Review materials of urban geography Chapter 1 Understanding: 1 Research object, task and content of urban geography in China: (1) Object-the science of studying the formation, development, structure, function, distribution and spatial relations of cities. 1. The structure composition, structural relationship, spatial structure and land use structure between cities A city is a face composed of many elements. Study its structure and combination. 2. The function of a functional city, the regional economic, political and cultural center, and its influence on the region (leading role) 3. Distribution (1) urban distribution as a point: regular distribution and irregular distribution (2) agglomeration, anti-agglomeration and random cities are the products of population, commerce, etc. (3) urban distribution as a surface: the elongation rate of cities in different periods can be determined. Shape ratio, etc. Study the direction of urban spatial expansion. 4. Scale-the size of quantity. 5. Connection-the spatial connection between large, medium and small cities and the vertical connection between cities at the same level (2) Content (specific research content) 1. Study on the conditions of urban formation and development The geographical location, natural conditions, socio-economic and historical conditions of a city have an impact on the formation and development of a city. The influence of layout 2. The concept, types, motivation, process and problems of urbanization research, and the comparative study of urbanization in various countries and regions 3. Urban classification studies scale classification, morphological classification, functional classification, classification basis, index and method 4. Urban system research, scale system, spatial distribution system and spatial interaction. Urban internal spatial organization studies urban internal land use patterns. The functional characteristics, changes and interrelationships of commerce, industry, transportation and housing. 6. Study on Urban Issues Environmental Issues, Traffic Issues and Housing Issues (III) Tasks The urgent task of urban geography in China is to proceed from China's national conditions, solve the contradictions and problems that are constantly emerging in social and economic construction, and provide the basis for the decision-making of leading departments, so as to give full play to the central role of cities. 2. The Development Process and Present Situation of Urban Geography in China (1) During the thousands of years of historical development in China, there were a lot of historical materials about urban description, but until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), urban geography was still blank. 1. In 1950s and 1960s, the content of Introduction to Translation was scattered, and there were few papers integrating theory with practice. In the 1970s, the Cultural Revolution had an impact during the stagnation period. Since 1980s, urban planning geographers (Peking University, Nanda, Sun Yat-sen University) have made special studies on urbanization, urban nature and urban system. Since 1990s, it has further developed (1) and actively participated in international exchanges. (2) Urban geography has become an active branch of geography. (3) A large number of books have been published. (2) The research status of urban geography in China 1. Research institutions and universities (1) Peking University, (2) Xu Yan Xiaopei of Sun Yat-sen University, (3) Ning of East China Normal University, (4) Song Jiatai of Nanjing University, Cui Gu Chaolin, (5) Cheng Liansheng of Beijing Normal University, 2. Scientific research institution (1) Institute of Geography Beijing Institute of Geography Hu Nanjing Lake and Institute of Geography Yao Shimei (2) Urban Office of Academy of Social Sciences Liu Weixin (3) Urban Planning Institute Chapter II Terminology Explanation: 1. Metropolitan area-a huge population core and its close social and economic ties. The combination of adjacent communities with integration tendency takes county as the basic unit. Mainly refers to the scope of employment (residence, work place), leisure, shopping, medical care and so on. Take one day as the cycle. Common statistical concepts; Coordinating body; It is not a first-level government, but it may be a first-level government in some countries. 2. Metropolitan belt-a multi-core complex in urban areas, which closely interacts with each other in economic, social, cultural and other activities. 3. Cities and towns-the population concentration points dominated by non-agricultural activities, the first-level administrative units, and the lower-level urban settlements that play the role of linking urban and rural economic ties are called towns. 4. Cities-historically formed, with non-agricultural population as the main body. The social material system with a high density of population, economy, politics and cultural activities is explained in Chapter III, IV and V: 1. Urban geographical location-the spatial combination characteristics between the city and its external natural, economic, political and other objective things II. Scale economy-refers to a production enterprise, only after reaching a certain production scale, its production income can be greater than its production cost, and gradually reach economy. 3. Agglomeration economy refers to the economic effect and centripetal force produced by the spatial concentration of various industries and economic activities, which promotes the development of the city; When the degree of agglomeration exceeds a certain limit, agglomeration will bring uneconomical and centrifugal force, so it is necessary to restrain or reduce the scale of the city. 4. Inter-regional trade-mutual trade activities between different cities or regions. Urbanization-since the industrial revolution, the proportion of agricultural activities has gradually decreased, while the proportion of non-agricultural activities has steadily increased. In line with this change in economic structure, the proportion of rural population has gradually decreased, while the proportion of urban population has steadily increased, and the physical appearance of residential areas and people's lifestyle have been transformed and strengthened to urban type. This process is called urbanization. It is generally expressed by the proportion of urban population to the total population. Short answer: 