Shangshu is the earliest historical book in China and one of the famous historical books in the ancient world. In ancient times, "Shang" and "Shang" were universal, and "book" was originally history. In ancient times, history was the official of records, and books were the history recorded by historians. Because this book records ancient historical events, it is called Shangshu. "Shangshu" means "Shangshu". "Shangshu is a book of ancient emperors, or called Shangshu because it thinks that what he did on it was written by him." (Wang Chong, On Balance? Just say ")
Shangshu is also the earliest compilation of documents in China. Its six forms are Canon, Ink, Training, Patent, Oath and Life, some are speeches, some are orders and declarations, and some are conversation record. The contents of Chronology of Shangshu ranged from Tang Yao in the late primitive society to Qin Mugong in the Spring and Autumn Period. Shangshu is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu in chronological order, with a total of 100 articles.
Who compiled Shangshu? There have always been different opinions, but Sima Qian and Ban Gu must have been compiled by Confucius. Confucius was a master of ancient culture in China. He lived at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with no rites and music, and no poetry and books. So, after traveling around the world, he returned to Shandong, and spent all his energy in compiling the six classics of Poetry, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu in his later years, and prefaced Shangshu. Sima Qian said, Confucius's book "preface to the three generations of rituals"? Biography, on the occasion of Tang Yu in the last century, went down to Qin Miao and made it up. "("historical records? Therefore, Shangshu is listed as one of the classics by Confucianism.
Confucius also chose these classics as teaching materials when he was given lectures by his disciples. He believes that these six kinds of textbooks can make people "gentle and honest, and teach poetry"; Is far from telling, book teaching; Broad and easy to be good, "music" teaches also; Clean and subtle, "Yi" teaches also; Zhuang Jing and Li also teach; It's a rhetorical matter, taught in the Spring and Autumn Period. "(The Book of Rites? This shows the educational significance and value of the Six Classics. Shangshu is a collection of historical documents in ancient China. Because it describes China's political history and social situation at that time, it can also be said to be the beginning of China's ancient historiography.
In the pre-Qin era, Shangshu was only called a book, and sometimes it was named Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu respectively. It was not until the Han Dynasty that it was called Shangshu, indicating that it was an ancient book. According to legend, Confucius once deleted all the articles in the book, saying that "the first one was broken by Yao, and the second one was broken by Qin, with every hundred articles as the order", and regarded the book as a teaching book for teaching disciples. It was not until the Warring States period that this book was officially compiled. Private possession of poetry books was forbidden in Qin dynasty, but those who were doctors in Qin dynasty could still have them.
There are more than 100 kinds of books compiled by Dr. Qin. Shangshu, a popular edition in Han Dynasty, "may be the official edition of Qin Dynasty, partly edited by Dr. Qin" (General Theory of Shangshu by Chen, p. 1 165438, Zhonghua Book Company, p. 1985). After the great social unrest between Qin and Han Dynasties, books gradually disappeared. It is said that Dr. Qin Fusheng hid books in the wall, but he still lost dozens of books. It was not until Han Huidi found 29 books to teach students in Qilu area. Fu Shengjiao's Shangshu was written in the official script of Han Dynasty, and was later called Modern Literature Book. In addition, in the Han Dynasty, Shangshu written in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period was also called Shangshu. This book "out of the wall of Confucius, in the last years of Emperor Wu, King Lu * * * destroyed Confucius, wanted to expand his palace, and gained the history of ancient Chinese literature". This book is also called The History of Confucius, which is sixteen more than The History of Modern Literature in China. After the social unrest in the Han and Wei Dynasties, historical books were completely lost. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Shi Mei of Zhang Yu wrote 58 biographies of ancient literature and history, saying that it was written by Kong Anguo in the Han Dynasty, which was 25 more than the Jinwen Shangshu. Since the Tang Dynasty, people have been skeptical about Hu Mei's book. According to the story collection, Zhu suspected that this book was "easy to understand" in Song Dynasty, which was different from Fu Sheng's "Difficult to Understand", so he suspected that it was a "fake book", and the so-called "Biography of Confucius" was not written by Kong Anguo, but also a "fake book". Since then, more and more people in academic circles have become suspicious of this book. In Qing Dynasty, Yan Ruoqu wrote eight volumes of Shangshu Shuzheng, citing evidence and repeatedly discriminating this book. From then on, it was decided. Since then, this book has been called the pseudo-ancient prose Shangshu in academic circles, and its annotation is also called the biography of pseudo-Confucius.
