which played a role in exposing and protesting imperialist violations of China's territorial rights and fully embodied Chen's consistent patriotism. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Shanghai fell and resigned angrily to safeguard national integrity. Wang puppet Ministry of Communications invited him to be the director of navigation administration with generous remuneration. He replied, "People's life span does not exceed 100 years. Better poor and immortal than rich and famous. " It was not until after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War that he rejoined the cause of navigation. Chen Yisheng is committed to the development of shipping in his hometown. He personally designed, supervised and built "God-given Ship" and other ships, and founded "Hui Chong" shipping company on 1946.
Folk houses with island elements
Chongming once belonged to Tongzhou and Yangzhou in the north of the Yangtze River and Suzhou and Taicang in the south of the Yangtze River. Most of the indigenous residents come from Huai-Zhe and Jurong areas, and their customs and habits are greatly influenced by various places, so they are mixed with the folk customs of Jiangnan and Jiangbei. Coupled with being surrounded by rivers on three sides, the environmental constraints of the sea, inconvenient transportation and poor information have contributed to the accumulation of folk customs on the island and gradually formed a unique and distinctive island feature. The "Chongming Folk Custom" exhibition in Gong Xue Chongming Zunjing Pavilion and Chongsheng Temple artistically shows the production and life pictures of urban and rural residents in the old Chongming Island with a large number of objects and real scenes, and reproduces the historical customs of Chongming Island from one side, among which the folk houses in Chongming are the most distinctive.
Historically, Chongming Island has been isolated from overseas for a long time. In order to guard against thieves, residents used to live in the same family and form their own houses. In the old society, poor families lived in circular caves made of reed baskets, while those with better families lived in straw houses, and those with better families lived in semi-tile houses with reed walls and brick walls (reed baskets were laid on rafters and tiles were laid on rafters), but there were not many pure brick houses. Building structures can be divided into three categories (three beams, etc.), five categories, seven categories and nine categories. Most houses are in the south, followed by the east. The layout of the house is zigzag, corner, three wings, three entrances and two centers. Generally, there are five rooms and seven rooms, with a main room in the middle, commonly known as the "front room", which is owned by relatives in the same room; The two opposite sides of the front of the Qian Dai are wings, which are connected with the two wings, and the Qian Dai parallel to the Qian Dai is built to form a four-wing room; In the middle of the front desk is the hall, or the outer door, with the study on both sides; If we go forward and build a wing and an outer hall, it will become the "three entrances and two hearts" of the two wall doors inside and outside; Toilets are generally built in the northeast corner or southwest corner of houses. Farmers' multi-ring houses ditch to plant thorns, which is called "house ditch". Fish are raised in the ditch, bridges are built on the ditch, fruit trees, elms and willows are planted beside the ditch, bamboo is planted behind the house, and poplar is surrounded on the outermost layer. After such treatment, an ordinary farmhouse is like being surrounded by green mountains and green waters, with unique taste and strong local characteristics. According to historical records, in the past, in Chongming rural area, "the tiller started from Nakata, surrounded by ditches, planted bamboo and wood, and became his village." The residential model exhibited in the "Chongming Folk Custom" exhibition is a typical residential building with four entrances and three courtyards in the old Chongming countryside, which is also commonly known as "four halls and five ditches".
In the past, the halls of Chongming Mansion were generally decorated with all kinds of old-fashioned furniture, mainly including plaques, couplets, inclined tables, square tables, plush chairs and coffee tables. In the "Hall" scene of the "Chongming Folk Custom" exhibition, there is a plaque named "Yiqingtang", which was inscribed by Zhang Jian, the champion of the late Qing Dynasty, for Mr. Cai Shenfu, a famous patriot in Chongming.
There are also kitchens, bedrooms and study rooms of ordinary people in the exhibition. The daily utensils are rich and varied, which can not only feast their eyes on people who have lived in the city for a long time and increase their knowledge, but also remind the elders who grew up in the countryside of their past lives, and even let the younger generation know the living environment of their parents and grandparents in the past. Among them, the kitchen displays traditional two-eyed seven-star stoves, stove murals and chimneys. There are pots, lids, soup pots, engravings, spoons, shovels, wells, buckets and other well tools, as well as small square tables, skirts, benches, cake molds, tea lids, buckets, oil lamps and so on. The bedroom is decorated with lattice wooden doors, showing Chongming traditional warm bed, three-waist old bride wardrobe, as well as wardrobe, mirror table, official box, clothes rack, dressing box, cash box, square stool, lamp, hand stove, footstool, washbasin, wooden frame, hand washing bucket, toilet, sanitary paper bucket, toilet. There are painting cases, chairs, Four Treasures of the Study (pen, ink, paper and inkstone), thread-bound book boxes, pen containers, test boxes, inkstone wooden trays, kettles, pen containers, paperweights and antique bookshelves in the study.
