China's ancient monograph on rivers is called Water Mirror, which was written by Guo Pu. The Notes on Shui Jing has been lost, but this edition of Li Daoyuan's Notes on Shui Jing is another one, written by an anonymous writer. There are different opinions about the date of its completion. All think it was made in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dai Zhen thinks it was made in the Three Kingdoms period, and Zhong Fengnian thinks it was made in the Xinmang period. However, it is difficult to confirm the opinions, which should generally be made during the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Why did Li Daoyuan annotate the water mirror? In his preface, he wrote: First of all, the ancient geography book Shan Hai Jing is too miscellaneous. Yugong and Li Zhouzhifang only have an outline, and the description of Chinese geography is not fully prepared, and some of them are limited to genres. Although the water mirror is dedicated to rivers and has a systematic plan, it does not record the geographical situation outside the waterway. He traveled all over the country and saw many things. In order to pass on this rich geographical knowledge to future generations, he chose water mirror as the key link to describe the national geographical situation. As Wang Xianqian said, the purpose of Li Daoyuan Water Injection Mirror is to "prove the land with water, that is, to preserve the ancient land" (Preface to the Joint School of Wang Xianqian). Secondly, he realized that geographical phenomena were constantly changing, and the situation in ancient times was very slim. Later, the migration of tribes, the rise and fall of cities, the change of rivers and the alternation of names were all very complicated, so he decided to describe the changing geographical situation with waterways as the key link. More importantly, he is in an era of political division. He yearns for the reunification of the motherland and focuses on the vast motherland that Gong Yu described in history. Taking the natural factors of the whole country as the key link, he can break the restrictions of artificial political boundaries at that time, thus fully embodying his determination to reunify the motherland. This shows that Li Daoyuan is a patriot, and his Water Mirror Notes is a patriotic work.
Notes on the Water Mirror takes the waterway recorded by the water mirror as the key link. According to the notes in the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, there are 137 waterways in the water mirror, and the tributaries in the water mirror note are added to 1252. Today, Zhao Yongfu counted the water bodies in the book, including lakes, lakes, ponds, springs, canals, ponds and ancient blasphemies, and recorded 2,596 places, twice as many as the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty.
Notes total 300,000 words. The geographical scope involved, in addition to basically taking the territory of the Western Han Dynasty as the writing object, also involved many foreign regions at that time, including India, Indo-China Peninsula and parts of the Korean Peninsula, covering an unprecedented area.
The recorded time ranged from the pre-Qin period to the contemporary Southern and Northern Dynasties, which lasted about 2000 years. It contains a wide range of geographical contents, including natural geography, human geography, mountains and rivers, historical evolution, customs and habits, character stories, fairy tales and so on. It's really an encyclopedia of geography in China in the 6th century. What is commendable is that such rich and colorful content is not a simple list of phenomena, but a systematic and comprehensive account. Professor Hou Renzhi summed it up most aptly: "He endowed geographical description with the depth of time and many historical events with the realism of concrete space." (Introduction to Selected Works of Water Mirror)
Notes on Water Mirror is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, covering all aspects of natural geography and human geography. In terms of physical geography, there are 1252 rivers, including the main stream, tributaries, valley width, bed depth, seasonal variation of water quantity and water level, sediment concentration, ice age and undercurrent, waterfalls, rapids, beaches, lakes along the river, etc., which are widely collected and recorded in detail. There are more than 500 lakes and swamps, nearly 300 springs and wells and other groundwater, more than 30 undercurrents and more than 60 waterfalls. Various landforms are recorded in highlands, such as mountains, mountains, peaks, mountains, Sakamoto, hills, hills, obstacles, peaks, rocky mountains and plains, and in lowlands, such as Sichuan, Wild, Lying Wild, Pingchuan, Plain and Yuan Qi. There are nearly 2000 mountain hills, karst and other place names.