Shangshu has a great influence on China's academic history, especially in the long-term struggle between Confucian classics and ancient prose and the development of the style of study in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Shangshu has a very important position in the academic history of China. Because it preserved the most important political and historical documents in ancient China, it became the most important document basis for people to understand and study ancient history. As early as the pre-Qin period, Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi and other masters, as well as Zuozhuan, Guoyu, Hanfeizi, Lv Chunqiu and The Book of Rites, all quoted Shangshu to explain history and their own theories. Since the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Shangshu has been listed as one of the five classics, and since the establishment of a doctor, both official research and folk discussion on Shangshu have flourished. The great historian Sima Qian wrote The History of Yao Shunyu and Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Many places are based on the records of Shangshu. Until today, we know ancient history, and Shangshu still has its irreplaceable value. Because of its importance, discussing the attitude and methods of Shangshu has become the main basis for the formation of different schools (especially classics and ancient documents), and with the evolution of the times, it is difficult to distinguish between schools, which greatly promoted the development of China's ancient classics and history. A book can influence the whole style of study in ancient China and arouse people's great interest in studying it. There is no one like Shangshu.
The writing and editing times of Shangshu are different, but we can see that its author's historical consciousness is getting stronger and stronger. Pan Geng and Eight Letters Written by Yin and Zhou Dynasties not only have the highest historical value, but also have large-scale notes, characters and authors, and their writing is also very logical. The Three Chapters of Pan Geng not only recorded Wang's letters of patent, but also recorded the process of moving the capital in concise language. Zhaozhao recorded Luoyi, the eastern capital of Zhou Jianshe, and said at the beginning: "February is the only month to look forward to, and the sixth day has not passed. As for Feng, it is the leader of Taibao", which completely recorded the time, place and process of the incident. Two articles, "Todos" and "Duofang", recorded the words of the Duke of Zhou about the adherents of Yin and the leaders of various countries, and also briefly wrote the story first, and then wrote the contents of the words. Luo Patent recorded the time and place of the above-mentioned events at the end of the article, and finally said that "it was October and February, but the Duke of Zhou was ordered to protect him for only seven years", indicating that it was in December of the seventh year of Duke Zhou's regency. Gu Ming, a little later than Yin Pan's Zhou Patent, clearly wrote the complicated historical details of his death, regency and accession to the throne in refined language, and also created a quiet atmosphere for Su Zhuang's royal affairs. In a word, although the notes in Shangshu are still in the primary stage of development, they already have the embryonic form of notepad. In addition, in the use of historical language, the chapter of Shangshu is also original. Although it feels awkward to read today because of the time gap, it was still very vivid at that time.