1. What are the regional basic factors for the emergence and development of cities? Economy: economic structure, development level, development potential, quantity and quality of labor force: a society that is constantly developing and based on the development of predecessors: human creativity and spiritual and cultural quality (1) Regional natural geographical conditions, such as geology, landforms, climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, etc., first of all, as the living environment of human beings, affect the formation and development of cities by affecting population distribution, and big cities have great influence on natural conditions. Relationship between urban distribution and topography (2) Regional economic and geographical conditions 1) Abundance and combination of mineral resources, hydrothermal resources, soil, animals and plants (2) Regional infrastructure, quantity and quality of labor force, historical tradition, current level and structure of economic development, socio-economic and historical conditions. The close relationship between cities and regions is always reflected in the two-way relationship between cities and regions. The regional differences in many cities are not only due to historical productivity and production relations. 2. What is the driving force of urbanization? (Promoting Urbanization) p52-53 The driving forces of urbanization are divided into thrust and tension. In developed countries, tension has become the main factor of urban development; In developing countries, thrust has become the dominant factor in urban development. The pulling force of the city is: 1. The demand of urban industry for labor force. The demand of other non-agricultural industries for labor. The attraction of urban lifestyle and higher level to farmers. The rural thrust is: 1. Population appreciation exceeds land development, and the contradiction between man and land increases. 2. Agricultural labor productivity has improved. 3. Under certain conditions, agriculture goes bankrupt and farmers flow into cities. 4. The spiritual motivation for farmers to find an ideal paradise. 3. What are the types of urbanization? According to the nature of urbanization, it can be divided into: typical urbanization (conventional urbanization), reverse urbanization in Western Europe and North America, pseudo-urbanization (developing countries), population and industrial concentration, but people's mental outlook has not changed, suburban urbanization (developed countries), rural urbanization (China and Guangdong), 1. According to the regional characteristics of urbanization: (. Commercial service facilities in the city, such as commerce, finance, insurance, corporate headquarters, etc. , are concentrated in the city center, large enterprises with environmental pollution spread from the city center to the periphery, which is called centrifugal type. (2) Exterior urbanization and enclave urbanization This is to examine the development of the city from the expansion mode of the built-up area. If the centrifugal diffusion of the city keeps the built-up area adjacent and pushes outward continuously and gradually, it is called extension type; If, in the process of promotion, an urban expansion model that is spatially divorced from the built-up area and functionally connected with the central urban area appears, it is called enclave type (such as satellite towns), and extension type is more common, sometimes both types appear in the same city at the same time. (3) Landscape urbanization and functional urbanization refer to the process that urban land gradually covers regional space, which directly creates urban areas; Functional urbanization refers to the process in which the functions of modern cities play a role in the regional sequence, which shows the potential awareness of regional evolution and does not directly create dense urban landscapes from the appearance. (4) Positive and negative urbanization is caused by the complexity of urbanization. Urbanization synchronized with economic development is called positive type, and urbanization ahead of economic development level is called negative type. 2. According to the dynamic division of cities (1), top-down urbanization and bottom-up urbanization have produced these two types of urbanization, which are determined by the national conditions of China. Top-down type refers to the urbanization caused by the labor demand generated by the state's investment in urban economic sectors with the economic development; Bottom-up type refers to the development of non-agricultural production activities with township enterprises as the main body in rural areas through self-financing, which first realizes the occupational transformation of rural population, and then realizes the spatial transformation of population residence through the development of small towns. World: Status: 1. The proportion of urban population has risen rapidly. The number of big cities is increasing rapidly. 3. The formation of a huge urban belt. 4. The characteristic of suburban urbanization in developed countries is 1. The growth momentum is very strong. 2. The mainstream of world urbanization is gradually shifting to developing countries. 3. Urban population is concentrated in big cities faster. 4. There are great regional differences in the level and speed of urbanization in the world. China: Status quo: It has entered a new historical stage and started a new process characterized by 1 The number of towns and cities and the total urban population have developed greatly. The urbanization level in the first 30 years was very slow, not too slow since the 1980s, but the overall level was still very low. In the crumbling world, repetition is rare, and ups and downs are our main lessons. 4. The slow urbanization process in China has not caused excessive population expansion in big cities. 5. The urbanization of China is not accompanied by the bankruptcy of rural areas and the sharp opposition between urban and rural areas. 6. The regional differences of urbanization in China are obvious. Paper: Comprehensive analysis of urbanization dynamics? (P52-53) 1。 