In terms of human geography, the records of some administrative divisions can often supplement the shortcomings of official geographical records. There are * * * 2,800 county-level cities and other cities, 180 ancient capitals. In addition, settlements smaller than cities include 10, including towns, towns, pavilions, towns, villages, markets, garrisons, docks, castles, etc., about 1000. These cities include some foreign cities, such as Polonaise City, Bahrain City, Wangshe New City, and Zhanpo Country City. And important military areas in Linyi, such as Sucheng and Guodu Electric Chongcheng, are recorded in detail. Traffic geography includes water transportation and land transportation, in which there are about 100 bridges and nearly 100 ferries. There are a lot of information about farmland water conservancy in Economic Geography, and the names of farmland water conservancy projects recorded are Poyang Lake, Dike, Pond, Weir, Yi, Li *, Tuo, Shuimen, etc. There are also a lot of data on land reclamation and farming system. Handicraft production includes mining, metallurgy, machinery, textiles, coins, food and so on. The recorded minerals include metallic minerals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and mercury, nonmetallic minerals such as realgar, sulfur, salt, graphite, mica, timely, jade and stone, and energy minerals such as coal, oil and natural gas. In military geography, there are more than 300 battles recorded in Quanzhu from ancient times to the present, and many battles vividly illustrate the importance of using terrain.
In addition to rich geographical content, there are many subject matter materials. For example, there are about 20,000 place names recorded in the book, of which more than 2,400 are explained. There are more than 30 ancient pagodas, 20 palaces 120, 260 tombs, 26 temples and many gardens at home and abroad. It can be seen that the book has certain reference value to history, archaeology, toponymy, water conservancy history, ethnology, religion, art and so on. These contents are not only amazing in quantity, but more importantly, the author uses literary and artistic techniques to describe them vividly, so it is still a classic of China classical literature and occupies a certain position in the history of literature. It is a collection of landscape prose, a collection of myths and legends, a guide map of scenic spots and historical sites, and an interview record of local conditions and customs in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Water Mirror Notes" is also excellent in language use. As far as waterfalls are concerned, the vocabulary it uses is: long, flood, suspended current, suspended water, suspended waves, suspended springs, suspended streams, suspended waves, ebbing waves, flying clear and so on. It's endless. Therefore, we say that Zhu is not only a scientific masterpiece, but also a literary and artistic treasure.
The value of such rich content is self-evident. As far as historical geography is concerned, it plays an endless role. Professor Hou Renzhi used it to repair ancient water conservancy projects in Beijing suburbs and studied the historical changes of Mu Us Desert. We can use it to study ancient waterway changes, lake annihilation, groundwater development, coastal changes, urban planning, climate change in historical periods and many other topics.
Zhu Dui's profound influence is inseparable from Li Daoyuan's serious attitude towards scholarship. In order to write this book, he collected a large number of documents, quoted 437 books, sorted out about 350 kinds of Han and Wei inscriptions, and collected many folk songs, proverbs, dialects, legends and stories. , and carefully analyzed and studied the materials obtained, personally visited historical sites, traced back to the source, and adopted a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts. This book is actually a summary of the ancient geography of China before the Northern Wei Dynasty. Many valuable materials in the book have long been lost, and many people can edit or revise some ancient books from them.
Notes on Water Mirror has made a great contribution to the development of geography in China, and has an important position in the history of geography in China and the world. Zhu's description of mountains and rivers is also respected by later generations as a literary work. There are also some shortcomings in the book: because he is from the Northern Dynasty, the record of the southern water system is somewhat simple, and there are still some mistakes. [1] Of course, due to the limitations of the times and conditions at that time, there were inevitably many mistakes. In Tongdian, Du You in Tang Dynasty clearly pointed out his "misunderstanding" about the source of the Yellow River. In addition, because it is impossible for him to conduct field investigations in remote areas and the south, there are many mistakes in this regard. Quotations in some places are not credible and so on. But these do not damage the value of the book.
The original "Water Mirror Zhu" has 40 volumes, and the early Song Dynasty lost 5 volumes. Later generations revised the remaining 35 volumes to 40 volumes. Due to repeated copying, the mistakes are very serious, and some chapters are even difficult to read. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many scholars did a lot of research work on Zhu, and some of them corrected more than 500 errors and basically restored the original appearance. Some of them have done a lot of compilation work, and more have done collation and annotation. Yang Shoujing, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, and his disciple Xiong Zhongsheng wrote Notes on Water Classics all their lives, compiling Notes on Water Classics, comparing ancient and modern times, and overprinting them. Recently, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House published Shuijing Annotation, which was proofread by Duan Xizhong and proofread by Chen Qiaoyi, providing convenience for the future research and utilization of Shuijing Annotation.