Shangshu not only provides valuable information for future generations to understand the ancient history of China, but also lays a solid foundation for the development of future generations' historiography. Today, when we study Shangshu, we should understand its origin and distinguish the difference between modern people and ancient Shangshu. Although the value of Pseudo-Ancient History is far less than that of Modern History Book, it was compiled in Wei and Jin Dynasties earlier, and many materials based on it are no longer available, so it is also an important chapter.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, Shangshu was banned, and the folk collection of Shangshu was required to be burned. Since then, there has been a dispute between the modern version of Shangshu and the ancient version of Shangshu. When Qin burned books, there was a doctor named Sheng in Jinan. He secretly hid Shangshu in the wall at home. After the situation stabilized in the early Han Dynasty, when he took out the books from the wall, the books had been scattered all over the floor, with only 28 articles. Fu Sheng gave lectures between Qilu and Qilu with these 28 incomplete Shangshu. Because these chapters were written in the official script at that time, they were called Shangshu. This book is listed as a scholar by the Han government, and according to the textual research of most scholars, it is considered to be true.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Yu, the Duke of Lu, demolished Confucius' old house in order to expand the scope of his palace, and found many bamboo slips with tadpole characters (Da Zhuan or Wen Shu before the Han Dynasty) on the walls of Confucius' house. These bamboo slips are the ancient prose Shangshu. Kong Anguo, a scholar at that time (a descendant of Confucius), used the modern popular text Shangshu to collate and added 16 articles. This ancient prose "Shangshu" has never been valued by the Han Dynasty, nor has it been listed as a scholar, and no one has taught it. Until Wang Mang listed this ancient prose Shangshu as a scholar. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, it gradually became popular. At that time, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan and other great scholars commented on it, so it became popular all over the world. However, compared with the modern version of Shangshu, it is still not valued by people nowadays.
During Yuan () in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shi Meihuan of Zhang Yu presented the court with 25 pieces of Shangshu (also different from Shangshu in the Han Dynasty) and the biography of Shangshu forged by Kong Anguo. The Eastern Jin government listed him as a scholar, which had a great influence on the society and spread for a long time. In the fifth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (63 1), Emperor Taizong ordered the compilation of Justice in the Classics. When Confucius wrote Justice in the History and Lu Deming wrote Classic Interpretation, they were all based on Meggie. So it became the standard book of the government, and was later included in the Notes to Thirteen Classics, which was widely circulated.
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, scholars such as Zhu and others began to doubt Mei's book, thinking that it was not like the literary writing in words. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, more scholars continued to criticize Meggie. The textual research of Shangshu by Mei Kun in Ming Dynasty, Yan Ruoqu in Qing Dynasty and Hui Dong in Qing Dynasty all hold that Shangshu by Hu Mei is a fake book. Gal, Hu Mei's ancient prose "Shangshu" its authenticity, there is a conclusion.
Because the tadpole book Shangshu, which was taken out from Confucius' wall in Han Dynasty, has long been lost, the ancient book Shangshu, an ancient book in the eastern Jin Dynasty, was regarded as a fake book, but it was included in the widely circulated Notes to Thirteen Classics, which was fraudulent. Shangshu, which is widely used today, is a combination of Shangshu and the ancient prose Shangshu proposed by Mei, with a total of 58 articles, 5 articles and 4 articles, 17 articles and 32 articles.
Shangshu has left precious materials for us to study the slave social history in the late primitive society and the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. For example, Yao Dian recorded the story of Yao, Shun and Yu's abdication, which reflected the power inheritance under the original commune system. Gong Yu is the earliest historical and geographical document in China. Pan Geng describes the Shang Dynasty's move to the capital.
Shangshu is difficult to read. When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he used the materials of Shangshu, or recorded the whole text, or took some words, but he applied the principle of "exegesis instead of scripture" to translate the original text of Shangshu, making the ancient books in pre-Qin become the common language of Han Dynasty. For example, Shangshu? Yao Dian has the word "respect for heaven", historical records? The biography of the Five Emperors is about "respecting the vast sky". Another example is the "blind man" in Yao Dian, and the "five emperors" were changed to "blind man". So we can look at the biographies of the Five Emperors, Xia Benji, Yin Benji and Zhou Benji in Shangshu and Shiji.
There are many works that have studied and annotated Shangshu in the past dynasties, and the most popular one is Shangshu Zhengyi, which is a compilation of Shangshu of modern people and Shangshu of ancient people. We must distinguish between authenticity and falsehood. Even the forged parts were written by Wei Jin people, which is of reference value to the study of Shangshu. Sun Xingyan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, made a good annotation on the ancient books of Shangshu, which absorbed the research results of some scholars in Qing Dynasty.
