Who is Mongolia's strongest opponent?
Genghis Khan has always looked down on the Han people who can't ride and shoot but love ease, and never regarded the Southern Song Dynasty as a powerful opponent. When he first started, he always regarded Jin as his strongest opponent, but Jin Bing let him down. One hundred years of life in the Central Plains has already worn away the martial arts of jurchen. Jinbing was defeated in Juyongguan, and then Genghis Khan occupied Zhongdu (now Beijing), the former capital of the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin people had to pay tribute to it. In the subsequent first Western Expedition, Genghis Khan did not meet his opponent, but in the Lingzhou War to conquer Xixia, he met the decent resistance of the main force of Xixia. Until his death, he would not have expected that the Han people he despised most would be the strongest opponent and the most difficult bone to chew in the process of Mongolian conquest.
Song Bing was vulnerable at the first encounter.
1227, Genghis Khan died. According to his strategic plan before his death, his son Wokuotai began a military action to destroy the State of Jin, that is, to encircle the State of Jin through the Southern Song Dynasty. 123 1 year, the task of the Southern Song Dynasty was carried out by 30,000 fighters led by Tuo Lei. However, the Southern Song Dynasty did not dare to refuse, and it made people lose face on the false road, so it clashed with Tuo Lei half-heartedly, while Song Jun had no fighting capacity. According to Yuan Shikai, after the two sides fought alone in southern Shaanxi, hundreds of thousands of soldiers in Song Jun were killed and the people were slaughtered. After that, Song Jun didn't have the courage to keep a low gear, and Tuo Lei arrived in Hubei smoothly. Taking advantage of the emptiness of the rear nomads, he went north to match the capital of song dynasty, causing chaos, and the main Mongolian nomads confronted it. In the end, the Mongols captured the capital of song dynasty, and the rulers lost their spirit. However, Tuo Lei's thirty thousand cavalry, like nobody's business, greatly shocked the ruling and opposition parties in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Jin Aizong's pleading
Long before the fall of the capital of song dynasty, Jin aizong fled to Cai Zhou. At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty, which had been humiliated by the Jin people, reached an agreement with Mongolia, and the two sides joined hands to encircle Cai Zhou. After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, a large area of land in Cai Zhou was transferred to the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin Aizong only asked the Southern Song Dynasty to explain the truth that the lips were dead and the teeth were cold, and hoped that the Southern Song Dynasty would form an alliance with Jin to jointly resist Mongolia. Just the shame of the past and the temptation of a large area of land have made the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty lose his ability to judge and flatly rejected Aizong's request. Subsequently, the battle of Caizhou started. Song Jun attacked Cai Zhou first, Jin Aizong committed suicide, and the ruler perished. The time is 1234.
Northern Expedition in Southern Song Dynasty
After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1234), the main force of the Mongolian army retreated from the north, while Song Lizong in the Southern Song Dynasty was eager to recover the Central Plains only one year later, and when Mongolia had no time to recover Luoyang and Shangqiu in the capital of song dynasty, he ordered Song Jun to start the northern expedition. The fact is that the Central Plains region has been ravaged by Mongolia. Almost all the cities recovered by Song Jun, including the capital of song dynasty and Luoyang, are empty cities. The Northern Expedition to Song Jun had no supplies at all, and it soon got into trouble. In the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to stop the Northern Expedition, Mongolia actually dug up the Yellow River levee and flooded Song Jun. Later, it deliberately lured Mongolian troops deep in Song Jun to take the opportunity to camp, and the Northern Expedition in Song Jun was defeated. Since then, we have to turn to strategic defense.
Mongolia suffered great setbacks in the first Mongolian-Song War.