Dai Zhen collated Shui Jing Zhu, deleting false words and adding words.
1000 people corrected more than 3,000 mistakes and made up more than 2,000 shortcomings, which shows the depth of kung fu. For example, Duan Yucai said, "All the old teachings, sounds, calculations, astronomy, geography, systems, famous things, people's right and wrong, as well as Yin and Yang, gasification, morality and life are all facts."
-Complete Works of Dai Zhen
Water Mirror is the first monograph on water system in China. Old Biography was written by Sangqin in the Western Han Dynasty. According to the research of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, it was probably written by people in the Three Kingdoms period. The original book lists 137 rivers, and the content is very brief. Li Daoyuan collected the waterway records recorded in Water Mirror as much as possible and his experiences of traveling around the world and trekking mountains and rivers, expounded and greatly expanded the records in Water Mirror, and introduced 1252 rivers. In addition to the changes and evolution of waterways, the notes also record the mountains, rivers, customs and exotic things on both sides of the strait. Anecdotal stories from the Northern Wei Dynasty and above can be verified. As far as military geographic information is concerned, there are no fewer than 300 battles recorded in the whole note from ancient times to the present, and many war cases vividly illustrate the importance of being familiar with geography, using terrain, and competing for bridges, dangerous roads and warehouses. Notes on Water Mirror is of great reference value for studying the ancient history and geography of China.
Edit the version and circulation of this paragraph.
Water Mirror Zhu was completed more than 400 years ago at/kloc-0, when block printing had not yet appeared. All books are circulated by copying, and Zhu is no exception.
1. Water mirror paper money and its circulation
Li Daoyuan was killed shortly after the completion of Notes on Water Classics. At that time, there were several kinds of banknotes in this book, which were unknown. Sui unified the whole country and organized the national library. The Annals of Sui Shu Classics records 40 volumes of Zhu Chao, which is a complete book and the earliest known Zhu Chao.
After the Tang Dynasty replaced the Sui Dynasty, Water Mirror Notes became the national collection of the Tang Dynasty, with 40 volumes of Shu Jing Ji Zhi of the Old Tang Dynasty and Shu Jing Ji Zhi of the New Tang Dynasty. From the Five Dynasties after the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Notes on Water Mirror is still a complete book, which has been handed down from generation to generation as a national collection of all previous dynasties. (National Collection)
During the reign of King You in the Northern Song Dynasty (1034-1038), Chongwen Academy (Northern Song Imperial Library) compiled the Chongwen General Catalogue, and the Water Mirror Note was recorded as 35 volumes. Since then, the Water Mirror, Hutuo Water, and Luoshui North Diversion, which were cited in some books and geography books before the Northern Song Dynasty, have disappeared. (National Collection of Disabled Books)
In fact, water mirror notes are not unique to the imperial courts of past dynasties, but also circulated among the people. We don't know if he was exiled from Korea to the people after the Sui Dynasty. Not sure whether it is full or not. To be sure, in the late Tang Dynasty, Shuijing Notes had been seen by ordinary intellectuals, and Lu Guimeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Mountain Jing Shui Can't Leave the Body", which showed that Shuijing Notes had been printed by the people. In the Northern Song Dynasty, this book will only spread more widely among the people. Su Dongpo's Collection of Shi Zhongshan has an article "Li Yuan thinks he is facing a deep pool ...", which quotes a whole section of classic notes on water. However, these banknotes have long since disappeared. Books printed from the notes of the Song Dynasty are unheard of now. There was no money and books in circulation in Yuan Dynasty. (folk notes)
In the Ming Dynasty, the Yongle Grand Ceremony was compiled, and Zhu was recorded in the notes. This note has been handed down, and we call it Yongle Dadian. This is the earliest existing paper money we know. In addition to Yongle Dadian, there are some private notes of Li scholars in Ming Dynasty. The more famous ones are Liu Dazhong's Yingsong School-based and Zhao's Sanshi School-based, which have also been lost. There are two existing Ming Dynasty banknotes. One is the Collection of Jirui Building, which was published in Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the proofreading notes of He Chao and Gu Guangqi in Qing Dynasty, and is now in Beijing Library. One is the old collection of Xi Zu, which was also published in the Song Dynasty, with the proofreading of Wang Guowei and Zhang. In addition, Tianjin People's Library also has a Ming banknote named "Lianhu Academy Banknote", with only 2 1 to 24 volumes, 29-40 volumes and 16 volumes. (existing banknote book)
Zhu's most famous paper money in Qing Dynasty is the paper money of Xiaoshantang Five Schools in Tianjin People's Library. This is a complete bill-clearing book, which begins with the words "Sick Weng finished his fifth school in May and May", indicating that it was written by a 33-year-old man who had been in Qianlong for three years (1738). Outside the text, there are many notes, which are combined with Zhao Yiqing's Notes on Water Classics, so it can be seen that they were written by Zhao Yiqing. This article is a valuable legacy of Li's scholarship. (Bill Clearing Book)
