Basic requirements of couplet writing

Couplets can exist and develop for so long, and people love them more and more. Apart from some objective reasons: the promotion of emperors, the shaping of celebrities and the needs of the people, there are still many artistic advantages and strengths: the beauty of words, the beauty of voices, national characteristics and application value. , can be closely linked with people's thoughts and feelings and social life. This paper will discuss the artistic requirements that it constitutes so many beautiful artistic forms, that is, the basic requirements of couplet writing.

(A) the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is equal

Couplets have upper couplets and lower couplets. Without one of them, it is not a couplet. This is a freeze. It also stipulates that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be equal, otherwise they cannot be opposite. Once upon a time, there was a story that both Party A and Party B were right. Party A said that "there are three towers in front of the Sanbao Hall" and Party B said that "the five-story tower has five floors", which was very neat, but Party A also said that "there are towers, towers, towers", and Party B failed to get it right because it was impossible to match the three towers with the five building words. Unlike the "three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars", it can be compared with the "four great poems". Because Ya contains two poems that are not very elegant, B has no way to include five floors in three buildings, so he has to give up. Therefore, there are five couplets (five characters) in the upper part, five characters in the lower part, seven couplets (seven characters) in the upper part and seven characters in the lower part, such as the following two couplets: (1) Iron shoulders bear morality; Write an article skillfully. (2) Autistic Taoyuan is called Taigu; I want to plant a big tree pillar. The upper and lower couplets are equal. The former is quoted from the martyr Li Dazhao, with extraordinary spirit. The latter is a famous society of Professor Yang Changji (Chairman Mao's father-in-law), who expressed his determination to cultivate talents for saving the country.

No matter how many words are used in the couplets, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets should be equal, and the antithesis such as Ci Fu cannot have the beginning and end words. For example, in the fourth sentence of Chairman Mao's "Qinyuanchun Changsha", "Looking at the mountains and plains" and the third sentence "Just classmates and teenagers", "Hope" and "Just" are both guiding words; There is a saying in Bao Zhao's Wu Cheng Fu that "Jun Ji and Yu Zhi are happy, but the pain of leaving the palace is painful", in which "Jun Ji" is the first word and "Zai" is the last word, which is not allowed in couplets. Because the couplets must be symmetrical, neat and beautiful. The reason is very simple, which can be explained by the fact that many biological natural organs are paired: birds have two wings, animals have a pair of front legs, cattle and sheep have a diagonal line, human ears, eyes, hands and feet are paired, with the same length and size, and each pair of organs is evenly distributed in the body, giving people a symmetrical and neat aesthetic feeling. The meaning of symmetry and neatness of couplets is the same, giving people a beautiful impression and enjoyment. If the couplet is not like this, it is like a person's organs are incomplete, not disabled, but also defective, ugly, giving people an ugly image. Therefore, if anything wants to be loved by people, it must first have formal beauty, and couplets have this characteristic.

The characteristics of equal words in couplets are used by wise people. There is a couplet by Yuan Shikai: Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China! Ai Shikai is sorry for the people of China. The author is only implying that Yuan Shikai was sorry for the people of China, because Yuan restored the monarchy and stifled the harmony between * * *. It was more than a thousand years before I saw the odd couplet of the first pair of unequal words. But it can't be said that two lines or two sentences with the same number of words become couplets, because couplets should also pay attention to the artistic structure such as antithesis and phonology.

There is no objection to the number of words in the upper and lower couplets being equal, but how many words should it be? Judging from the existing couplets, there are good couplets with fewer words and more words. If there are sub-couplets, seven words are the most, followed by eight words and nine words, five words and ten to twelve words, four words and six words and thirteen words or more. As for short couplets with less than four words, long couplets with more than a few hundred words seem a bit rare. There are too few words and too many words to write. The number of words in couplets should be determined according to the content and the theme of the author, and it should not be too short, nor should it pursue the length unilaterally.

(B) Words with the same part of speech are relative.

