Nationalities did not exist at the beginning, such as the Han nationality, which was formed in the Han Dynasty on the basis of the Chinese nationality in the pre-Qin period and through the integration of many nationalities. Yi people live in the southwest mountainous area, and the terrain is closed, and the situation of communication and integration may be much less than that of Han people. I believe that she is a nation of relatively simple ancestry. 4,500 years can be passed down from generation to generation, and it should be one of the oldest ethnic groups in China.

(2) On the ethnic origin of Yi people:

Up to now, the ethnic origins of Yi people mainly include "indigenous theory", "frontier strength theory" and "Dongyi migration theory". The history of the Yi people can be traced back to the era of the Yellow Emperor (about 2570~2550 BC, see the encyclopedia entry Chronology of Three Emperors and Five Emperors). Chinese literature: The History of Taoism Volume II quotes Tongli: "Rehmannia takes 30th as the month and November as the winter solstice". Yi Mouyuan, a scholar, quoted the book Credit Bean and Zubai, which was compiled by Yunnan Provincial Office of Planning for the Arrangement and Publication of Ancient Books of Ethnic Minorities: "The time when the Yi people spread the year, month, day and time began in Rehmannia: December, January 30th; Twelve o'clock in the day and twelve o'clock in the evening. All day long, from now on, half and half. After these points, it is divided into spring and summer and autumn and winter. There are four seasons in a year, and they are distinct. The days are long and short, and there are solar terms in the year, all of which are rehmannia. " It can be seen that the legends of the Yi nationality mention the Yellow Emperor by name in the legends of the Han nationality, and the Han literature and the legends of the Yi nationality say in unison that "the 30th is the January of the Yellow Emperor", which can't be explained by "coincidence" in any case, but can only be explained as: the existence of the secular monarch is real, and the embryonic form of the Yi nationality has already existed in the era of the Yellow Emperor. According to the chronology of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, the early Yi people existed 4500 years ago.

(3) Native theory: it is divided into Yunnan native theory and Southwest native theory;

The story of Yunnan aborigines comes from the discovery of Yuanmou people (Yuanmou people discovered it in May 1965 and found it on the hill in the northwest of Shangnabang village in Yuanmou county, Yunnan province). The fossils of Yuanmou people include two upper medial teeth, which were named "Yuanmou Homo erectus" at that time. Seven stone tools unearthed with Yuanmou people have obvious artificial traces. According to archaeologists, these stone tools were made by Yuanmou people. A large number of carbon chips were also found in the fossil strata of Yuanmou people, and later two small charred bones were found. Archaeologists have found that these are the remains of human fire at that time. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences determined that Yuanmou lived from 1.7 million years ago to 600,000 years ago by paleomagnetic method.

Now, Yuanmou's archaeological excavation has made a new breakthrough. More than 160 ape-man teeth were found in Butterfly Liangzi and Leopard Cave in this county. It has been determined that the teeth of "Oriental" have been buried for 2.5 million years, which has pushed forward the history of human beings in China for another 800,000 years!

Fossils of Homo erectus in China. 1965 was found in Shangnabang Village, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. Includes a left inner side door tooth and a right inner side door tooth belonging to the same person. Its morphological characteristics are similar to those of Beijing's front teeth, but there are some differences. There are different views on the geological age and absolute age of Yuanmou man fossils in academic circles. One view is that it belongs to the late Early Pleistocene, and the age measured by paleomagnetism (see archaeological chronology) is about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago; Another view is that in the Middle Pleistocene, because the paleomagnetic age should not exceed 730,000 years, it may be 600,000 to 500,000 years ago or later. /kloc-in the winter of 0/973, three hand-made scrapers, made of quartzite, were discovered when the Yuanmou man was excavated. Yuanmou was named "Yuanmou Homo erectus" because he found this place on a hill in the northwest of Shangnabang Village, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. Yuanmou County is known as "the hometown of Yuanmou people". According to the paleomagnetic method, it lived about 1976 years ago1700,000 years ago, with a difference of no more than100,000 years (some scholars believe that its age should not exceed 730,000 years, that is, it may be 600,000 years ago to 500,000 years ago or later). It can be divided into two kinds: southwest nativism and Yunnan nativism. According to the theory of southwest aborigines, the Yi people have lived in the southwest of the motherland since ancient times, and after different stages of human development, they have become the Yi people today. This claim is based not only on China literature, but also on ancient Yi literature, myths and legends. According to the theory of Yunnan aborigines, Yunnan is the origin of Yi people.

The expanded materials are for reference only (Guanyindong Site is located in Jingshan Village, Shajing Township, qianxi county, Guizhou Province, and it is a Paleolithic site dating from about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago. It is one of the birthplaces of ancient humans in China. It is often said that there is Zhoukoudian in the north and Guanyin Cave in the south. )

(D) the idea of frontier strength is more common:

The earliest remains of human activities in China were found in Lantian County, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. On July 12, Nature published this breakthrough discovery online, which pushed forward the human history of China for about 400,000 years.

This study was attended by 1 1 scholars from domestic and foreign companies. This paper reports a newly discovered Paleolithic site in Shangchen Village, Lantian County, Xi City, Shaanxi Province, which is located in the south of the Loess Plateau and at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains. Its age ranges from 1.26 million years ago to 21.20 million years ago. The ancient stone cultural relics in the world have a good continuity of cultural layer sequence. The researchers found 96 stone tools at the 17 original horizon (S 15-L28) of the loess-paleosol sequence of the site.

