During the heyday of Louis XIII and Louis XIV's absolute monarchy from17th century to18th century, French began to advocate classical architectural styles and built many classical buildings. Classical architecture has rigorous modeling, classical columns are widely used, and interior decoration is rich.
The representative works of French classical architecture are large-scale and magnificent palace buildings and memorial square buildings. During this period, the French royal family and powerful ministers built separation halls and gardens, which were imitated by other European countries.
With the popularity of classical architectural styles, Paris established the School of Architecture in 167 1. Most of the students come from noble families. They despise craftsmen and their skills and form an academic school that advocates classical forms. Academic architecture and education system continued until19th century. The academic school's ideas about the professional skills of architects and the art of architectural composition have dominated the architectural cause in western Europe for more than 200 years.
The representative works of French classical architecture include the east facade of the Louvre in Paris, the Palace of Versailles and the new church of the Paris Hospital for the Disabled. Versailles not only created a new style of the palace, but also was imitated by European countries at that time in planning, design and gardening art.
The new church of the wounded hospital, also known as the new church for disabled soldiers, is a monument of the army in Louis XIV period and a typical classical building in France17th century. The new church is connected with the southern end of the old basilica church. The plane is square, and the top of the center is covered with a dome of three shells. The appearance is parabolic and slightly convex, and the lighting pavilion used in the Renaissance is added at the top. The space under the dome is a Greek cross with four arms of equal length and four circular prayer rooms at four corners. The facade of the new church is compact, and the top of the dome is 106.5 meters from the ground, which is the center of the whole building. The square church itself looks like the base of the dome, which adds to the solemn atmosphere of the building.
/kloc-in the first half and middle of the 8th century, the number of national and commemorative large-scale buildings decreased significantly compared with that of/kloc-in the 7th century. Instead, there are a lot of comfortable and quiet urban houses and small and exquisite country villas. In these houses, beautiful salons and comfortable living rooms have replaced luxurious halls. In terms of architectural appearance, although the baroque church style was quickly imitated by other buildings, the Paris Institute of Architecture was still the base camp of classicism in this period.
The famous buildings at that time included Harmony Square (also translated as Concorde Square) and the downtown square of Nancy City. The latter consists of three squares on the vertical axis: the government square in the north is rectangular; To the south is Stanislas Square, rectangular; In the middle is a long and narrow square. Square group is semi-closed, and its spatial combination is diverse and harmonious. The trees, fountains, statues, fences, bridges, Arc de Triomphe and buildings in the square are also in harmony.
The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is located in the center of the Star Square (now known as General de Gaulle Square) in the center of Paris. It was built by France to commemorate Napoleon's defeat of the Russian-Austrian allied forces at the Battle of Ritz, Austell, in February 1806. 12 The street is centered on the Arc de Triomphe and radiates around. It is magnificent and looks like a star. The project was designed by architect Shagelan, and the foundation stone was laid in August 1806, which lasted for 30 years and was completed in July 1836. The Arc de Triomphe is 49.54m high, 44.82m wide and 22.2 1 m thick. It has doors on all sides, the central arch is 14.6 meters wide, and the gatehouse is supported by two high piers with an elevator in the middle. There are three corridors above the arch dome, and the highest one is the showroom, which displays various historical relics about the Arc de Triomphe and pictures of Napoleon's life. There are various French medals and medals on the second floor; The lowest floor is the security room and financial room of the Arc de Triomphe. Atlas: The Gorgeous Music of France
The Eiffel Tower is located on the south bank of the Seine River in the center of Paris. It is the first steel tower in the world and is regarded as the symbol of Paris. Because the famous French architect Stafford? The Eiffel Tower is named for its design and construction. Built in1887 ——1889. This tower is more than 300 meters high and weighs 9000 tons. It is divided into three layers. The first floor platform is 57 meters from the ground, with shops and restaurants; The platform on the second floor 1 15 meters high, with a coffee shop. The platform on the third floor is 276 meters high for tourists to overlook, and the bottom area is 654.38+0.0000 square meters. On the third floor, the building structure suddenly contracted and pointed to the sky. From one side, it looks like the letter "Y" is written backwards. The tower consists of more than 6.5438+0.8 million components and more than 2.5 million rivets. There is an elevator or walking to the top of the tower. At night, the top of the tower emits rotating color searchlights to prevent planes from colliding. A rectangular white marble pillar stands beside the tower, with a gold-plated Eiffel Tower staff at the top.