Prints engraved with the charm of water town
"Huangpi Ink Print Exhibition Room" is located in Instrument Gate, Chongming County, Gong Xue. 1996 Mr. Huang Pimo selected 60 prints from hundreds of prints he created for more than 50 years and donated them to Chongming County Museum. On September 16 of that year, the opening ceremony of "Donation Ceremony and 25 Exhibitions of Huangpi Ink Prints" was held in the museum to express the love for mulberry and support the cultural construction of hometown with practical actions. In 2002, "Huangpi Ink Print Gallery" was officially opened to the public.
Mr. Huang Pimo is a famous printmaker in China and an internationally influential printmaker. He is the first painter to hold a solo exhibition of watermark woodcut in China, the first one in Chinese mainland and the first one in Japan. Huang Pimo, 1925, from Chongming. He used to be the executive director of China Printmakers Association, the vice chairman of Jiangsu Printmakers Association, the vice chairman of Nanjing Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and the chairman of Nanjing Artists Association. From 1940s to 1950s, he mainly engaged in black-and-white woodcut and mimeographed woodcut, and since 1960s, he specialized in watermark woodcut.
As an excellent and prolific printmaker, Mr. Huang Pimo's artistic flowers are deeply rooted in the soil of life. The sea, fishing villages and water towns were his original cradles of life, and most of his works showed such a theme. In the 1960 s, he traveled all over the country, on the coast of the Yellow Sea; In the 1970s and 1980s, he often went deep into factories and rural life, sketching and painting in Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places, which broadened his horizons and inspired him to create masterpieces with a strong sense of the times and a strong flavor of life. For example, his works such as Fishing in the Yellow Sea in the 1960s, Long History in the 1970s, Spring Breeze in the 1980s, and Spring Water in the South of the Yangtze River all represent that his watermark woodcut has made considerable artistic achievements in innovation and development, reaching a new level by integrating new machines.
Huangpimo's prints are very lyrical. Whether it is the steep and straight mountains or the magnificent Wan Li sea; Whether it is the beautiful Jiangnan water town or the boiling construction site, the painter's deep love and heart are poured into it. Mr. Huang Pimo has been expressing his feelings for the people, the motherland and the times with a fiery childlike innocence for decades. His works are full of emotion, breaking through the shackles of time and space and reaching the artistic realm of scene blending. Appreciating the elegant and beautiful Jiangnan scrolls painted by artists, we can feel that these prints are not only eulogizing the mountains and rivers of nature, people's lives and the construction of the motherland, but also a true portrayal of Mr. Huang Pimo's pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty as an artist all his life.
Mr. Huang Pimo is good at integrating the spirit of Chinese painting into the ontology of printmaking. While strictly grasping the structure of prints, he boldly sets colors, abandons lines, pays attention to the combination of color blocks and the relationship between colors, and creatively exerts the color language of prints. Therefore, his works are rich in makeup, bright and fresh, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. At the same time, the painter skillfully draws lessons from the techniques that are good at expressing light, color and quality in western painting, fully absorbs its rich nutrients, and makes full use of the contrast techniques of dry and wet, light and dark, and virtual and real through continuous exploration and trial, so that the works have both fresh and moist freehand brushwork and bright and profound beauty of printmaking. It can not only depict close-ups of characters, but also control the complex composition of life scenes, express life with brand-new printmaking art language and create artistic conception. Therefore, his works have great momentum, wide capacity, new composition, heavy structure, fine carving, charm and durability.
Huang Pimo's most representative works, Spring Breeze, Spring Water in the South of the Yangtze River and Taihu Water Village, are based on the real life scenes of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River. The pictures are full of rich life capacity, but they are not limited to copying a certain scene. The painter uses the method of time-space transformation to make his overall impression of life in Jiangnan fishing village reappear artistically. The composition at the beginning and end of the work is novel and unique, with white walls and black tiles contrasting with each other, which is quiet and rhythmic, and the unified change is full of vitality, which touches the readers' heartstrings with the great tension of life breath and makes people's hearts open and relaxed. In addition, he is also very particular about the description of points, scenery, people and things. In this work, there are more than 100 people with different postures on the screen, which is subtle and intriguing. Through large-scale scenes, panoramic composition, steady tone and modern scenery features, his works are full of distinct sense of the times and show his superb skills in controlling large-scale scenes.