1235, Wokuotai launched the second Danube westward expedition. At the same time, in the name of breaking the contract in the Southern Song Dynasty, he divided his troops and attacked the Song Dynasty on a large scale. The East Road mainly attacks Xiangfan and Jianghuai, and the West Road mainly attacks Sichuan. At first, the Mongolian army was stubbornly resisted by Song Jun, and the military progress was slow. It was not until the second year that there was a breakthrough. The west and east armies captured Yangpingguan and Xiangyang respectively, and Song Jun was at a loss. Mongolian troops began to gather along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province to prepare to cross the river. Song Tingze was frightened and sent general Meng Gong to save him. Meng Gong quickly broke through the twenty-four Mongolian villages, defeated the Mongolian army, won a great victory in Jiangling, and shattered the attempt of the Mongolian army to cross the south, thus breaking the myth that the Mongolian army was invincible.
In the following years, under the leadership of Meng Gong, Song Jun launched a bitter tug-of-war with the Mongolian army, and both sides won and lost. By 1239, general Du Gao defeated the main force of the Mongolian East Road Army in Luzhou (now Hefei), and the Mongolian East Road Army suffered heavy casualties and was forced to withdraw from the Song Dynasty. Meng Gong, on the other hand, entered the counter-offensive, defeated the Mongolian army in succession, recovered Xiangfan counties and Xinyang, and basically relieved the threat of the Mongolian army to the East Road in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the same year, the Mongolian army, which mainly attacked Sichuan, advanced to the Three Gorges, and Meng Gong led the army to meet them. By the beginning of 1240, the Mongolian army on the west road was defeated, and Kuizhou was recovered with great victory. The Mongolian army that besieged the Southern Song Dynasty in two ways was completely frustrated. By 124 1, the Mongolian Khan Wokuotai died of illness, and the West Road Mongolian Army withdrew from Sichuan. So far, the Mongolian-Song War, which lasted for six years, ended in the defeat of Mongolia, which was the first major setback in the history of Mongolian conquest.
Mongolia's military siege of the Southern Song Dynasty
124 1 year, after the death of Mongolian Khan Wokuotai, there was an internal dispute over Khan's position, although Wokuotai's son Gui You later inherited Khan's position and died two years later. During this period, the Mongolian army invaded Sichuan, but was defeated by Yu Jie, the general of the Southern Song Dynasty. Until 125 1, Meng Ge, the grandson of Genghis Khan and the son of Tuo Lei, achieved the status of Mongolian Khan. After stabilizing his position, he launched the third Western Expedition against West Asia and Central Asia, and set about making plans to destroy the Song Dynasty.
In order to avoid the natural graben of the Yangtze River, Meng Ge's younger brother Kublai Khan advocated sending troops from Gansu, passing through western Sichuan and destroying Dali in Yunnan, thus completing the military siege of the Southern Song Dynasty. This plan was finally approved by the Great Khan of Mongolia. From 1252, Kublai Khan led an army of 65438+100000 and began a long-distance attack on the ruined Dali kingdom. By 1254, Duan Xingzhi, the last monarch of Dali, was captured and Dali was destroyed. Mongolia completed its military siege of the Southern Song Dynasty.
In the second Mongolian-Song War, Mongolian Khan died.
After the first Mongolian-Song War, the famous anti-Mongolian warriors Meng Gong and Du Gao died in succession, which was a great loss for the Southern Song Dynasty. After completing the siege of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia launched the second Mongolian-Song War in 1258. The Mongolian army is divided into three ways. The Central Route Army, led by Mongolian Khan Mungo himself, went south to Sichuan and went straight to Chongqing. The South Route Army started from Yunnan, passed through Guangxi and went straight to Changsha. The North Road Army, led by Kublai Khan, went straight for Ezhou (now Wuhan). The Third Route Army plans to meet in Ezhou, then move eastward along the river and take Lin 'an in an attempt to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty in one fell swoop.
The Middle Route Army led by Khan Mungo is the main force of the Third Route Army. It was very smooth at first, and Chengdu was conquered in one fell swoop. Since then, Song Jun has been losing ground, and most of Sichuan has been lost. Mongolian troops went south along Jialing River in an attempt to capture Chongqing. Hezhou is located at the gateway of Yubei, where Meng Gong, a famous anti-Mongolian star, once operated, and built a fortress in Fishing Mountain next to Hezhou to strengthen the defense capability. After the death of Meng Gong, the ministries of Wang Jian and his Emperor also dare not neglect, and have been strengthening their defense. Therefore, when Mongols led by Mongols came to Hezhou in 1259, they immediately encountered setbacks. Since then, the two sides launched a fierce offensive and defensive war in Hezhou, and for several months, the Mongolian army was unable to advance half a step. Anxious Mongols personally led the troops to attack the city, were bombarded by stones, and died in the camp that night.
