General situation of grape teeth
Country name: Portuguese Republic.
National Day: June 10 (1580)
* * * National Day: 65438+10.5.
National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of two parts: left, green and right. The green part is a vertical rectangle, the red part is close to a square, and its area is one and a half times that of the green part. Portugal's national emblem is painted between the red and green lines. Red represents the celebration of the founding of the second United States in 19 10, and green represents the respect for The Prince Henry, known as the "navigator".
National emblem: The main part is a golden armillary sphere, which is an ancient navigation instrument and represents the navigation achievements of the Portuguese. There is a Bai Dun in the center of the armillary sphere. Five small blue shields on the shield form a cross, and each small blue shield has five white castles. These five small blue shields are to commemorate the victory of Alfan I in defeating the five Moorish monarchs in the Battle of Oriki. The White Castle is an ancient symbol of Portugal, and it also symbolizes the power of Jesus Christ to defeat pagans. Bai Dun is superimposed with a red shield, surrounded by seven castles, to commemorate the Portuguese provinces recovered from the Moors. The armillary sphere is decorated with olive branches.
National flower: lavender
State dignitaries: President jorge sampaio, who took office in March 1996 and was re-elected in October 2006; Premier jose manuel durao barroso took office in April 2002.
Physical geography: covers an area of 92,072 square kilometers. The mainland covers an area of 8894 1 km2, and the Azov Sea is located in the southwest of Iberian Peninsula in Europe. It borders Spain in the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. The coastline is more than 800 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountainous and hilly. The northern part is the Meseta Plateau; The average elevation of the central mountainous area is 800 ~ 1000m, and the elevation of the Esh trela peak is1991m; The south and west are hills and coastal plains respectively. The main rivers are ru river, Douro River (which flows through the territory for 322km) and Montego River. The northern part has a maritime temperate broad-leaved forest climate, and the southern part has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The average temperature is 65438+1October 7 ~ 1 1℃, and July 20 ~ 26℃. The annual average precipitation is 500 ~1000 mm.
Population: 103 1. 8 million (200 1 year). More than 99% of them are Portuguese and the rest are Spanish. The official language is Portuguese. More than 97% of the residents believe in Catholicism.
Capital: Lisbon, with a population of 535,000 (1999), with an annual average temperature of 16.9℃, a maximum temperature of 37.2℃ (July) and a minimum temperature of 2.1℃ (65,438+1October).
Administrative Districts: China is divided into 18 administrative districts, namely: Lisbon, Porto, coimbra, Viana do Castro, Braga, Villarreal, Bragasa, Gualda, Lailla, Aviro, Viseu, Santa Taran, Evora, Faro, Castelo Branco, Porta Laigret, Beya and Stubal. There are also two autonomous regions, Madeira and Azores.
A brief history: one of the ancient European countries. It was ruled by Romans, Germans and Moors for a long time. 1 143 became an independent kingdom. 15 and 16 centuries began to expand overseas, and successively established a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and America, becoming a maritime power. /kloc-was annexed by Spain in 0/580 and got rid of Spanish rule in 0/640. 1703 became a British territory. 1820, the Portuguese constitutionalists launched a revolution and expelled the British army. The first Republic was founded in 189 1 year. 19 10 10 The Second Republic was established in October. Joined the Allies during the First World War. 1926 in may, the second Republic was overthrown and a military government was established. From 65438 to 0932, salazar became prime minister and established a fascist dictatorship in Portugal. 1On April 25th, 974, a group of junior and middle-ranking officers staged a coup, overthrew the fascist dictatorship that ruled Portugal for more than 40 years, and began the process of democratization. 1In February 1986, the presidential election was held, and Suarez was elected as the first literati president of Portugal in 60 years. 1986 Joining the European Union.
Politics: The current Constitution was made in 1976 and has been revised many times. According to the constitution, the president, parliament, government and courts are the organs of state power; The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces and appoints and dismisses the commanders-in-chief and generals of the three armed forces according to the government's nomination. The President can only dissolve Parliament after listening to the opinions of all parties and the State Council, and can only dissolve the government and recall the Prime Minister "when necessary". Parliament is unicameral, consisting of 230 members, with a term of four years.
