syntactical functions and morphological features that help to determine a part of speech

The smallest language unit that can be used freely is called a word. The classification of words according to their forms, meanings and functions in sentences is called parts of speech.

English words are usually divided into ten categories, namely nouns, articles, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. They are now described as follows:

(1) noun

Nouns are names that represent a person, a thing, a place or an abstract concept. For example:

Foreigners soap foreigners soap Newton Newton

Law, law, freedom, freedom and peace

English nouns can be divided into two categories:

1。 Common nouns are the names of certain people, things, substances or abstract concepts. For example:

Teacher's Market Teacher's Market Rice

Produced by sound magazine.

2。 Propnoun is the name of a specific person, place or institution. The first letter of proper nouns must be

Capitalize. For example:

Hemingway Hemingway Russia

New york United Nations United Nations.

Nouns can be divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns can be singular or plural. The plural form of most nouns is formed by adding -s or -es after singular nouns. For example:

Shops → Shops → Buses → Buses → Libraries → Libraries

Toys → Toy leaves → Leaves → Leaves

The plural forms of some nouns in English are irregular. For example:

People → people's teeth → people's teeth and teeth standards → data.

Please refer to the relevant English grammar books for the specific rules of the plural form of nouns.

(2) Articles

The article is placed before the noun to help explain the object the noun refers to. Articles can be divided into indefinite articles and definite articles.

The indefinite article is a/an, which is used before singular nouns to indicate "one" of a certain kind of person or thing. A is used before nouns that start with consonants, and an is used before nouns that start with vowels. For example:

A hotel, a hotel, an opportunity.

A double room, a double room and a useful book.

An exhibition of an honest man

There is only one article, that is, the, which means one or several of a certain kind of people or things. Can be used before singular or plural nouns, and can also be used before uncountable nouns. For example:

TV programs, those TV programs, the house, the house.

Olympic Games

(3) Pronouns

Pronouns are words used to refer to people or things. Pronouns include:

1。 Personal pronouns, such as: I, you, them, it, etc.

2。 Pronouns of the owner, such as: mine, his, theirs, ours, mine, hers, etc.

3。 Reflexive pronouns, such as: self, self, self, self, self, etc.

4。 Reciprocal pronoun, such as: mutual, mutual, and so on.

5。 Demonstrative pronouns, such as: this, that, these, those, this, the same, etc.

6。 Interrogative pronouns, such as who who, who, who, who, which, what, etc.

7。 Relative pronouns, such as who who, who, who, which, that, etc.

8。 Indefinite pronouns, such as: some, any, no, all, one, each, many, a little, someone, anything, etc.

figure

Numeral is a word that means "quantity" and "order". The former is called cardinal words, such as: one (one) and twenty.

(20), thirty-five (35), Happy 95 (195), etc. The latter is called ordinal number, such as: first (first), twentieth (twentieth), fifth-first (fifty-first, etc.

(5) Adjectives

Adjective is a word used to modify nouns and express their attributes. For example: yellow (yellow), wonderful (magical), strong (powerful). Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns they modify, such as busy streets, public relations, young people, etc.

The comparative degree of adjectives can be divided into three types, namely, the original degree, the comparative degree and the superlative degree. Original level, the original form of adjectives that have not changed, such as: great, big, difficult, etc. Comparative degree, that is, adjective+suffix -er or more+adjectives, such as: bigger, bigger, more difficult, etc. ; The superlative, that is, adjective+suffix -est or most+ adjective, for example, largest, largest, most difficult, etc.

(6) Adverbs

Adverbs can be divided into four types, including:

1。 Common adverbs, such as together, well, be careful, etc.

2。 Interrogative adverbs, how, where, how, why, etc.

3。 Connective adverbs, such as: then (then, however, otherwise, etc.

4。 Relative adverbs, such as: where, when, why, etc.

The comparative degree of adverbs is the same as that of adjectives.

(7) Verbs

Verb (verb) is a word indicating an action or state, such as: sign (signature), support (support), have (have), exist (exist) and so on.

Verbs can be divided into notional verbs, copulative verbs, modal verbs and auxiliary verbs according to their meanings and functions.

A notional verb has a complete meaning and can be used as a predicate independently, such as explanation, stay, existence, etc. When a verb is used as a predicate, it needs to be followed by a predicate. Common English verbs are: be (yes), seem (seem), look (see), become (appear), get (become), feel (feel), turn (become), remain (still be) and so on.

Modal verbs express the speaker's mood, ability, obligation, necessity, speculation and other emotions. Modal verbs can only form predicate verbs with the original action words. English modal verbs mainly include can (can), may (can, maybe), must (must) and their past tense such as could, may, etc.

Auxiliary verbs and active words often form tense, voice, mood and other verb forms, which are used in negative sentences and interrogative sentences. English auxiliary verbs mainly include shall, will, have, be, should, would, do and so on.

According to whether an object is needed, notional verbs can also be divided into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.

A transitive verb must be followed by an object, and its meaning is complete. For example:

You must consider this matter carefully.