Qiang is the oldest ethnic group in China. They first flourished in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Weishui River basin at the junction of Gansu and Qinghai (the regional boundaries at that time were not as precise as they are today). Later, they migrated in all directions, merged with the surrounding indigenous peoples and gradually formed new ethnic groups. One of them moved eastward and entered the civilized society at the earliest, forming the clan of Yan Di and Huangdi. One of them migrated to the southwest, and later formed the Qiang people such as Tubo, Supi and Toarey Yang. There is another one that still lives in its birthplace-Gan Qing Plateau. Due to the difficult natural conditions, this branch developed slowly, thus forming the Qiang nationality. The Di nationality is an ancient nation, named after cultivating new sheep breeds. First, it merged with Rong, Beidi, Dongyi, Donghu and other ethnic groups that had already distributed here at the foot of Taihang Mountain in northern Hebei Province, forming a new Di nationality, and then moved to Gannan in the southwest, where they mixed with Qiang people and merged with each other, forming a Di nationality in the Han and Wei Dynasties.

1, the historical development of edge strength:

Due to the long-term coexistence of Di and Han nationalities, influenced by Han culture, they live a life of farming and settlement, with relatively developed economy and higher civilization than other ethnic minorities. In the Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Miao people joined the ranks of "five wild flowers" and successively established countries such as the former Qin Dynasty, Japan and Korea. By the Tang Dynasty, almost all the Miao people were integrated into the Han people. People belonging to the Miao nationality and whites migrated southwest to western Sichuan, northern Yunnan and central Yunnan. Therefore, the frontier ethnic group is an ancient ethnic group with a large number, extensive migration and far-reaching influence, and it is an important backbone of the Chinese nation. The frontier ethnic group has a long history, and the branches of other countries and the Di ethnic group are numerous and complex. It is not easy to vertically sort out the origin, branches, distribution and migration of ethnic groups with strong borders. After decades of accumulation and hundreds of thousands of miles of investigation, Mr. He wrote The History of the Origin and Development of Nationalities under Hard Conditions, which comprehensively and systematically discussed the origin, migration, distribution and evolution of nationalities for the first time, filling the gap in this field.

2. Information about strong change:

With regard to the history of frontier ethnic groups, the historical materials left by the past dynasties are very rare and scattered, and it is difficult to find them. Up to now, the works on ethnic groups are limited to the special history of ethnic groups, Qiang, Tibetan, Yi and Southwest ethnic groups, such as Ma Changshou's Bian Qiang, Ren Naiqiang's A Preliminary Study on the Origin of Qiang, Ran Guangrong's History of Qiang, Zhou's History of Yi, Fang Guoyu's History of Qiang and Yang Ming's History of Qiang. For decades, Mr. He has been looking for information about national history on the basis of previous studies. As the preface says, "No matter how many incomplete works are involved in geography, ethnology, ancient philology, archaeology, folklore, toponymy, astronomy, zoology and botany, and ancient agricultural history. On the basis of learning from others, it shows us the historical picture of the migration and evolution of the frontier strong nationalities and their descendants in nearly 500 thousand words. It is generally believed that the ancient Qiang people who lived in Qinghai, northwest of China six or seven thousand years ago began to develop in all directions, and one of them swam to the southwest of the motherland. The early southern branch of the ancient Qiang people merged with the local indigenous tribes, and later Qiongfan in Xichang and Fan Dian in Yunnan were the ancestors of the Yi people.

(5) The migration theory of Dongyi tribe:

Scholars are also constantly exploring and demonstrating the "Dongyi Migration Theory". The key point is that the astronomical calendar of Dongyi is very similar to that of Southwest Yi, and the unearthed cultural relics such as Sanxingdui are no exception. In addition, Dongyi tribes are distributed in today's Hebei, Shandong and other regions (about 7/kloc-0,000 to 230,000 years ago for Beijingers and about/kloc-0,800 years ago for cavemen). The results show that the cultural age of caves should be between 27,000 years ago and 34,000 years ago, and middle school history textbooks take the middle number. )。

Beijingers lived in Zhoukoudian in ancient Beijing and belonged to Homo erectus. They can use natural fire and make tools. For the first time, mankind has gained the ability to dominate a natural force.

Neanderthals, human fossils in the late Paleolithic period in northern China. It belongs to the late Homo sapiens. It is named after the cave found at the top of the Peking Man Site in Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. The Cenozoic laboratory of China Geological Survey was discovered at 1930, and was excavated by Pei Wenzhong at 1933 to 1934.

1999, a 3 million-year-old stone tool was found in Pliocene strata in Yuxian County, Hebei Province, far exceeding the limit of 2.6 million years found in Africa, which is considered as a challenge to the theory of human African origin.

The skull fossils unearthed from the ancient human site in Hualong Cave, dongzhi county, Anhui Province have been confirmed to belong to Homo erectus. This achievement may represent the discovery of Dongzhimen, the oldest human in Anhui and even the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

This skull fossil was unearthed in June this year at 65438+ 101/. At present, it is still cemented and wrapped, and the exposed parts include almost complete orbital parts, most frontal bones and some facial bones. According to experts, there may be residual skulls in the cemented interior that have not been cleaned up. According to the preliminary observation of the discovered ancient human fossils and the analysis of the composition of the fauna, it is determined that they belong to Homo erectus.

Homo erectus, commonly known as ape-man, lived more than 2 million years ago to 200 thousand years ago, belonging to Pleistocene in geological age, mainly distributed in the middle Pleistocene. Pleistocene refers to the early Quaternary in geological age, and the Pleistocene in earth history is equivalent to the Paleolithic in archaeology. )