Economy: Portugal has a weak industrial base and a low level of agricultural production. Energy, raw materials and food are heavily dependent on foreign countries, food is mainly imported, and a quarter of meat and all the sugar needed are also imported. Portugal is one of the major wine producing countries in the world, and Porto in the north is a famous wine producing area. Portugal's tomato sauce is very famous in Europe and is the largest supplier in the European market. Portugal's marine fishing industry is relatively developed, mainly catching sardines, tuna and cod. 1986 After joining the European Union, it obtained a large amount of funds, developed rapidly in economy and increased per capita income. From 1986 to 1990, the average annual growth rate of the national economy was 4. 7%. In the early 1990s, due to the economic recession in Europe, Portugal's economic growth rate decreased year by year, with a negative growth of 1993 and a recovery of 1995. 1996- 1998, with an average annual economic growth rate of 3. 6%, higher than the EU average. In recent years, the Portuguese government has carried out economic restructuring and vigorously developed banking, finance, insurance and tourism services. Rich in mineral resources, mainly tungsten, copper, yellow iron, uranium, hematite, magnetite, marble, etc., tungsten reserves rank first in Western Europe. The forest area is 3.6 million hectares, accounting for 1/3 of the national territory. The main industrial sectors are textiles, clothing, food, paper, cork, electronic equipment, ceramics, wine-making and so on. Cork production accounts for more than half of the world's total output, and its export volume ranks first in the world. Portugal is known as the "cork kingdom". Since the 1990s, Portugal's service industry has developed rapidly, and its output value accounts for the proportion of the national economy and the proportion of the industry in the total employed population has approached the level of developed countries in Europe. 1998 the output value of service industry accounts for 66. It accounts for 4% of GDP. The service industry accounts for 48. 2% of the total labor force. Tourism is an important source of Portugal's foreign exchange income and an important means to make up for the foreign trade deficit. The main tourist attractions are Lisbon, Faroe, Porto and Madeira. The main imported products are machinery, vehicles, petroleum, grain and vegetables. The main export products are clothing, machinery, textiles, footwear, wood, pulp and transportation equipment. The export of marble ranks second in the world.
Cultural education: Nine-year compulsory education (4 years in primary school, 2 years in preparatory class in middle school and 3 years in junior high school), also known as basic education. High school education for 3 years, university for 4-5 years. The main institutions of higher education are the University of Lisbon, the University of Coimbra, the University of Porto, the Technical University of Lisbon, the University of Minio, the University of Aviro, the University of evola and the National School of Administration. Portugal has nearly 300 museums, 1600 libraries, more than 300 cinemas and theaters, and more than 300 galleries or exhibition halls.
Press and publication: the main newspapers and periodicals are: news daily, semi-official; Private weekly Express; Public newspapers and private daily newspapers; Private daily "Morning Post"; News, state participation capital. Su Lusha is a national news agency formed by the merger of Portuguese news agency and Portuguese news agency 1987. There are mainly Portuguese radio, Fuxing radio (religious background) and commercial radio. There are three TV stations: Portuguese national TV, SIC TV (private) and independent TV.
Diplomacy: Portugal advocates developing friendly and cooperative relations with all countries in the world on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, taking the traditional relations between Europe and the United States as the cornerstone of its foreign policy, and taking an active part in and promoting European integration, fulfilling NATO obligations, and strengthening relations with Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa and Latin America as its diplomatic focus. We advocate developing relations with countries in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and continue to strive to develop traditional relations with countries in Latin America and North Africa. Pay more and more attention to developing equal and mutually beneficial cooperative relations with Asian countries.
Relations with China:1On February 8, 979, Portugal established diplomatic relations with China.
General situation of Spain
Country name: Spain
National Day: 65438+ 10/2 (Spain-America Day 1492)
National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel horizontal rectangles, all of which are red from top to bottom, each accounting for1/4 of the flag surface; The middle is yellow. The yellow part is painted with the national emblem of Spain on the left. Red and yellow are the traditional colors that the Spanish people love, and they represent the four ancient kingdoms that make up Spain.