You must consider this matter carefully. (Matter is the object of the transitive verb consider)

Did you get the letter?

Did you get that letter? The letter is the object of the transitive verb receive.

An intransitive verb has a complete meaning and does not need to follow an object, for example:

The old man walks very slowly.

The old man walks very slowly. (walked is an intransitive verb)

He didn't sleep well last night.

He didn't sleep well last night. (sleep is an intransitive verb)

There are four basic forms of verbs, namely, verb prototype, past tense, past participle and present participle. For example:

Prototype past tense past participle present participle

Live, live, live, live

Build a building.

Yes, yes.

Verb past tense and past participle are composed of regular and irregular forms. The past tense and past participle of regular verbs are formed by adding the suffix -ed or -d after the prototype verbs. The past tense and past participle forms of irregular verbs are irregular, such as eat, eat and eaten. Although these verbs are few in number, they are all commonly used and must be memorized.

The present participle is formed by adding -ing after the verb prototype. For the method and pronunciation of adding -ed and -ing to the original verbs and the changes of irregular verbs, please refer to the relevant dictionaries or grammar books.

(8) Prepositions

Prepositions, also called prepositions, are placed before nouns, pronouns or words equivalent to nouns, indicating the relationship between the words behind them and other components in the sentence.

Prepositions are generally not stressed in sentences and cannot be used as sentence components alone.

Prepositions can be divided into simple prepositions, such as: in, at, for, since, etc. Compound prepositions, such as into, as for, out of double prepositions, such as: after ..., from the middle (from ...); Phrase prepositions, such as: according to, because, in front, in the event; Separate prepositions, such as: involve, consider, include.

A noun or pronoun after a preposition is called a prepositional object. Prepositions and prepositional objects are collectively called prepositional phrases.

(9) Conjunction

Connectives are words that connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Conjunctions are function words, which are generally not stressed in sentences and cannot be used as sentence components alone.

According to the meaning of conjunctions and the nature of the connected components, they can be divided into coordinate conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions.

Coordinate conjunctions are conjunctions that connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences in a coordinate relationship, such as: and (and), or (or otherwise), but (but), for (because), not only ... but also), neither ... nor (that is, not ... nor). Subordinate conjunctions are conjunctions that connect the main clause and the subordinate clause of a master-slave complex sentence, such as: that, if (if), when (whether), when (...), although (though), because (because), so that (result).

From the structural form of conjunctions, they can be divided into: simple conjunctions, such as: but, because, if; ; Associated conjunctions, such as: not only ... but also, as ... is the same as ...); Word segmentation conjunctions, such as: hypothesis (if), provision (if); Phrase conjunctions, such as: it seems that for a while, for that.

(10) interjection

An interjection is a word that expresses feelings, such as oh, well, why, hello, etc.

Among the above ten parts of speech, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs and numerals all have real meanings, so they are called "noto al word"; . Prepositions, articles, conjunctions, interjections, etc. They have no real meaning, so they are called function words.

Many words can belong to several parts of speech, such as: smoke (noun) (smoke), verb (smoking); Own (adjective) (own), (verb) (own); Jiu (adverb) (just now), (adjective) (JIU); Key point (noun) (key point) (adjective) (main) and so on.

Second, sentence elements

Words of different parts of speech are combined together according to certain grammatical rules, and the language unit that can express a complete meaning is called a sentence. A sentence consists of parts with different functions, which are called sentence members. There are eight sentence elements in English: subject, predicate verb, predicative, object, attribute, adverbial, subject complement and object complement. Now described as follows:

(1) theme

The subject is the person or thing to be explained in the sentence, and it is the main body of the sentence. The position of the subject is generally at the beginning of the sentence, and it is generally not omitted. Nouns, pronouns, numerals, infinitives, gerunds and subject clauses can all act as subjects. For example:

Wall has ears.

Wall has ears. (noun as subject)

He will take you to the hospital.

He will take you to the hospital. (Pronouns as the subject)

Three plus four equals seven.

Three plus four equals seven. (Numbers are the theme)

I'll believe that when I see it.

I will believe it when I see it. (infinitive as subject)

Smoking is not allowed in public places.

Smoking is not allowed in public places. (Gerund as subject)

Whether they will come depends on the weather.

Whether they will come depends on the weather. (clause as subject)

predicate verb

Predicate verbs are sentence components that explain the action or state of the subject. The position of the predicate verb is generally after the subject. Predicate verbs are notional verbs or copulative verbs. Auxiliary verbs or modal verbs plus other verbs also constitute predicate verbs. For example:

Actions speak louder than words.

Actions speak louder than words.

This opportunity may never come again.

I'm afraid this opportunity will never come again.

Tom was very sad.

Tom is very sad.

Mary has been working in a clothing store since 1994.

Mary has been working in that clothing store since 1994.

(3) Forecast

Predicate is used to explain the identity, characteristics and state of the subject, which is located after the copula. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and participles, numerals, infinitives, prepositional phrases, adverbs and predicative clauses can all be used as predicative words. For example:

My father is a professor.