2. Zhu engraving and its spread.
The publication of Water Mirror Notes appeared in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. What we know now
The first edition was published by Chengdu Palace, and the date of publication is unknown, which has long been lost. The second magazine was published in the second year of Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty (1087) and has also died. In addition, there is an incomplete Southern Song Dynasty book in Beijing Library, which is less than one third of the whole book. This is the only extant Zhu in the Song Dynasty.
After the Ming Dynasty, woodcut printing developed greatly and there were many publications. There are three editions in the Ming Dynasty: the yellow edition in the 13th year of Jiajing (1534) and the printed edition in the Wanli period (1585). The most famous publication is Water Mirror Notes collated by Zhu Mouwei in the 43rd year of Wanli (16 15). This is a famous publication in history, Zhu.
In the early Qing Dynasty, many scholars further carefully collated Notes on Water Mirror, and produced many excellent versions. Especially after the study of Li Xue reached its peak in the Qianlong period, two excellent works were published successively: One was Annotation of Water Mirror, which was collated by Zhao Yiqing and published in the 19th year of Qianlong (1754). According to the evaluation of Wang Xianqian, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, this book is a masterpiece of Zhao Yiqing's painstaking revision for several years. After the publication of Notes on Water Mirror, Wu Yingtang's rare books were followed, that is, the so-called "temple books" or "official protection?" What's the matter with you? Kill badger, scratch and teach him tricks? What happened to the bed? ⒛󤞓⒌? What happened to the team? This? Otter is over. Do I have a mechanical brain? British railway company
/& gtï¼› After the temple edition, the Notes on Water Classics of All Seven Schools came out. The original edition on which he was based was a family heirloom, named School-based Double Nine Mountain Rooms. In his life, Shi Quan proofread the book seven times. Notes on Seven Schools of Water Classics was published in the 14th year of Guangxu after his death (1888). It's a pity that the book was proofread incorrectly before it went to press, which affected the reputation of this engraving.
In the history of Li's research, the last edition of Notes on Water Mirrors was Wang Xianqian's Notes on Water Mirrors of Hepai, which was written in the 18th year of Guangxu (1892). He took Dian Ben as the base book, and collected Zhu Mouwei's Notes on Water Mirrors, Zhao Yiqing's Notes on Water Mirrors and Sun Xingyan's school-based achievements. This is a popular and excellent book.
3. Other versions of Zhu
In the late Qing Dynasty, lithographs that appeared in Europe at the end of18th century were introduced to China. Lithographic books appeared in large numbers at this time, including Notes on Shui Jing. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the printed book was a towel box printed by Baohua Bookstore in Changsha.
Lead printing is a popular printing technology at present. In the 1930s, several types of lead-printed books Zhu were published in China: one was a four-part series published by the Commercial Press and printed by the Temple Edition; One is "Four Essentials" published by Zhonghua Book Company, which is printed by the United School. These two versions of Zhu had a great influence on the circulation of the book.