The book Shangshu Zhengdu by Zeng Yungan, a close friend, and Wentong Shangshu by Mou Ting can also be used for our reference.
Si ku Ji Shang Shu Zheng yi
The old title "The Biography of Kong Anguo in the History of Han Dynasty" began to be played in Jin and Yu Zhang. In the sixteenth year of Tang Zhenguan, Kong and others neglected it, and in the fourth year of Yonghui, Wuji and others republished it. Since Zhuzi, the support for Confucius' biography has been controversial. In the Chinese dynasty, Yan Ruoqu wrote "Shuzheng of Ancient Books of Shangshu", which became more and more clear. Its burning is well documented: Mei Li's textual research on Shangshu notes "Yugong", "Taoshui goes out of northern Henan" and "Jishishan in southwest Jincheng", and the place names are all after Anguo. Zhu Yizun's classic "Yi Kao" attacks a note in the preface to "Other Horses in the East China Sea", saying that Zhu Meng, the king of colts, was founded only two years ago by Zhao Jian, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, not as good as Emperor Anguo. If you are a monk, you will attack his annotation Taishi, which is contrary to the annotation of The Analects. There is Tang Shi in The Legend of An Guo, and the paragraph "Shoes for Children" in The Analects of Confucius is an article by Tang Shi quoted by Mozi (The Analects of An Guo is lost today, and this article is quoted from Xie Ji). All the proofs are clear and there is no doubt that they are just. It is not entirely true that Kong Ying Da decided to follow The Biography of Confucius. Kao Han Shu? Literary narrative, the history of ancient literature, but it is called a Guo Xian, but it is not established as a scholar, it is not a biography. However, the classic explanation and narration are called literary annals, and The Biography of Shangshu was put forward by Yun Anguo. Because of witchcraft, the word "biography" was added to prove it. Some people say that if Confucius is the right person today, it will be Lu Deming who followed Confucius, not clever. Wei Deming made a bet on Shun Dian: "The Biography of Confucius lost a Shun Dian, and Wang Su's annotation was similar to Kong's annotation, so Wang's annotation was taken as Shun Dian from the Five Divine Scriptures to continue the Biography of Confucius." Another cloud says that the "twelve characters" of Zhong Hua's cooperation with the emperor were written by Yao Fangxing, and the biography of Kong does not exist. Ruan Xiaoxu's "Seven Records" is also a cloud, which is in the ascendant, and there is even more "the promotion of Xuande in the fair competition of Ruizhe civilization". If there are twenty-eight differences, talk about it, and Wang Zhu has nothing to do. "But although this article was added to the emperor, it was not added to the biography of Confucius, so Deming allowed her. This version of twenty-eight words should be added to Ying Da's ear. Hu Mei died not far from ancient times, and his biography was based on Wang Su's annotation and benefited from the old training. Therefore, Shuo Wen Jie Zi said that Wang Su also annotated this article. His explanation is similar to that of ancient Chinese, or is it a secret biography of Confucius? Although this is based on the ending, on the other hand, it also shows that it is not nonsense according to the ancient meaning. What do Ying's Shu and Chao's Reading Record mean? Shu is widely circulated. However, Ying Da's original preface was named as six just schools, namely Cai Dabao, Chao Yi, Fei Yi, Gu Biao, Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan, among which Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan were the most detailed. His book was written on February 26, not by Fei. Do you want to use martial arts or just the meanings listed in the classic interpretation? Family, so it's a cloud? Zhu Zi's Quotations said: "The Five Classics is the best explanation for Zhou Li, followed by poetry and The Book of Rites, and then the Book of Changes and The Book of Rites. However, the study of famous things depends on exams, so it can't be light!