Root system and its distribution and significance in soil include animation: root structure; Water absorption by roots; Observe the structure of root hair and root tip
The structure, composition and germination of seeds include animation: kidney bean seeds; Soybean seed components; Protein; Starch1; Starch 2; Rice seed components; Moisture; The role of inorganic salts in plant life (corn); Inorganic salt; Conveying water and inorganic salts through pipelines; Plant life needs inorganic salts; Cells that make up the catheter; Corn; Sesame components; Conditions for seed germination (kidney beans); Seeds absorb water and swell; Seeds give off heat during breathing.
Basic structure and main functions of blades; The concept of photosynthesis-1 contains animation: the place of photosynthesis-chloroplast; leaf 1； Schematic diagram of LEAF2LEAF3 photosynthesis1; Schematic diagram of photosynthesis 2; Photosynthesis absorbs carbon dioxide-1 (sunlight); Photosynthesis absorbs carbon dioxide -2 (heating); Photosynthesis absorbs carbon dioxide -3 (iodized solution); Light and action produce oxygen; Stomatal closure; Stomatal opening; Green leaves make starch-1under sunlight; Starch-2 is made from green leaves under illumination (heating); Starch -3 is made from green leaves under light (iodine solution is added)
Basic structure and main functions of blades; The concept of photosynthesis -2 includes animation: the seed structure of dicotyledonous plants; Vascular bundles run through the whole body of plants; Structure of microscope; Type of vein; Leaf mosaic; Structure of leaf buds; Breathing diagram; Structure of herbaceous stems; Structure of woody plant stems; Plants lose water; Seeds release carbon dioxide in respiration; Seeds absorb oxygen in their breath.
The spread of flowering and fruiting includes animation: the basic structure of flowers is1; Basic structure of flowers 2; Racemes of robes; The flower head of a sunflower; Cross pollination; Self-pollination; The process of fertilization
The main flora includes animation: classification and characteristics of angiosperms; Fruits and seeds of peaches; Cones and seeds of pine trees; Pumpkin and its living environment; Kelp; Spirogyra; Chlamydomonas; Purple seaweed
The types of buds include animation: annual rings; The tender buds of willow trees; Plant grafting
The basic morphological and structural characteristics of bacteria include animation: cocci; Bacillus; Spirillum; Structure of bacteria with capsules (schematic diagram); Flagellar bacteria
The morphological structure of yeast and mold includes animation: the shape of mushroom; Penicillium; Aspergillus
The morphological structure of virus includes animation: virus.
The characteristics of protozoa include animation: a schematic diagram of the division and reproduction process of paramecium; Morphological structure of paramecium; Stress test of paramecium; Schematic diagram of the relationship between protozoa and human beings
The characteristics of coelenterates include animation: a schematic diagram of the budding and reproduction process of hydra; Hydra; Longitudinal section of hydra
Common flat animals and their relationship with humans include animation: planarian.
The relationship between linear animals and people includes animation: the shape, longitudinal section and eggs of ascaris lumbricoides; Morphological structure of Taenia solium
The relationship between mollusks and humans includes animation: the structure of mussels; snail
Experiment 2: Making temporary film and observing plant cells including animation: Experiment 2: Making temporary film and observing plant cells1; Experiment 2: make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 2; Experiment 2: make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 3; Experiment 2: make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 4; Experiment 2: make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 5; Experiment 2: make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 6; Experiment 2: Make temporary membrane and observe plant cells 7.
The relationship between annelids and humans includes animation: a schematic diagram of earthworm longitudinal section; Cross section of earthworm; Morphology of earthworm. Feeding situation
The morphological structure, physiology and development characteristics of locusts include animation: the development process of locusts; The trachea of locusts; Locust shape
The morphological, structural and physiological characteristics of fish suitable for life in water include animation: polyculture of main freshwater fish; Schematic diagram of crucian carp circulation system; Crucian carp appearance
The concepts of warm-blooded animals and hibernation include animation: the nervous system of frogs; Frog; Schematic diagram of frog circulation system
Reptiles overview includes animation: lizard appearance; Schematic diagram of lizard heart
Bird overview includes animation: schematic diagram of pigeon lungs and airbags; Pigeon appearance; Bird embryo; The structure of bird eggs; Zhengyuhe down
The morphological structure and physiological characteristics of rabbits include animation: rabbit brain; Rabbit embryo; The nervous system of rabbits; The appearance of rabbits
The structure and main functions of human skin include animation: skin structure and subcutaneous tissue pattern diagram.
The composition of human skeleton includes animation: the profile of spine.
Arthropods include animation: the development of bees; Three kinds of bees
The seventh grade biology review outline (PEP) Volume 1 Unit 1 Biology and Biosphere
Chapter 1 Understanding Biology
The first section biological characteristics
First, the biological characteristics:
1. Biology needs nutrition. 2. Living things can breathe. 3. Waste can be excreted.
4, stress 5, composed of cells (except viruses) 6, growth and development 7, reproduction 8, genetic variation
Second, the observation method of P2
The second part investigates the creatures around us
First, the general method of investigation.
Steps: Make clear the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write an investigation report.
Second, the classification of organisms.
According to morphological structure: animals, plants and other organisms.
According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
By use: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
Chapter II The biosphere is the home of all living things.
Section 1 Biosphere
First, the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere: birds, insects, bacteria, etc.
The whole hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50m from the sea level/kloc-.
The surface of the lithosphere is the "foothold" of all terrestrial creatures.