The Louvre is one of the largest palace buildings in France, located on the right bank of the Seine River in the center of Paris and on the south side of the Paris Opera Square. Originally a medieval castle, it was rebuilt and expanded many times in16th century, and18th century was the existing scale. It covers an area of about 45 hectares. As early as 1546, French King Francois I decided to build a new palace on the basis of the original castle. After the continuous expansion of nine monarchs, it lasted for more than 300 years, forming a magnificent U-shaped palace complex. On August 1793 and 10, on the anniversary of the overthrow of the monarchy, the French "National Association" decided to turn the former imperial palace into the National Museum of Fine Arts; In the same year 10, the Louvre Museum was officially opened to the public. The whole project was completed on 1857. On the west side of the main hall of the Louvre, there are two side halls, and the open space in the middle forms caruso Yi Square. There is a long colonnade on the east side of the palace, and the building is magnificent. Its 900-foot-long gallery houses a large number of works by artists from the17th century and the European Renaissance. The collection reached 400,000 pieces. The Louvre art museum is divided into six parts: the Greek and Roman art museums; Oriental Art Museum; Egyptian Museum of Art; European medieval, Renaissance and modern statue halls; Gallery of past dynasties. The exhibition is divided into different schools, different schools and different times. The sculpture is on display on the first floor. The second floor is oil painting, and the third floor is sketch and pastel. In the early 1980s, the French government implemented the "Grand Louvre Plan" to expand and repair the Louvre.
Notre Dame de Paris is the most famous medieval Gothic cathedral, which is famous for its scale, age and value in archaeology and architecture. Paris Bishop Maurice? Xu Li once imagined merging two early rectangular cathedrals into one cathedral. 1 163, the foundation stone was laid by Pope Alexander III, and the dedication ceremony of Gaotan was held in 1 189. 1240 Complete the choir, west facade, nave, porch, prayer room and other decorations. The internal plane is 130× 48m, the roof is 35m high and the tower is 68m high. The spire was never built. After the destruction of dynasties, the church had to be rebuilt in the19th century, and only three huge round windows still retained the stained glass of13rd century. The flying buttresses in the back hall are particularly vigorous and beautiful.
The Bastille Square is located in the east of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine. It was once a military fortress built by 1369- 1382. The French original meaning of the word "Bastille" is "castle". This ancient castle has eight towering and strong fortresses, which were originally built to resist the British invasion. 1380- 1422, the castle was changed into a royal prison. The whole castle covers an area of 2670 square meters, surrounded by tall and thick stone walls and eight towers more than 30 meters high, surrounded by a deep ditch with a width of 24 meters, and a suspension bridge is set up to enter and exit. As early as16th century, political prisoners were imprisoned here, and Voltaire, a French enlightenment thinker, was imprisoned here twice. In the eyes of the French people, the Bastille has become a symbol of French feudal autocracy. 1On July 3rd, 789, the people of Paris rose up.1On June 4th, the Bastille was captured, which started the French Revolution. 179 1 year, the people of Paris demolished the Bastille, built the Bastille Square on the old site, and laid the removed stones on the Concorde Bridge on the Seine River for passers-by to trample on. 1830, the French people set up a martyr monument in the center of the square to commemorate the July Revolution. This monument to the martyrs is 52 meters high. Its body is a cylinder made of bronze, and it is called "July Column". At the top of the column is a statue of freedom with golden wings and a torch in the right hand. The broken chain in its left hand symbolizes freedom. There is a sign in front of the prison ruins, which says, "Let's dance here!" " "1June, 880, France designated July 14, when the people of Paris captured the Bastille, as the French National Day.