Part of speech is the characteristic of words, and the same part of speech is divided into parts of speech with the same characteristics. Paying attention to the antithesis of words according to the part of speech is the key to the dual art of couplets. The ancient people's division of parts of speech is different from that of modern people. The ancients said, "Reality is reality, but emptiness is emptiness." . What is reality? The ancients compiled a book "The Axillary of Linz Hall" with "The Combination of Poetry and Rhyme". It divides real people into astronomy, seasonality, geography, emperors, officials, politics, etiquette, music, interpersonal relationships, people (things), pavilions, people, literature, military equipment, skills, foreign teachers, treasures, palaces, utensils, costumes, food, millet, fabrics and plants. I just missed the position word. According to the requirements of the staff, the words in each category should be relative. Astronomy belongs to astronomy and human relations belong to human relations. If we only say "real to real", any word in 30 categories can be relative to the other 29 categories. Actually, it is not. Because there are verbs and adjectives, how can they be opposed to nouns? How does "sightseeing" deserve "the sun"? What is empty? The ancients compiled a book "Function Rhyme", which was attached to the end of "Combination of Poetry and Rhyme". It lists 138 function words, including pronouns, such as he, qi, who, who and he. And verbs such as Wei, Yue, Yun, etc. , the two cannot be relative. It can be seen that the ancient theory of virtual reality is not only general and inaccurate, but also somewhat chaotic and unscientific.

To divide words into virtual and real, the real scientific division can only be accurate if people use Chinese grammar to distinguish parts of speech. The notional words we are talking about now refer to words with real meaning; Grammatically, it can be divided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and quantifiers. Generally speaking, function words have no real meaning. Their main function is to express grammatical relations or the mood of sentences. They are divided into five categories: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. As for locative words, they are attached to nouns. Color words are adjectives.

(3) The content is related or opposite.

Although the upper couplet and the lower couplet of couplets are not as strict as metrical poems, they can't be pieced together and pulled at will. For example, we pieced together such a couplet: "Thrush tears blood; Yuanyang likes to form alliances. In antithesis and peace, they are neatly paired, but the upper and lower couplets are different in mood and have no connection in the middle. I don't know what it means after reading it. It shouldn't be a couplet. Another example is: "watching movies in the cinema; Reading in the library. "It's a coincidence to rally, and it's a little clever, but there is a lack of connection between the two, which is not a couplet. To make couplets, the contents of couplets must be related. The so-called relevance is the ideological content of the image described in the upper and lower couplets. Thought and artistic conception must be interrelated, belong to all aspects of the same thing, and cannot be unrelated.

(d) Flat, uniform and opposite.

For the sake of harmonious syllables and sonorous rhymes, couplets should pay attention to the rhythm of words according to the style of modern poetry. Tone level is a generalization of the lowest sound in Chinese. The law is the law of flat arrangement, but it doesn't have a fixed position like metrical poetry. It can be arranged with rhythm, ups and downs and cadence like the melody of music, giving people a sense of beauty and being loved. Therefore. The rhythm of couplets is indispensable. To do this well, we must first understand how to divide words into parallel, which words belong to parallel and which words belong to parallel.

Definition: It is the tone of words used in China's poems. The tones of ancient Chinese are divided into four tones: flat, rising, going and entering. Flat refers to the flat sound in the four tones, including flat sound and flat sound; It refers to four tones, including up, down and middle. The phonetics and flat tones used in old poetry and prose are mutually adjusted to make the sounds harmonious, which is called flat tones. * Flat tone: There are two kinds, which are basically peaceful and soft tones. * * Flat tone-low voice * * Flat tone-loud and rising tone * Tone: There are three tones * * rising tone-high and bright * * falling tone-sharp and sad and soft * * entering tone-short, so flat tone is often divided into flat tone, rising tone, going tone and short tone. There are many explanations in China's ancient books.

The metrical style of modern poetry is still very popular after the gradual finalization of the Tang Dynasty and the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Books about poetry in bookstores have been selling well. I believe that most people have been inspired by Tang poetry since childhood. Perhaps this is the reason why China people have a poetic rhyme of "ping ping" in their bones. However, liking is one thing, and writing is another. The first problem encountered by friends who are beginners in writing is precisely the bondage of our favorite meter. If you overcome this difficulty and master the beat, you can control it and play your most beautiful melody with it. On the contrary, avoid it and fear it, and it will become a rope that binds you. When others sing couplets with metrical poems, you can only be a spectator at the concert, otherwise, your notes will be difficult to harmonize with the concert.