It is easy to make some ordinary manuscripts and banknotes into printed copies, but for some books with precious notes in their words, just photocopy them. 1935, the Commercial Press photocopied and published Yongle Dadian and Zhu, which were the first photocopies in history. The publication of Yongle Dadian Shui Jing Zhu is an important event in the history of Li studies in China. In addition to this photocopying, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, China Science Publishing House published a large-scale photocopying of Shui Jing Zhu by Yang Shoujing and Xiong. Unfortunately, their final version was stolen and sold, and their whereabouts are still unknown. Only early paper money was in circulation. China Academy of Sciences photocopied their early notes on 1957, which is the second photocopy of Zhu published by China. 197 1 year, Taipei Zhonghua Book Company photocopied and published another early paper money, which is the third photocopied version of China's Notes on Water Mirror.
Edit the introduction of the author of this paragraph.
Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527), who lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in a bureaucratic family in Fanyang County (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province) and was a hereditary Yongning Hou. I liked sightseeing when I was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that although the ancient geography book Water Mirror accurately recorded the ins and outs of large and small rivers, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers changed their routes and names, but there was no supplement and explanation in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.
In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney".
Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was an ancient geographer and essayist in China. Attack Yongning Hou first, and the case will be reduced to Bo. Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, wrote a decree in Daoyuan, and cited it as a book to help the suggestion. Biaoyou is played as a servant, and Daoyuan is relieved of his official position. Jingmingzhong is a Jizhou town with a long history. The secretariat is very strong and obedient to the queen's father. The west is Guanzhong, and it has not yet reached the state. Daoyuan acted for three years. The government is harsh, officials are afraid, and traitors flee to other places. After trying to defend Luyang County, Daoyuan issued a statement advocating persuasion. Zhao said: "Luyang was originally a barbarian, and there was no college student. Listen to it now, so as to be a good man and keep Wen Weng. " Daoyuan is in the county seat, and the mountain is quite famous. I dare not be a coach. Yan Changzhong, as the secretariat of East Jingzhou, was a powerful politician, as in Jizhou. The barbarian told me that he had invited Kouzuli, the former secretariat. And sent Daoyuan back to Beijing with 70 garrison soldiers, and the two were relieved of their duties.
After that, He Nanyin. Ming Di changed the towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Bo Gu, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi into states, and its county, county and garrison were named as ancient cities. Zhao Daoyuan holds the festival and serves as assistant minister of Huangmen. Chiyi and Li Chong, the viceroy, should set up a position and cut their future. Towns will rebel, but they will return in vain.
At the beginning of Xiaochang, Liang sent generals to attack Yangzhou, and Yuan Mu rebelled in Pengcheng. Zhao Daoyuan kept the festival, served as a servant, took photos of Taiwan officials, saved the armies, and shot Li Ping's story according to the servant. Liang Jun went to Yang Guo, but failed. There are many gains from the recovery of Daoyuan.
After the suggestion, lieutenant. Tao Element is called Meng Yan, and Quan Hao is afraid of it. But it can't be corrected, and its reputation is even worse. Alice and Ruyue have a good relationship and often sleep together. And the election of state officials is mostly because of reading. Often sleep in seclusion and come home. Daoyuan came to see me secretly, took my thoughts and sent me to prison. Queen Yue Qiling, please read your mind and forgive me. Daoyuan did his best because he was satisfied with it.
At this time, Bao Xiao, Yongzhou secretariat, a little exposed. The minister and Chengyang Wang were jealous of Daoyuan, and were sent to Guan You as envoys for satirizing the imperial court. Bao was worried about Daoyuan's self-interest and sent a physician to surround Daoyuan at the Yinpan Post Station. The pavilion is on the mountain and often eats wells under the mountain. Now we are surrounded. Without water, we can't cross the well more than ten feet. The water bent as hard as it could, and the thief climbed over the wall and went in. Daoyuan and his brother Daoque were both killed. Knife scolds thieves, sharp death. Baoyu sent his father and son to Chang 'an East. Things were peaceful, and the funeral was also given to Shangshu of the official department, the secretariat of Jizhou and the Duke of Anding County.
Daoyuan was eager to learn and read strange books, and wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, with 0/3 articles in this journal/kloc. It is also a "seven hires", and all articles are in the world. However, brothers don't get along and are too jealous.
Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms, Liu's Notes on Shi Shuo Xin Yu, and Shan Li's Notes on Selected Works. Also known as the "four famous banknotes"