Main reasons: economist: rapid expansion of capital (capital expansion and reproduction) sociologist: changes in human behavior (spirit, personality, politics) geographer: geographical concentration (concentration and dispersion) of industry 2. The main driving force of urbanization: the driving force of urbanization is divided into thrust and pull. In developed countries, pulling has become the main force of urban development. In developing countries, thrust has become the dominant factor in urban development. The pulling force of the city is: 1. The demand of urban industry for labor force. The demand of other non-agricultural industries for labor. The attraction of urban lifestyle and higher level to farmers. The rural thrust is: 1. Population appreciation exceeds land development, and the contradiction between man and land increases. 2. Agricultural labor productivity has improved. 3. Under certain conditions, agriculture goes bankrupt and farmers flow into cities. 4. Farmers' spiritual thrust to find an ideal paradise is in the primary stage: the thrust of the countryside is not great, the attraction of the city is not great, and the urbanization process is not fast. In the middle stage, the thrust of the village is increasing. The attraction of the city is also increasing, and the process of urbanization in the later period is very fast: the thrust of the village is not great, the attraction of the city is also decreasing, and the process of urbanization is not fast. 3. Analysis of the driving force of urbanization: from the perspective of population migration and employment, analyze the labor productivity of urbanization level by comparing labor productivity: the comparison of annual per capita output value and labor productivity: the labor productivity of an industry/the labor productivity of all industries if agriculture; 1, tertiary industry > 1 shows that the rural population has migrated from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, and the urbanization process has begun. Different values indicate different degrees. 4. Mathematical proof: Assuming that the population of a certain area is P, the urban population is U, the rural population is R, and the urbanization level is Y, then y=u/p=u/R+u Urbanization population change du=urudt dR=RrRdt For the same area, k(t) is generally stable. Chapter VI Definition of Nouns: 1. Urban function-the position and role of a city in the political, economic and cultural life of a country (region) and its division of labor. 2. Urban functions-The conditions and opportunities provided by the city for human social activities include: living function, working function, shopping function, sightseeing function, etc. 3. The nature of the city-the summary of the main functions of the city, representing the personality, characteristics and development direction of the city. 4. Basic and non-basic parts of urban economic activities-all economic activities of a city are divided according to their service objects, and the part that serves the field is the part that creates income for the city from outside the city. It is the economic basis for the existence and development of cities. This part of the activity is called the urban basic activity part; The economic activities to meet the needs of the city are developed with the development of the basic part, which is called non-basic activities. 5. Basic/non-basic proportion-the proportional relationship between the basic part and the non-basic part in urban economic activities. Short answer: 1. How is the nature of the city determined? What factors are affected? (p 109- 1 10) How to determine: (1) Don't simply transfer the function of the city to the nature of the city, list a lot of functions, and don't completely deviate from the current function and idealize the nature of the city. The key is to deeply analyze urban functions, inherit and develop reasonable parts, discard unreasonable parts and predict possible changes in the future. (2) To determine the nature of a city, we must jump out of the concept of "city by city". We should use the methods of regional analysis and city comparison. (3) The generalization of the main functions of the city by the nature of the city should be appropriate in depth, and the simplification should depend on what purpose it is used for: industry, mining, geological exploration, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce, government organizations, tourism, other tertiary industries and population size. 2. What are the impacts of the basic and non-basic parts of the city on urban development? (p 107- 109) The internal driving force of urban development mainly comes from the development of export activities, that is, the basic part. Due to the establishment and development of urban basic activities, the income from exporting products and services has increased. Part of the income has led to the expansion of consumption and service demand of local basic employees, and also led to the increase of non-basic jobs and income in this area. The other part of the income from basic activities is used for its own expansion and reproduction, and it continues to earn more income for the city from the outside ~ ~ Every increase in basic and non-basic activities will lead to a further increase in the local population, thus increasing the demand and population in this area. The process of urban development is also a process in which basic activities and non-basic activities circulate and gather in one place. Every time an investment, income and employees are added to the urban infrastructure, the result of the urban chain reaction is always several times that of the original investment, income and employees. Understand: China urban function classification (1) regional urban function classification l geographer Sun made the earliest regional urban function classification in China: the urban function classification of three southwestern provinces. For 22 cities, only four departments, namely industry, transportation, science, education, culture and health, and government organizations, are taken as the classification basis; for industrial cities, seven industrial departments are taken to divide industrial functions. (2) National Classification of Urban Functions l 1985 China Statistical Yearbook provides a possibility for the classification of industrial functions of China cities. The classification of urban industrial functions in China is based on cluster analysis, forming a three-level system consisting of major categories, minor categories and functional groups 1. Category: Overall difference of urban industrial functions II. Subcategory: the basic type of urban industrial function. Functional groups: more detailed classification of cities within sub-categories; l Zhou Yixing's "National Urban Functional Classification"11988 published "Industrial Functional Classification of Cities in China (including Counties under its jurisdiction)", which solved the theory. 