Come on! Let's see how difficult it is to measure. Perhaps, after you have spent a little time and energy, you will say: That's it-nothing!

First, close to the physiological rhythm

China's ancient poems have no strict metrical rules, such as leveling, antithesis and rhyme. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry creation gradually developed in the direction of metrical. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the metrical pattern of poetry was fully mature and stereotyped. Because this kind of poetic style, which is strictly restricted by leveling, antithesis and rhyme, is newly formed, people in the Tang Dynasty called it "modern poetry", while Ba is a kind of poetic style without strict meter, antithesis and rhyme. It is called "ancient poetry" and "modern poetry" is called "metrical poetry", which has been used since Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

"Modern Poetry" was summed up by predecessors as four sentences: "Every sentence has a fixed number, and the balance between the flat and the flat should be coordinated; The confrontation should be neat and the rhyme department should be unified. " If netizens like the charm of "modern poetry", they might as well try to understand these four sentences. If you don't like metrical constraints, write modern poems.

1. What is a quatrain?

Generally speaking, "quatrains" refer to seven-character quatrains and five-character quatrains in modern poetry. It does not include the seven-character and four-sentence ancient style "seven ancient" and the five-character and four-sentence ancient style "five ancient" in ancient poetry.

2. Sentence patterns of quatrains

Whether it is verse or quatrains, there are four common basic sentence patterns:

(flat) flat (flat),

Even number, even number,

(flat) flat,

(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping.

(even number) even number,

Flat and faint,

(flat) flat and uniform,

Just so-so

Note () can be even or even.

They are combined into four formats.

The first sentence of the four-line format (1) is straightforward.

Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping)

Even, even, even.

(flat) flat

Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping)

The first sentence of the four-line format (2) is flat and flat.

(flat) flat (flat),

Even, even, even.

(flat) flat

Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping)

The first sentence of the four-line format (3) is flat.

Even, even, even.

Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping)

(flat) flat (flat),

Even, even, even.

The first sentence of the four-line format (4) begins and ends.

(flat) flat

Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping)

(flat) flat (flat),

Even, even, even.

The first sentence of the five-line format (1) is flat.

(Xu)

be plain and simple

be plain and simple

(Xu)

The first sentence of the five-element format (2) begins and ends.

(even number) even number,

be plain and simple

be plain and simple

(Xu)

The first sentence of the five-element format (3) is straightforward.

be plain and simple

(Xu)

(even number) even number,

be plain and simple

The first sentence of the five-element format (4) is flat and closed.

Flat (flat)

(Xu)

(even number) even number,

be plain and simple

3. What does Jane say is equilibrium?

Even sounds are the basis of poetic style and the most troublesome thing for beginners. You don't have to use horizontal rhyme to be catchy. For beginners, once you know that the first and second tones (Yin Ping and Yangping) in Chinese Pinyin are flat, so are the third and fourth tones. As for entering tone, you can master it slowly in school.

4. What does Jane say is rhyme?

Poetry needs rhyme. According to the meter, the rhyme of a poem should be unified. In other words, only words with the same rhyme can be used, and words without rhyme or other rhymes cannot be used. Beginners should buy a rhyme book "Peiwen Poetry Rhyme" (Pingshui Rhyme) or download it from the Internet. Commonly used words can be found in Pei Wen Shi Yun. Generally speaking, quatrains and the first sentence of metrical poems may or may not rhyme. The last words of the second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences must rhyme. If it doesn't rhyme, it's called rhyming or rhyming. In ancient scientific research, you can't read rhymes. When writing poetry, you should balance the rhymes. Modern people can write poems according to Ping Yun Shui or the new rhyme of modern Chinese Pinyin, but they can't mix them.

Step 5 rhyme

There are two kinds of metrical poems, seven-character metrical poems and five-character metrical poems. Usually, a seven-character poem or a five-character poem refers to eight sentences per poem, while other seven-character poems and five-character poems refer to long poems with more than eight sentences. As the name implies, metrical poems, like quatrains, are metrical poems. One of its characteristics is that all sentences except the beginning and the end should be paired, and no rhyme mistakes are allowed. Even if it is a few hundred sentences, we must follow this law.