National emblem: the central pattern is the coat of arms. There are six patterns on the shield: a yellow castle on the red ground in the upper left corner and a red lion wearing a crown on the white ground in the upper right corner. The castle and the lion are symbols of ancient Spain, symbolizing Castilla and Leon respectively; In the lower left corner is a yellow-red vertical bar, symbolizing Aragon in the northeast; In the lower right corner is a golden chain net on the red ground, symbolizing Navarra in the north; The bottom is a red pomegranate with green leaves on a white background, symbolizing Granada in the south; There are three lilies in the blue oval in the center of the shield, which symbolizes the country's prosperity, people's happiness and national unity. There is a big crown at the top of the coat of arms, which is a symbol of state power. There is a Hercules column on each side of the coat of arms. Also known as the Hercules Silver Pillar, the top of the left and right pillars are the crown and the imperial crown respectively, and the ribbon wound on the pillar reads "There are continents overseas".
National anthem: the royal March
National flower: pomegranate flower
National Stone: Emerald
State dignitaries: King Juan Carlos I ascended the throne in June197511; Prime Minister jose maria Aznar became Prime Minister in May 2000 and was re-elected.
Physical geography: covers an area of 505,925 square kilometers. Iberian peninsula in southwest Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay in the north, Portugal in the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south, France and Andorra in the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast. The coastline is about 7800 kilometers long. The territory is mountainous and is one of the alpine countries in Europe. 35% of the country's areas are above 1000 meters above sea level, and the plains only account for 1 1%. The main mountain ranges are Cantabria and Pyrenees. The Mullah Peak in the south is 3478 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. The central plateau has a continental climate, the northern and northwestern coasts have a maritime temperate climate, and the southern and southeastern parts have a Mediterranean subtropical climate.
Population: 39.85 million (1998 65438+1October). Mainly Castilians (that is, Spaniards), and ethnic minorities include Catalans, Basques and Galicians. The official language is Castilian, which means Spanish. In Catalonia, Basque and Galicia, their national languages are also official languages. 96% of the residents believe in Catholicism.
Statue of Don Quixote and his servant in "Spain Square"
Capital: Madrid.
Administrative divisions: The whole country is divided into 17 autonomous regions, 50 provinces and 8047 towns. 17 The autonomous regions are: Andalusia, Aragon, asturias, Balearic, Basque, Canary, Cantabria, Castilla-Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Estremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, la rioja and Valencia.
Brief history: Celts migrated from Central Europe in the 9th century BC. Since the 8th century BC, Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreigners and ruled by Romans, Visigoths and Moors for a long time. The Spanish have long resisted foreign aggression. 1492, they won the "Recovery Movement" and established the earliest unified central kingship country in Europe.
San Fermin Festival is famous for its unique running of cattle.
In June 65438+in the same year 10, Columbus discovered the West Indies. Since then, Spain has gradually become a maritime power with colonies in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. 1588, the "Armada" was defeated by Britain and began to decline. 1873, the bourgeois revolution broke out and the first Republic was established. 1874 65438+ February Dynasty Restoration. In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the last colonies in America and Asia-Pacific-Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines were lost. Remain neutral in the first world war. 193 1 In April, the dynasty was overthrown and the Second Republic was established. 1936 In February, a coalition government with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Producer Party was established. In July of the same year, Franco launched a rebellion. After three years of civil war, he seized power in April of 1939 and practiced dictatorship for 36 years. 1943 In February, it entered into a military alliance with Germany and participated in the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. 1947 In July, Franco declared Spain a monarchy and became a lifelong head of state. 1in July, 966, Juan Carlos, grandson of the last king Alfonso XIII, was appointed as the heir. 1975 1 1 Franco died of illness, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne and the monarchy was restored. 1in July, 976, the king appointed the former secretary-general of the National Movement, A Suarez, as prime minister, and began the transition to western parliamentary democracy.
Xiban fought with the bull.
Politics: According to the Constitution, Spain is a country with social democracy and the rule of law and a parliamentary monarchy. The throne was inherited by Juan Carlos I and his direct descendants. The king is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces, representing the country. Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which exercises the legislative power of the state and supervises the work of the government. The government is responsible for governing the country and reporting to the parliament.
Diplomacy: it advocates "peace and security" and pursues a foreign policy of "Europeanization, Westernization and Democratization" with "peace, disarmament, protection of human rights and international cooperation and unity" as the leading principles.
Relations with China:1On March 9, 973, Spain established diplomatic relations with China.