The Northern Route Army led by Kublai Khan also attacked Ezhou for a long time, and Kublai Khan was eager to return to China to seize Khan's position. Just when Jia Sidao, a powerful minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, came to negotiate with the imperial court, Kublai Khan was exactly what he wanted. After the two sides signed a peace agreement, Kublai Khan led the Mongolian army to retreat and fought for Khan's position. By 1260, all the Mongolian troops that invaded the Southern Song Dynasty had all retreated. The second Mongolian-Song War ended with the death of Mongolian Khan Mungo, and the three armies failed, but Jia Sidao made peace with Kublai Khan privately, laying a curse for the future.
Civil strife and treacherous court officials in Mongolia in Southern Song Dynasty
After Mongolian Khan Mungo died in Hezhou, his two younger brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Bug competed for the position of Khan. 1260, Kublai Khan and his younger brother Ali Bug, who rushed back from Ezhou front, claimed to be sweating in Kaiping and Mongolian capital and Linger respectively, so the two sides launched a four-year civil war. 1262, Li Tan, the Han warlord in charge of Shandong, rebelled again and got in touch with the Southern Song Dynasty. The situation in Mongolia was once very chaotic.
Civil strife in Mongolia was originally a good opportunity for the Southern Song Dynasty, but what did the Southern Song Dynasty do in recent years? Treacherous court official Jia Sidao was originally a street thug. With the status of consort, he is a very important person, and he is overbearing. On the front line of Ezhou, Kublai Khan was eager to go back to Mongolia for Khan's position. The Southern Song Dynasty took the initiative, but Jia Sidao privately signed a peace treaty with Kublai Khan, which was extremely unfavorable to the Southern Song Dynasty. After returning to Lin 'an, he fabricated a lie to defeat Kublai Khan and won the trust of the emperor. Jia Sidao is a hollow man, arrogant on the surface, and very afraid of Mongols at heart. He killed clean ministers, especially some anti-Mongolian generals. Anti-Mongolian generals Xiang Shibi and Cao Shixiong were all killed in prison by Jia Sidao. While persecuting Zhongliang, Jia Sidao promoted those so-called confidants who only flattered him, and replaced the slain Zhongliang with these mediocre people, thus completing a fatal change of blood for the military and political affairs in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Taking advantage of the civil strife in Mongolia and the peaceful atmosphere created by Jia Sidao, the monarchs and subjects in Hangzhou lived a life of intoxication. Unexpectedly, the disaster came, and the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty began with Jia Sidao.
Xiangfan defending war
After quelling the rebellion in Li Tan, Kublai Khan completely defeated Ali Buge in 1264, thus ending the four-year civil strife in Mongolia. On the other hand, under the rule of Jia Sidao in the Southern Song Dynasty, famous soldiers were killed, and the military and political affairs became increasingly corrupt. Therefore, Kublai Khan regarded destroying the Southern Song Dynasty as a top priority. It was also at this time that Liu Zheng, the commander-in-chief of Sichuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, saw that other generals had been killed. In order to protect himself, he led his troops to surrender to Mongolia. Liu's book was written by the Ministry, and after in-depth dissemination, his navy master was even more powerful, and finally Mongolia got the navy master she dreamed of. Then, in order to show loyalty, Liu Zheng proposed to Kublai Khan the strategy of taking Xiangyang first and then attacking Lin 'an, which was adopted by Kublai Khan.