6. sticky and Right

Odd-numbered sentences such as one, three, five and seven in a poem are called upper (outer) sentences, while even-numbered sentences are lower (opposite) sentences. The last sentence is the opposite of the next one, which is called "right" and wrong is "wrong". When two sentences are linked together, the last sentence of the latter link is the same as the next sentence of the previous link, which is called "sticky".

Take the first sentence of the four-line format (1) as an example:

(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping-the last sentence

Even-even-even-even-next sentence. Basically the opposite of the last sentence (the first four words). These two sentences are linked together.

Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat

(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping-The next sentence is the antonym of the previous one.

7. It is difficult to save and change.

The meter of poetry should be rigorous and lively, and it can be difficult and biased. There is a saying in modern poetry that "135 doesn't matter, 246 is clear." That is, 135 words of each seven-character poem can be leveled, and 246 words can be strictly observed (five words and three words). But for the third word of the seven characters and the first word of the five characters, it's (even) flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat. Otherwise, it is embarrassing, that is, "lonely and dull", which is the taboo of poets. If you use a flat voice, the fifth word of this sentence (the third word of five words) must use a flat voice. This is "loneliness is hard to save".

8. The antithesis of regular poetry

The five laws and seven laws are composed of eight sentences, forming a quadruple, which is connected with the head, neck, abdomen and tail in turn. The upper and lower sentences of the two couplets in the middle should be antithetical sentences. It is required that the antithesis should be even, have relative parts of speech and meaning, and have relative grammar and sentence patterns. There are two taboos in antithesis: one is "fighting", that is, the upper and lower sentences in a couplet are opposite by synonyms, so that the meanings of the two sentences are basically the same. Second, the two couplets are the same. The sentence patterns of the two couplets should be changed to avoid repetition. Against nature, neat and smooth.

9 writing and composition of quatrains

The predecessors had many incisive opinions on the writing of quatrains. The method of quatrains is that your language is shallow and affectionate, but your meaning is not profound and your language is thin.

Shallow is dark. There are hidden words, overtones and unique but incomplete sentences.

The composition of quatrains is beginning, inheritance, turning and ending. Generally, the first sentence begins with two sentences, ends with three turns and four sentences. One or two sentences are very important, but they always pave the way. The key lies in the turning point of three sentences, which is both unexpected and reasonable. The fourth sentence goes with the flow, and the artistic conception is exhausted.

10, Writing and Composition of Metric Poetry

Rhyme and quatrains are almost the same in composition, and they are also the beginning, continuation, turning and ending, but they are linked together as a unit, and the first one is linked together.

Upper and neck joints, abdominal joints and tail joints. However, the focus of metrical poetry is the confrontation between the two couplets in the middle and the two couplets.

The relationship and changes. This is often the highlight of the whole poem. Because there are more words in regular poems than quatrains, in the table

The way to achieve it can be more rigorous and calm.

1 1, the syntax of metrical poems

Wuyan's syntax is generally 2-3, and the characters are divided into upper 2 and lower 3. The first two bits can be 1- 1, and the last three bits can be divided into 2- 1 or.

1-2。 Seven-character grammar is generally 4-3, and the characters are divided into upper 4 and lower 3. The first four bits can be 3- 1 or 2-2, and the last three bits can be divided into 2- 1 or 1-2. There are 2-5 or 5-2, even 1-3-3. Write flexibly.

Modern poetry has two characteristics in grammatical structure, which can be omitted and inverted, which is not allowed in prose.

12, the writing of metrical poems

Metric poetry has theories of composition, syntax and word formation. Morphology, also known as refined words, is the most important in poetry and sentences.

An important word is the head word "predicate" of the predicate. You can draw a dragon by refining this word.

The role of the "finishing touch pen" is the so-called "in a word". The famous allusion of "scrutiny" is this word.

Attached "Poems and Essays"

The main methods of ancient poetry: all ancient poetry should be ancient in form and syntax. First, make a general idea, describe the established ones, then write them, and then connect them in context, with uninterrupted meaning and considerable overall.

