For example, biology can be summarized and reviewed in this way.
In the eighth grade biology class
Fish: So fish can live in water, and there are two important characteristics: one is that they can get food and defend themselves from enemies by swinging their tails and coordinating their fins, and the other is that they can breathe in water with their gills.
Other aquatic animals:
Coelenterate: Food enters the digestive cavity through the oral cavity without anus, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the oral cavity.
Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells (squid and octopus are degenerated shells and mollusks).
Crustacea: It has a hard shell on its surface.
The growth environment of earthworms and the internal structure of rabbits are P 16.
Animals flying in the air: Animals flying in the air in nature appeared hundreds of millions of years ago. First, insects in invertebrates, then birds in vertebrates and bats in mammals. They are all terrestrial animals and are suitable for flying.
There are more than 9,000 species of birds and 6,543.8+0,000 species of insects in the world.
Birds are suitable for flying: birds are covered with feathers, and their forelimbs become wings, which has the ability to fly quickly; The car body has airbags; Body temperature is high and constant. The body structure and physiological characteristics of this bird are adapted to its flying life.
Characteristics of insects: insects have three pairs of feet and can crawl; Some insects' feet are specialized into jumping feet, which can jump; Most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
Insect's body: it is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. The moving organs-wings and feet are born in the chest. Exoskeleton is a tough shell covering the insect body, which has the functions of protecting and supporting the internal soft organs and preventing the evaporation of water in the body.
Classification of insects: the classification of insects belongs to arthropods (the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; Feet and antennae are divided into arthropods)
Amphibians: Amphibians live in amphibious life, breathing with lungs and breathing with skin. This animal is called amphibian.
Animal movement: The pattern diagram of bones and joints of rabbits. The relationship between muscles and bones and joints is on P29.
Coordination of bones, joints and muscles: the change of bone position produces movement, but the bone itself cannot move. The movement of bones depends on the traction of skeletal muscles.
Exercise needs the control and adjustment of the motor system and nervous system, and the supply of energy, so it also needs the cooperation of digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.
Animal behavior: feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. It can also be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.
Characteristics of social behavior: animals with social behavior often form certain organizations within groups, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies. This is the main feature of social behavior.
Information exchange among groups: 8 on P39
Ecological balance: There are interdependent and restrictive relationships between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. The number and proportion of all kinds of organisms in the ecosystem have always remained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
Animals and bioreactors: Using bioreactors to produce certain substances needed by human beings can save the cost of building factories and purchasing instruments and equipment, and reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.
Animals and bionics: Scientists imitate some structures and functions of organisms through careful observation and study, and invent and create various instruments and equipment, which is bionic.
Colony: bacterial colony is relatively small, with smooth or sticky surface or rough and dry surface. Fungal colonies are generally several times to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by molds are often fluffy, flocculent or cobweb-like, and sometimes there are different colors such as red, brown, green, black and yellow.
Discovery of bacteria: Dutch Levin Hook observed dental calculus in the elderly with a microscope of 200~300 times and found bacteria.
Pasteur used a goose neck bottle to prove that bacteria were produced by pre-existing bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were also found, and the methods of preserving wine, pasteurization and preventing surgical infection were put forward. Later, he was called "the father of microbiology".
Morphological structure of bacteria: the individual of bacteria is very small, about 654.38 billion bacteria are piled together, only the size of a small grain of rice. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed by high-power microscope or electron microscope ... Bacteria have no P60 on nucleus 8.
Bacterial reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by division. In the late growth stage, the cell walls of some bacteria contract and thicken to form spores. Spore is a dormant body of bacteria and has strong resistance to adverse environment.
Fungal reproduction: Fungi reproduce their offspring by producing a large number of spores.
The role of bacteria and fungi in nature: 1. Participate in the material cycle as a decomposer. 2. Bring diseases to animals, plants and people. 3. Live with animals and plants.
Human Utilization of Bacteria and Fungi: 8 on P70
Biological classification: classification is based on the morphological and structural characteristics of organisms. The basic unit of classification is species.
Plant classification: 8 P8 1.
The biological classification from big to small is: boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Creatures under the eighth grade
Plant propagation:
Sexual reproduction: they bloom, pollinate and bear fruit, and reproduce offspring from the seeds of fruits. The embryo in the seed is developed by combining bisexual germ cells into fertilized eggs.
Asexual reproduction: new individuals are directly produced by the mother and do not need the combination of bisexual germ cells.
Grafting: Grafting the buds or branches of one plant to another plant, so that the combined two parts grow into a complete plant.
Metamorphosis: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the morphological structure and living habits of silkworm larvae and adults are very different. This development process is called metamorphosis.
Complete metamorphosis: after four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, this development process is complete metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis: after three stages: egg, nymph and adult, this development process is incomplete metamorphosis.
Reproductive and developmental processes of birds: including courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.
Gene controls biological characteristics: heredity refers to the similarity between parents and children, and variation refers to the difference between parents and children. The heredity and variation of organisms are realized through reproduction and development.
Relative personality: different manifestations of the same personality.
Genes and chromosomes: There are chromosomes in the nucleus, and there are protein and DNA in the chromosomes. The shape and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in biological cells (except germ cells) and human somatic cells.
1883, Belgian embryologist Edward van Beneden discovered that the sperm and chromosomes of Ascaris carinii only have two pairs of chromosomes.
Gene transfer through sperm or egg cells
1858~ 1865 Austrian Mendel discovered the dominance and recessive of genes.
1902, American cytologist Mike Lang discovered that a pair of chromosomes in male cells are different from other chromosomes, which he called sex chromosomes.
1905, American cytologist Wilson said that male sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes, and the same pair of chromosomes in female cells are the same, both of which are X chromosomes.
1953, a young American scholar, Miller, simulated primitive earth conditions and atmospheric composition and synthesized a variety of amino acids.
The trend of biological evolution: from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.
Darwin's theory of nature: in nature, all biological individuals have the characteristics of heredity and variation. Only those individuals with favorable variation can easily survive in struggle for existence and pass these variations on to the next generation, while those individuals with unfavorable variation are easily eliminated. In this way, natural creatures survive through fierce competition, and the unsuitable ones are eliminated, which is natural selection. Organisms continue to evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.
Pathogen: bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause infectious diseases.
Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases
Source of infection: a person or animal that can spread pathogens.
Transmission route: the route through which pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people, such as air transmission, food transmission and biological vector transmission.
Susceptible population: people who lack immunity to infectious diseases and are susceptible to them.
Preventive measures of infectious diseases: The preventive measures of infectious diseases can be divided into three aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting susceptible people.
Three lines of defense for human body: 1. Skin and mucous membrane. Bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids. Antibodies produced by immune organs and immune cells.
The third line of defense is the acquired defense function gradually established by the human body after birth, which is characterized by being born and only acting on specific pathogens or foreign bodies, so it is called specific immunity (also known as acquired immunity).
Three functions of immunity: 1. Eliminate aging, death and damaged cells in the body; 2. Resist the invasion of antigens and prevent diseases; 3. Monitor, identify and eliminate abnormal cells produced in the body.