childhood
1March 3, 5961day, Descartes was born in Andel-Loire, France * * * now Descartes * * *. He comes from a low-status aristocratic family, and his father Joachim is a member of parliament in Rennes Brittany and a judge of the local court.
/kloc-at the age of 0, his mother died of tuberculosis, and he was also infected, weak and sick. Descartes was ill since childhood, but his family was rich, so the school allowed him to study early. After his mother died, his father moved to another place and remarried, leaving Descartes to his grandmother. Since then, his father and son rarely meet, but he has been providing financial help so that he can receive a good education and pursue his interests without worrying about financial resources. So I have developed the habit of lifelong meditation, and my personality is withdrawn. Seeing that he has the temperament of a philosopher, his father affectionately called him a "little philosopher".
1606 or 1607, my father hoped Descartes would become a theologian in the future, so when Descartes was eight years old, he sent him to the most famous aristocratic school in Europe-the Royal Grand Henry College of Jesuits in Lafleur. In order to take care of his weak body, the school chartered him not to be bound by school rules, and he didn't have to go to school in the morning and could study in bed. So he has developed the habit of being quiet and good at thinking since he was a child. He studied in this school for 8 years, received traditional culture education, and studied classical literature, history, theology, philosophy, law, medicine, mathematics and other natural sciences. He studied mathematics and physics, including Galileo's work. But he was disappointed with what he had learned, because in his view, the subtle arguments in the textbook were actually just ambiguous or even inconsistent theories, which would only make him doubt and get no conclusive knowledge. The only thing that comforted him was math.
Here is an interesting story about the star theory of the philosopher Descartes. Descartes once sat on the steps in front of his house, staring at the dim horizon of the future. A passer-by approached him and asked, "Hello! Wise man, how many stars are there in the sky? " He replied, "Fool! No one can embrace endless things ... "
youth
16 16, 16 After graduation in February, he followed his father's wishes and became a lawyer. He entered the University of Poitiers to study law and medicine. He was deeply interested in all kinds of knowledge, especially mathematics, and obtained a bachelor's degree and diploma. After graduation, Descartes has been indecisive about his career choice, determined to travel all over Europe, and devoted himself to seeking the wisdom of the "world book".
16 18, Descartes joined the Maric army in Nassau, the Netherlands. But Holland and Spain signed an armistice agreement, so Descartes used this free time to study mathematics. During his military service and traveling around Europe, he continued to pay attention to "collecting all kinds of knowledge" and "thinking about all kinds of things he encountered in various places" In Descartes' time, Latin was the language of scholars. According to the custom at that time, he also signed his Latin name on the work-Renatus Cartesians * * * Renatus Cartesians * *. Because of this, the Cartesian coordinate system he pioneered is also called Cartesian coordinate system.
Descartes' interest in the combination of mathematics and physics originated when he was a soldier in Holland.
16181kloc-0/010, he happened to see the answers to Flemish math questions on the bulletin board on the roadside. This aroused his interest and made people around him translate Flemish he didn't understand into Latin. The man next to him is Isaac Beckman, who is eight years older than him. Beckman made great achievements in mathematics and physics and soon became his tutor. Four months later, he wrote to Beckman: "You woke me up from indifference …" and told him that he had made four important discoveries in mathematics.
It is said that Descartes had three strange dreams in one night. The first dream was that Descartes was blown by the storm where the wind could not; The second dream is that he got the key to the treasure house of nature; The third dream is that he opened up the road to real knowledge. These three strange dreams strengthened his confidence in establishing a new theory. This day is a turning point of Descartes' thought, and some scholars regard this day as the birth day of analytic geometry.
Descartes 162 1 year retired, which coincided with the civil strife in France. So in 1622, Descartes, then 26, sold the assets left by his father and spent four years traveling in Europe, including two years in Italy, and then moved to Paris in 1625. Because the French church was so powerful at that time that it could not discuss religious issues freely.
Descartes moved to Holland in 1628 and lived there for more than 20 years. During this period, Descartes conducted in-depth research in the fields of philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and physiology, devoted himself to philosophical research, published many important collections, and kept close contact with major European scholars through mathematician father Mei Sen.
Almost all his major works were completed in Holland.
1628 wrote Principles of Guiding Philosophy.
1634, On the World based on Mikolaj Copernic's theory was completed. This book summarizes his views on philosophy, mathematics and many natural science problems.
1637 wrote three papers in French: buckling optics, meteorology and geometry, and wrote a preface for this: the methodology of correctly applying rationality and pursuing truth in science, which is abbreviated as methodology in the history of philosophy * * * Discourses de la mé thode * * *1637. Published anonymously in Leiden on June 8.
Philosophical Principles * * * *1644 * * *
Metaphysical meditation * * * mé editions mé taphysiques * * *1641* * and so on, Descartes became one of the most influential philosophers in Europe.
stop
1650 died in February at the age of 54. Never married. Only a few friends gave him a funeral because of the church's prevention. After his death, he also published articles on Guang * * 1664 * * *.
1663, his works were included in the list of banned books issued by the Vatican Pope in Rome and Paris.
However, the spread of his thoughts was not hindered, and Descartes became one of the most influential European philosophers and scientists in the17th century and beyond. It was not until 1740 that Paris lifted the ban, in order to provide an alternative to the Newton world system that was popular in France at that time.
After the French Revolution, Descartes' ashes and relics were sent to the French History Museum.
18 19, his ashes were moved to the Sacred Heart Church in Saint-Germain.
His philosophy and mathematical thoughts have had a far-reaching impact on history. People carved a sentence on his tombstone: "Descartes, the first person who fought for and guaranteed rational rights for mankind since the European Renaissance."
cartesian coordinate system
* * * Cartesian coordinates * * * * * * French: les coordonnées cartésiennes*** is a general term for Cartesian coordinates and oblique coordinates.
Two number axes intersecting at the origin form a plane radiation coordinate system. If the units of measurement on the two axes are equal, the affine coordinate system is called Cartesian coordinate system. A Cartesian coordinate system with two vertical axes is called Cartesian Cartesian coordinate system, otherwise it is called Cartesian oblique coordinate system.
The two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system consists of two mutually perpendicular number axes, and the zero points of the number axes coincide. In the plane, the coordinates of any point are set according to the coordinates of the corresponding point on the number axis. In a plane, the correspondence between any point and coordinates is similar to that between points and coordinates on the number axis.
Using rectangular coordinates, geometric shapes can be clearly expressed by algebraic formulas. The rectangular coordinates of each point of a geometric shape must obey this algebraic formula.