(A) retro trend of thought

The retro trend of thought in architectural creation refers to the classical revival popular in Europe and America from the 1960s of 18 to the end of 19. Romantic and eclectic.

Classical revival refers to the classical architectural form prevailing in Europe and America from the 1960s in 18 to the end of 19. When reviving the classical form, countries also put a little emphasis on it. For example, France is dominated by Roman revival style, while Britain and Germany are dominated by Greek style. The Pantheon in Paris, France is a masterpiece of Roman revival; Berlin Palace Theatre in Germany is a masterpiece of Greek Renaissance architecture. The White House, the capitol of the United States, is an example of the revival of Rome, which appears in the form of the Pantheon in Paris.

Romanticism is an architectural trend active in Europe from the second half of18th century to the first half of19th century. It requires carrying forward individual freedom, advocating nature, opposing industrial products, and competing with classical art with medieval natural forms. Architecturally, it imitates the medieval fortress or Gothic style. Romantic architecture in the later period often appears in Gothic style, also known as Gothic Renaissance, and its famous representative is the British Parliament Building.

Eclecticism is another creative trend of thought popular in Europe and America from the first half of 19 century to the beginning of the 20 th century. In order to make up for the architectural limitations of classicism and romanticism, they imitate various styles in history at will, or freely combine various styles, so they are also called "imitation". Eclectic architecture has no fixed style, pays attention to the balance of proportion and pure formal beauty, so it has far-reaching influence and lasts for a long time Paris Opera House is a masterpiece of eclecticism, and its artistic form has great influence in Europe and other countries.

(2) New materials, new technologies and new buildings

The emergence of new building materials, structural technology, facilities and construction methods has opened up broad prospects for the development of modern architecture. New technologies such as pig iron technology, frame technology, glass and elevator provide the possibility to break through the height and span of traditional buildings. The design of architectural plane and space has considerable freedom, which affects the change of architectural form. At the same time, with the development of industrial production and the change of lifestyle, many new types of buildings have emerged, such as railway stations, department stores, markets, libraries, fairs and so on.

185 1 The "Crystal Palace" exhibition hall in London opened a new era of architectural forms. The designer is paxton the gardener. Its glass-iron frame structure and single-step cuboid modeling fully show the mechanical instinct of industrial production, and it takes only 9 months to complete the assembly construction. "Crystal Palace" is known as the first modern building.

1889 Expo has further promoted the emergence of new architectural forms. The Expo is centered on the Eiffel Tower and the Mechanical Pavilion. Designed by Eiffel, the tower is an elevated iron structure with a height of 328 meters. The giant structure and new equipment show the development prospect of modern architecture. The mechanical pavilion is an unprecedented long-span structure, which has set a new record in the world architecture. It is 420m long, with a span of 1 15m, and its four walls are made of large glass. The structural method adopts the principle of three hinged arches for the first time.

5. Various schools and representative works in the early stage of the New Architecture Movement.

Parallel to the popular retro trend of thought in European and American architectural forms is the exploration of new architecture influenced by the industrial age. In the innovation movement, there are arts and crafts movement, Art Nouveau movement, Chicago School, German Workers' Federation and so on.

Arts and crafts movement

Time: 65438+1950s.

Location: UK.

Representative figures: Ruskin and Morris.

Features: I am keen on the effect of handicrafts and the aesthetic feeling of natural materials, oppose the shoddy construction of machines, and advocate the use of "pastoral" houses in buildings to get rid of classical architectural forms.

Representative works: From 1859 to 1860, the architect Weber built Morris' residence "Red House" in Kent. It uses local red bricks without painting, which is intended to show the beauty of the material itself. It is an attempt to combine function, material and artistic modeling.

(2) Art Nouveau Movement

Time: 65438+ since 1980s.

Venue: Brussels, Belgium.

Features: Oppose historical style as a new decorative technique, imitating the growth and prosperity of nature and the curve of vegetation branches and leaves. Advocate the use of a variety of materials, such as red brick, wood, pig iron, concrete, etc. Mainly used for interior decoration.

Representative works: Turin Road, Brussels 1893, Residence12; 1906, Weimar Art School in Germany designed by Vanderfeld.

Art Nouveau is called Young de stijl in Germany, and its main stronghold is Munich. Its representative figures are the famous architects Bach Luns and Oberlev. The masterpiece is Obelev's Ludwig Exhibition Hall.

In addition, although the Spanish architect Gordy has nothing to do with the Art Nouveau movement, he also has the same method. His characteristic is to give full play to the plastic arts of architecture, and his masterpiece is Mira apartment in Barcelona, Spain.

(c) Chicago School, USA

Time: 65438+1970s, and the peak period was 1883- 1893.

Representative figures: Jenny and Sullivan.

Features: They are the founders of modern American architecture, highlighting the main position of function in architectural design, clarifying the master-slave relationship between function and form, exploring the application of new technologies in high-rise buildings, and creating high-rise metal frame structures and box foundations. It embodies the characteristics of new technology in architectural art, and the simple facade conforms to the spirit of industrialization. Sullivan, a famous representative, once famously said, "Form follows function", which paved the way for the functional architectural design idea. The famous grid-like "Window of Chicago" is included in the facade.

Masterpieces: 1899 ~ 1904 Chicago Department Store designed by Sullivan, 1879 Chicago First Larte Building designed by Jenny, Margaret Building designed by Holbert and Roach. Maguire Tower is a typical high-rise office building in Chicago from 65438 to 2009. Its facade is simple, the "windows of Chicago" are neatly arranged, and the internal space is freely divided.

(4) Wright's "Grassland House"

Wright is a famous American master of modern architecture. 1894 started his own business and independently developed modern architecture in the United States. Based on the free layout of local buildings in the western United States, an idyllic grassland style was built in the early 20th century. Its characteristic is that the shape is beautiful with the change of horizontal and vertical volume, and the layout is combined with nature, so that the building and the environment are integrated. The plane is often cross-shaped with the fireplace as the center. Indoor space is divided and connected. A low-slope roof with a far-reaching eaves was set up for shading. Typical examples are Roberts Mansion in 1907 and Robbie Mansion in 1908.

(5) German factory

1907, entrepreneurs, artists and technicians formed the national "deutscher werkbund", aiming at improving the quality of industrial products to reach the international level and advocating that architecture must be combined with industry, among which Peter Behrens enjoys a high reputation. The steam turbine workshop of Berlin General Electric Company (1909) designed by him is called the first real "modern building" with steel structure as the skeleton and large glass windows.

19 1 1 year, the Fagus factory designed by Gropius and Meyer is also simple, light and transparent, with modern architectural features. 19 14, the German factory held an exhibition in Cologne. In the meantime, the exhibition office building designed by Gropius has attracted much attention, and its methods of exposing structural components, emphasizing the contrast of materials and textures, and the communication between internal and external spaces have been used for reference by later modern buildings.