199 1 released the revised classification of urban industrial functions, and 1997 released the comprehensive classification of urban functions. 2) Theoretical basis, three elements of urban function: specialized department, functional intensity and functional scale. 3) Methodological basis: Multivariate analysis and statistical analysis are combined, and through statistical analysis, the functional characteristics of cities are objectively classified and revealed, which is convenient for naming. 4) Data processing: 190 data of social workers in 465 cities in China 13 industries. In order to meet the needs of urban functional classification, the data are processed in three ways: elimination, merging and addition, and a data matrix of 465 cities 10 variables is obtained as the basis of multivariate classification. The abbreviations of this 10 variable are: industry, mining industry, geological exploration industry, construction industry, transportation and post and telecommunications industry, commerce, government organizations, tourism, other tertiary industries and population size. 5) Classification: The functional classification results are obtained by Ward's error method of multivariate cluster analysis, slightly adjusted, and then the analysis results are described and named by Nelson's statistical analysis principle. 6) Combination of comprehensive function classification and industrial function classification Chapter VII Terminology Interpretation: 1. Mark Jefferson summed up the distribution law of city size in China, that is, the first city in a country is always much larger than the second city in this country, and it also plays an extremely prominent role in the country. 2. City Pyramid-The bigger the city, the fewer the cities. The smaller the city, the more cities there are. Graphically express the relationship between the number of cities and the scale level, and form the city scale pyramid. 3. primacy-population of the first city/population of the second city s = p 1/p24. Grade-Scale Rule-Investigate all cities in the system and analyze the relationship between grade and scale. That is, the product of the size of a city and its ranking in this urban system is a constant, which is the first urban population in this area: 1. What are the factors that affect the size of a city? (1) Population is the most important factor (2) socio-economic development level (3) traffic network density (4) urbanization level and time (5) country area and history (6) centralization degree of state structure (7) discussion on national spirit: discussion on China city scale development policy (P65438+041-/. China's urban development policy: L 1953-57 "First Five-Year Plan" Urban construction policy: "Key construction, steady progress" l 1965 Mao Zedong: "Small town or small town?" The "l 1980 Urban Planning Work Conference" defined the general policy of urban development: "Control the scale of big cities, rationally develop medium-sized cities, and actively develop small cities", with scale standards attached. L draft urban planning law: "controlling the scale of big cities and developing medium-sized cities and small cities rationally" l1989 65438+February urban planning law: "strictly controlling the scale of big cities and developing medium-sized cities and small cities rationally" and "controlling the scale of big cities and developing small towns" have been almost intact. 2. One of the hot topics discussed since 1980s (1) branch of theory (1), focusing on small cities-narrowing differences and adapting to national conditions; (2) Mainly medium-sized cities-both big cities and small cities have disadvantages; (3) Focus on big cities-common laws and agglomeration benefits. (4) Balanced development theory (large, medium and small rational structure theory). (2) According to local conditions, determine a reasonable scale. 3. Suggestion 1 (Zhou Yixing): l Strengthen the relationship between urban and rural areas-the relationship between urban and rural areas in the new period should be fundamentally different from the past urban-rural division. L Pay attention to urban benefits-benefits are the main basis for urban development under the market economy. Improve infrastructure-this is the main constraint that almost all cities need to solve. L overall planning and construction-adhere to planning as the leading factor. Replace the past "control" with "coordination" (suggested by the Ministry of Construction): l Adjust measures to local conditions, step by step, actively guide, develop intensively, make unified planning and advance in an orderly manner. Suggestion 3: l The policy of promoting urbanization suggested by the Planning Department of the State Planning Commission: l Take the initiative to speed up the progress; Take the road of diversification; Adhere to the coordination with economic development; Adhere to the coordinated development of urban and rural areas; Adhere to reform and upgrading; Improve the ability of sustainable development (and then answer some descriptive words in the book) Chapter 8 Definition of nouns: 1. Spatial interaction-In order to ensure normal production and life, there is always an exchange of materials, energy, people and information between cities and regions, which we call spatial interaction. 2. Spatial diffusion-the diffusion of new things from a city to its surrounding cities and regions. That is, the spread of new things, new organizations, new ideas, new technologies, new fashions and new lifestyles. 3. Convection-the movement of goods and people between cities, such as the transportation of products and raw materials between production and consumption, the transportation of mail and parcels, and the flow of people. 4. Transmission-the exchange between cities is not realized through concrete material flow. It is a process of exchange and transaction in the form of accounting (bookkeeping), mainly referring to the exchange of funds (currency flow). 5. Radiation-the flow of information and the diffusion of innovation (new ideas and technologies) (information flow). 6. Central Plaza-