My father is a professor. (noun as predicative)

Who's that? It's me.

who is it? It's me. (Pronouns as predicative)

Everything here is precious to her.

Everything here is good for her. (Adjective as predicative)

The game became very exciting.

The game became very tense. (participle as predicative)

My life story may be helpful to others.

My life experience may be helpful to others. (Preposition phrase as predicative)

Three times five equals fifteen.

Three times five equals fifteen. (Numbers are predicative)

His plan is to find a job in the city.

His plan is to find a job in the city. (Verb inequality as predicative)

My first thought is that you should hide your feelings.

My initial thought was that you should hide your feelings. (clause as predicative)

(4) Object

An Object represents the object of the action and is the receiver of the action. The object usually comes after the transitive verb. English prepositions are followed by objects. Nouns, numerals, pronouns and gerunds can be used as objects. Infinitives can also be used as objects of transitive verbs. For example:

She covered her face with her hands.

She covered her face with her hands. (noun phrase as object)

We haven't seen her for a long time.

We haven't seen her for a long time. (Pronouns as objects)

Would you mind opening the window?

Would you mind opening the window? (Gerund as object)

Please give me four.

Please give me four. (Number as object)

He wants to have a good dream.

He wants to have a good dream. (infinitive phrase as object)

We need to know what others are doing.

We need to know what others are doing. (clause as object)

I live in Japan, 1986.

I lived in Japan from 65438 to 0986. (Nouns and numerals as the objects of prepositions)

(5) Attribute

Attribute is a word, phrase or sentence that modifies a noun or pronoun. When a word is used as an attribute, it is usually placed before the noun it modifies; When phrases and clauses are used as attributes, they are placed after the nouns they modify. There are nouns, adjectives, numerals, participles and their phrases, inequalities and their phrases, prepositional phrases and attributive clauses as attributes. For example:

They are women workers.

They are women workers. (noun as attribute)

Tom's father didn't write home until yesterday.

Tom's father didn't write home until yesterday. (possessive nouns as attributes)

Equal pay for equal work should be implemented.

Equal pay for equal work should be implemented. (adjective as attribute)

The play has three acts.

The play has three acts. (Numbers as attributes)

This is her first trip to Europe.

This is her first trip to Europe. (Pronouns, numerals and prepositional phrases as attributes)

China is a developing country.

China is a developing country. (participle as attribute)

You didn't keep your promise to write to us often.

You didn't keep your promise to write to us often. (infinitive phrase as attribute)

My cat has a good sense of smell for milk.

My cat has a keen sense of smell for milk. (Preposition phrase as attribute)

People who want to go to Tibet should sign here.

People who want to go to Tibet must sign here. (Clause as attribute)

(6) Adverbial

Adverbials are sentence components that modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Adverbials indicate place, time, reason, purpose, result, condition, concession, degree, way, accompanying situation, etc. Adverbials include adverbs, nouns, prepositional phrases, participles and their phrases, infinitives and their phrases, adverbial clauses, etc. For example:

These products sell quickly.

These products are selling well now. (Adverbs as adverbials)

He was stuck in knee-deep snow.

He stepped on knee-deep snow. (noun as adverbial)

The best fish swim underwater.

Good fish live underwater. You can't get anything of value easily. (Prepositional phrases as adverbials)

She sat there doing nothing.

She sat there doing nothing. (participle phrase as adverbial)

We will send a car to pick you up.

We will send a car to pick you up. (infinitive phrase as adverbial)

She can't make up her mind.

She can't make up her mind. (infinitive phrase as adverbial)

Strike while the iron is hot.

Strike while the iron is hot. (clause as adverbial)

As far as I know, there is no such word in English.

As far as I know, there is no such word in English. (clause as adverbial)

(7) Object complement and subject complement

In some English transitive verbs, in addition to the object, the object complement should be added to make the meaning of the sentence complete. Object and object complement together form a compound object. If the above structure becomes passive voice, the original object becomes the subject, and the complement of the original object correspondingly becomes the subject complement. Nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases, infinitives and participles can all serve as complements. For example:

They chose me as the captain.

They elected me captain. (Noun phrases as object complements)

He made me feel ashamed.

He made me feel ashamed. (Adjective phrases as object complements)

We found everything there in good order.

We found everything there in good order. (Preposition phrase as object complement)

I should advise you not to miss this opportunity.

I advise you not to miss the opportunity. (infinitive phrase as object complement)

I can feel my heart beating fast.

I can feel my heart beating fast. (participle phrase as object complement)

Some goods are unsold.

Some goods are unsold. (participle as subject complement)

She was elected director of the public relations department.

She was elected director of public relations. (Noun phrase as subject complement)

The notional verbs and copulative verbs in verbs can act as predicates. Verb infinitives, participles and gerund forms cannot act as predicates independently. Preposition is a kind of function words, which can't act as a sentence component independently, but prepositional phrases composed of prepositions and their subsequent objects can act as various components in a sentence.