Five ancient laws: Five-character ancient poems, whether ascending, competing or fu, must have far-reaching implications, gentle excuses, repeated excellent travel and grace. Or nostalgia for the past, or regret that others hurt themselves, or chic and leisurely. The scenery should be elegant and light, push people's hearts to their feelings, and write the most subtle feelings. The emotions should be subtle without hurting, the beauty should be graceful and restrained, and there should be 300 heritages.

Seven ancient laws: Seven-character ancient poems must be narrated first, open and closed moderately, graceful and dangerous, majestic and sonorous, and avoid vulgarity and softness. It is necessary to combine waves, such as the waves of rivers and seas. Another example is the military commander's array, which thinks it is right, and then it is strange, and then it is strange, and suddenly it is right. The change in and out is extremely unruly.

Quatrains: quatrains should be graceful and circuitous, simple and endless, with the third sentence as the main one and the fourth sentence as the main one. There is reality and emptiness, there is connection, there is opening and closing, there is opposition, there is positive basis, there is correspondence, there is one interest and one interest, and the palace merchants are self-harmonious. Generally speaking, it is difficult to inherit two sentences, so it is better to say them directly and calmly. Change takes a lot of time, all in the third sentence. If it is changed well here, the fourth sentence is like a boat going down the river.

From beginning to end: break the topic-or upgrade the scene, or contrast, or lead the matter, or open the topic. Be abrupt and lofty, like a strong wind and waves, unstoppable. Couplets-or freehand brushwork, or scenery, or books, use things to quote. This couplet should answer this question. Be like a dragon ball, hold it and don't take it off. Neck couplets-or freehand brushwork, writing scenery, writing books, citing things, avoiding the meaning of the former couplet. The great changes, such as thunder breaking the mountain, amaze the viewers. To sum up a sentence-either close the topic, start a step, pay for the meaning of the home page, or use something, you must put a sentence as a sentence. For example, "Tunxi" and so on, emerge in endlessly.

Sentence-making method: seven words-voice, strength, sonority, strength and height-static, deep and fine. Five words, seven words, although the sentences are different, the law is one. The first sentence must be broad and profound, and it should not be neglected. The middle two conjunctions, syntax or four fields, or two fields, need to be connected by blood vessels, have corresponding phonology, and the duality is symmetrical up and down. There are two sentences with the same meaning and two sentences with different meanings. If the first half of the contract already has the meaning of * * *, then the second half must have its own meaning. The first couplet is chanting, and the second couplet must say something important. The combination of the two laws is the most taboo. In order to change the meaning conveyed by the neckline, more truth is needed. In fact, the words are naturally loud, but the syntax is healthy. It is also wonderful that the tail end should be able to take a step forward and not close the business, but there are also people who agree.

Words in poetry: there are words in poetry, which are wonderful in two eyes and wrong in three eyes. The combination of two conjunctions is unusual, and the middle waist is empty, and movable type should also be avoided. Five words are mostly in the third word, or the second word, or the fourth word, or the fifth word. People with the word in the third word: the drum horn is sad, and the galaxy falls in Xiaoshan. Jiang Lian shakes white feathers and thorns and vines are everywhere. The words in the second word: peacock with gold on the screen and hibiscus embroidered on the mattress. Blue as grass outside the lake and red as Haidong Cloud. The word in the fifth word: the ambition of two lines, the ambition of 10 thousand Shu. The fragrance is foggy and the clouds are wet, and the jade shoulders are cold.

The word is in the second and fifth place: the ground is hidden in the river sail, the sky is clear and the leaves are fragrant. In the morning, as thin as morning light, it moistens the earth, and Ye Yuan is soaked with butter; Dusk lingers in the afterglow of the earth, and the sand shines in the sand.

The hidden meaning of Tibetan characters: the seven-character gauge is harder than the five-character gauge, the seven-character gauge is thicker and the five-character gauge is more delicate. If seven words can be cut into five sides, it is not a poem, and the words must be removed. Therefore, words must be hidden, words must be hidden, such as lianzhu, wonderful.