Second, the biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.
In the second quarter, the influence of environment on living things
1. Effects of abiotic factors on living things: light, moisture, temperature, etc.
Second, the experiment of the influence of light on the life of mice and girls (understanding and mastering the topic of the senior high school entrance examination paper)
Third, the process of inquiry: 1, finding problems, asking questions 2, making assumptions 3, making plans 4, implementing plans 5, drawing conclusions 6, expressing and communicating.
Four. Control experiment P 15
Five, the influence of biological factors on biology:
According to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two types: 1, and the intra-species relationship: intra-species mutual assistance (ants moving food) and intra-species struggle (two leopards competing for antelope and habitat).
2. Interspecific relationships: parasitism (ascaris lumbricoides), competition (lions and leopards compete for food) and mutual assistance (rhinoceros and hornbill).
The third quarter biological adaptation and influence to the environment
I. Examples of biological adaptation to the environment P 19
Second, the biological impact on the environment: plant transpiration can adjust the air humidity, plant dead leaves and dead branches can adjust the soil fertility, animal manure can improve the soil, and earthworms can loosen the soil.
Section 4 Ecosystem
I. Composition of the ecosystem:
1. Biological parts: producers, consumers and decomposers.
2. Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air and temperature.
Second, the food chain and food web:
1. The food chain starts from the producer.
2. Material-energy flows along the food chain-food web.
3. The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the more toxic substances are accumulated, such as aquatic diseases in Japan.
Third, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.
Generally speaking, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. However, this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.
Section 5 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem
I. Types of ecosystems
Forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
Second, the biosphere is a unified whole p30
Pay attention to the examples of DDT (usually practice paper topics)
Unit 2 Organisms and Cells
The first chapter is to observe the cell structure.
Section 1 Practice using a microscope
I. 1. Structure of microscope
Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;
Mirror column: supporting the part above the mirror column;
Mirror arm: the part holding the mirror;
Stage: a place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and two flat clips on both sides for fixing the observed object.
Shutter: There are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. Each hole can be aligned with the light-transmitting hole. Lights are used to adjust the intensity of light:
Mirror: it can be rotated to make the light reflect upward through the light hole. The two sides are different:
Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, a converter is installed at the lower end, an objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.
Focus screw: coarse focus screw (also known as coarse adjustment): the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when it rotates; Fine-tuning focal screw (also called fine-tuning).
The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the focusing screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.
III. Mastering the use of P37-38 diagram of microscope.
1. The observed object image is opposite to the actual image.
2. Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple
3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can penetrate, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens.
Section 2 Observation of Plant Cells
First, the difference between slicing, smearing and assembling P42
Two. Experimental process P43-44
Third, the basic structure of plant cells.
1, cell wall: support, protection
2. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
4. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
5. Chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis.
6. Vacuole: Cell fluid
7. Mitochondria: the place to breathe.
Section III Observation of Animal Cells
First, the oral epithelial cell experiment P47 was observed.
Second, the structure of animal cells.
1. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
2. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
Chapter II Cell Life
Section 1 Cell life needs matter and energy
1. Matter consists of molecules that are constantly moving. Take the experiment of sugar melting as an example to illustrate.
Molecules are not the smallest particles that make up matter. Molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter, while cells are the structural and functional units of organisms.
Second, the substance in the cell.
Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible materials): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.
Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.
Third, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, and it is selective for substances, and useful substances enter and waste is discharged.
Four, the energy converter in the cell:
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water synthesize sugar and produce oxygen.
Mitochondria: It performs respiration and is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.
Section 2 The nucleus is the genetic information base
First, genetic information exists in the nucleus.
Dolly's example p55
Second, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus-DNA.
1, DNA structure is like a spiral staircase.
2. Genes are DNA fragments with specific genetic information.
Third, DNA and protein constitute chromosomes.
1, different biological individuals have completely different chromosome morphology and number.
2, individuals of the same species, chromosomes in the form and quantity to maintain a certain.
3. Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.
The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases.
Fourth, the control center of cells is the nucleus.
The third part of cell division produces new cells.
First, the growth of organisms from childhood is due to: cell growth and cell division.
Second, cell division.
1, chromosome replication
2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei.
3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts.
4. Plant cells: form new cell membranes and cell walls in primitive cells.
Animal cells: The cell membrane gradually invades to form two new cells.
Chapter III How Cells Form Organisms
The first section animal body structure level
I concepts of cell division and cell differentiation
Third, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only function when they are gathered together. These cell groups composed of cells with similar morphological structure and the same function are called tissues.
Four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, which are interrelated to form a structure with a certain shape and multiple functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities in plants. Such a structure is called an organ.
The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
Six or four tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
Seven, animals or human body can * * * complete one or more physiological functions of multiple organs, according to a certain order to form a system.
Eight, the basic structural levels of animals and people: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies.
Nine. P65 Question 3
X. Eight system names
Section II Structural Levels of Plants
First, the six organs of colorful flowering plants
1. Nourishing organs: roots, stems and leaves. 2. Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.
Second, the organization of plants.
Meristem organization, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.
In the third quarter, there is only one cell.
Single-celled organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba.
Second, paramecium
Structure: Cilia, epidermis, collecting duct, contractile vesicle, anal canal, sulcus, food vacuole, cytoplasm and nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus).
Function: Take notes
Third, the relationship between single-celled organisms and humans.
1, advantages: Remarks
2. Harmful aspects: attention