Located in the Latin quarter on the left bank of the Seine River in the center of Paris, le Pantheon was built in 179 1, which is a temple to permanently commemorate French historical celebrities. It was originally built in Louis XV. Genevier Wa Church was nationalized in 179 1, and was converted into a graveyard for "great men" after breaking away from religion. 18 14 to 1830, returned to the church. The art decoration in the Pantheon is very beautiful, and the large mural on its dome is the famous painter Antoine? Created by grotte. 1830 After the "July Revolution", the theme of painting has changed, and the Pantheon has the characteristics of "pure patriotism and nationality". Voltaire, Rousseau and Victor were buried in the Pantheon. Emile Hugo. Zola, Marcelin? Bedolaud, Jean? Rao Leisi, Berlioz, malraux, Dumas. As of June 5438+065438+ 10, 2002, * * * 70 people who have made extraordinary contributions to France have enjoyed this honor.
George? Georges Pompidou National D 'Art et de Culture is located in Bao Bo Street on the north side of the Latin quarter and the right bank of the Seine River, which is often called "Bao Bo" by local people. The exterior of the Cultural Center is lined with steel frames and pipes, and painted with red, yellow, blue, green and white colors according to different functions. Because this modern building looks like a factory, it is also called "oil refinery" and "cultural factory". This modern building with novel design and unique shape was decided by the late President Pompidou in 1969. 1972 started, 1977 was completed, and it opened in February of the same year. The whole building covers an area of 7,500 square meters, with a building area of 654.38+10,000 square meters and 6 floors above ground. The whole building is divided into four parts: industrial creation center, popular knowledge library, modern art museum and music and sound coordination research center. & gt& gt& gt
Place de la Concorde is located in the center of Paris, on the north bank of the Seine. It is the most famous square in France and one of the most beautiful squares in the world. The square was built in 1757 according to the design of the famous architect Cabriel. Because there is a statue of Louis XV in the center of the square, it was named "Louis XV Square" in 1763. During the Great Revolution, it was renamed "Revolutionary Square". 1795 was renamed "Place de la Concorde", which was renovated by the famous architect Christopher, and finally formed its present scale in 1840. In the center of the square stands an Egyptian obelisk, which is 23 meters high and has a history of more than 3,400 years. This is a famous cultural relic that Louis Philippe moved from Luxor, Egypt in 183 1. The ancient writing on the monument records the deeds of Pharaoh Ramses II. There is a fountain on each side of the stone tablet. The exquisite carving in the pool is also the work of Hittopher. There are eight statues around the square, symbolizing eight cities that have played an important role in French history: Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Nantes, Rouen, Brewster, Lille and Strasbourg. During the 1793 Revolution, the people of Paris rose up and destroyed the bronze statue of Louis XV and sent Louis XVI to the guillotine.
The Champs Elysé es Avenue starts from the Place de la Concorde in the east and ends at the Plaza of Stars in the west, with a total length of about1.800m and its widest point of about1.20m.. This is one of the most distinctive and prosperous streets in Paris. In French, "Champs Elysé es" means "rural land". In the past, it used to be a low-lying and humid clearing. /kloc-during the reign of Louis XIV in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, trees were planted here, which became a forbidden place for court nobles to play. Later, the east-west axis of Tully Park extended westward, and a boulevard of nearly 1 km was built here. Later, it expanded. It was named Champs Elysé es only at 1709. The street is bounded by Longbuwanjie, running north and south, and divided into two parts with different styles. The quiet eastern section reflects the pastoral scenery, about 700 meters long, with rows of phoenix trees green and the street garden hidden among thousands of trees. There is a magnificent and famous Arc de Triomphe in the center of the starry sky square at the eastern end. There are Bourbon Palace and Madeleine Cathedral near the street. There are also some places of interest, such as Tully Park, Louvre, City Hall and Elysee Palace. The west section is 1 100 meters long, and the Place de la Concorde at the west end is another transportation hub in Paris. Some important festivals in France-the National Day Parade and the New Year Gala on July 14 are held in this famous street.