1268, with Asu as the general and Liu Zheng as the deputy general, Mongolia led the Mongolian army and the Southern Song Navy to attack Xiangfan, and the defense of Xiangfan began. Xiangfan has been painstakingly managed by the Southern Song Dynasty since it was recovered by Meng Gong in 1239. The Yugoslav capital is quite strong, with plenty of soldiers and food. The Mongols began to attack Fancheng and tried their best to break the city. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan sent more troops from Sichuan, and the pressure on Xiangfan was increasing. By 1272, Xiangfan had been besieged for five years, and the grain and grass had been basically exhausted, but the soldiers and civilians in the two cities were still in high spirits, and Yuan soldiers could never break the city. In the same year, Li Tingzhi, the general of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent Zhang Gui and Zhang with 3,000 soldiers, carrying urgently needed materials in the city, and successfully broke through the encirclement of the Yuan Army and rushed into Xiangyang. This was the first reinforcement to enter Xiangyang in five years, which greatly boosted the morale of the military and civilians in the city. Since then, Song Jun in Xiangyang has made contact with Song Jun in the periphery, and the two sides agreed to attack the Yuan Army. Only one traitor surrendered to the Yuan Army and betrayed this plan, which caused Xiangyang Song Jun to be ambushed by the Yuan Army and suffered heavy losses. So far, Xiangfan's defense is extremely beneficial to Mongolia.
1273, the Yuan army finally breached Fancheng, and the garrison commanders Fan Tianshun and Niu Fu committed suicide, and the city * * * survived. Xiangyang was isolated and helpless, and the garrison commander Lu surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. The six-year defending war of Xiangfan ended in the fall of Xiangfan, and the door of the Southern Song Dynasty was completely opened.
Lin' an qiutian
As early as 127 1 year, Kublai Khan of Mongolia called him emperor and changed his name to Dayuan. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered 200,000 yuan soldiers to enter the Yangtze River from the Han River and descend along the east of the Yangtze River. On the way, the generals in the Southern Song Dynasty either surrendered or fled, and it was impossible to organize effective resistance. By 1276, the Yuan army was at the gate of Lin 'an, while the bureaucratic generals in the Southern Song Dynasty only wanted to protect themselves, and there were few diligent teachers. In the end, Queen Xie led the little emperor Song Gongzong to surrender, and the Yuan army occupied Lin 'an, and the Southern Song Dynasty was greatly weakened.
Mountain, a bitter decisive battle.
After Gongzong surrendered, the remaining forces in the Southern Song Dynasty persisted in resisting. General Li Tingzhi still insisted that Yangzhou, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie were emperors in Fuzhou, while Wen Tianxiang developed anti-Yuan forces in Jiangxi, once controlling several cities.
Although Li Tingzhi was besieged by the Yuan Army in Yangzhou, he insisted on not dropping, and later he ran out of food and grass. So he broke through and wanted to meet Lu Xiufu in Fuzhou, but he was defeated by the Yuan Army in Taizhou. Although Li Tingzhi was captured, he still refused to surrender and was finally killed by the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang's growth in Jiangxi attracted the attention of the Yuan Dynasty. The main force of Yuan Army went south to Jiangxi, but Wen Tianxiang was defeated and had to retreat to Guangdong. Later, he was captured by Zhang Hongfan, a rebel of the Southern Song Dynasty, in Chaoyang, Guangdong. Despite all kinds of temptations and threats in the Yuan Dynasty, Tianxiang did not give up until her death, and wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, so keep your heart and shine on history." Such a poem that has been handed down through the ages, such a glorious poem by Song Zhengqi. Finally Tianxiang was killed.
In Fuzhou, the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty moved south, on the way, the little emperor Duanzong died, Lu Xiufu made nine-year-old Zhao Min emperor, and the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty insisted on resisting Yuan in the coastal area of Guangdong. 1279, the Yuan Army and Song Jun launched the final decisive battle in Jianshan. After several days of melee, Song Jun was exhausted, and Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu decided to retreat. However, Song Jun's fleet was scattered by the Yuan Army, and Lu Xiufu didn't want to be captured. He committed suicide by jumping into the sea with tears in his arms. Since then, the remaining Song Jun, officials and their families have also jumped into the sea to be martyred (history contains 200,000 martyrdom). At this point, the Southern Song Dynasty has completely perished.