The first chapter is the present situation and necessity of the development of Camellia oleifera industry in China.

First, the development status of Camellia oleifera industry

(1) Distribution range of main producing areas of Camellia oleifera.

The main producing areas of Camellia oleifera in China are concentrated in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Guizhou, Anhui, Yunnan, Chongqing, Henan, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces/0/4 counties (cities, districts). Among them, there are 142 counties (cities, districts) with planting area of over 65438+ 10,000 mu, 97 counties (cities, districts) with planting area of 500-65438+ 10,000 mu, and 65438+counties (cities, districts) with planting area of1-50,000 mu.

(2) The present situation of woodland resources in the main producing areas of Camellia oleifera.

According to the statistical results of forest land resources in 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) producing camellia oleifera, there are 2,230.672 million mu of forest land in the main producing areas of camellia oleifera in China, including forest land 14827 1400 mu, sparse forest land 5,3271000 mu and sparse forest land 37,044 mu.

(III) Current situation of Camellia oleifera planting in main producing areas

At present, there are 4531.2000 mu of camellia oleifera forests in four major provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China, including 1.802 million mu in high-yield period, 2.396 million mu in initial production period, 1.977 million mu in high-yield period and 26.77 million mu in low-yield period. Affected by natural conditions such as climate and landform, the planting area of Camellia oleifera in Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangxi is the largest, with177,800 mu,1654.38+0.2 million mu and 55.24 million mu respectively, accounting for 76.2% of the total area of existing Camellia oleifera forests in China. In 2008, China produced 975,500 tons of tea seed oil and 262,500 tons of tea seed oil, with an average yield of 5.79 kilograms per mu.

(IV) Current situation of Camellia oleifera processing enterprises in main producing areas

14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) producing camellia oleifera have a total of 659 camellia oleifera processing enterprises. The designed processing capacity of Camellia oleifera seeds can reach 4.2483 million tons, and the annual processing capacity of Camellia oleifera oil can reach 1 107900 tons. There are 178 enterprises with a processing capacity of more than 500 tons, and there are more than 200 enterprises with refining capacity. The comprehensive development and utilization technology of camellia oleifera by-products has been further matured. At present, the annual production of tea residue is 683,900 tons, and the tea saponin 1.86 million tons. The utilization degree of Camellia oleifera seeds is close to 1.000%, and the resource utilization level is high.

(V) Production status of Camellia oleifera seedlings in main producing areas

Since 2000, with the intensification of the contradiction between supply and demand in China's edible oil market, the market of camellia oleifera products has gradually warmed up, especially the high-yield and high-quality characteristics of camellia oleifera clones have gradually been recognized by the society, and a number of high-yield clones (varieties) have been established in the main producing areas of camellia oleifera, especially in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi and other provinces (regions). According to statistics, at present, there are 33 cutting seedling bases in eight provinces (regions) such as Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangxi, and the existing production capacity of improved camellia oleifera seedlings is1361000000. Forestry scientific research departments have cultivated more than 65,438+000 excellent clonal varieties. These improved varieties are expected to yield 35 kilograms to 50 kilograms per mu, and some have reached 75 kilograms of tea oil per mu.

1. Breeding Status of Improved Camellia oleifera Varieties

Among the 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the main producing areas of camellia oleifera, there are 174 improved varieties of camellia oleifera in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Fujian, Yunnan and Chongqing, and 54 of them have passed the national or provincial examination and approval (recognition).

2. Production capacity of Camellia oleifera seed base

Eight provinces (regions) of Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Guizhou and Anhui have established 33 improved varieties bases of Camellia oleifera (30 cutting nurseries and 3 seed orchards) with a total area of 44 14 mu. The existing production capacity of improved seedlings of Camellia oleifera is about 65.438+36 million, and the existing production capacity of improved cuttings of Camellia oleifera is about 75 million.

3. Supply capacity of improved camellia oleifera seedlings

In the spring and autumn of 2009, nine provinces (regions) such as Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Guizhou and Anhui could provide about 5 1 10,000 plants of Camellia oleifera seedlings, which could be used for afforestation of about 460,000 mu. Among them, about 29 million seedlings of Camellia oleifera can be provided in spring, which can be used for afforestation of 260 thousand mu; In autumn, about 22 million seedlings of improved varieties of Camellia oleifera can be provided for afforestation of 200,000 mu.

In the winter of 2009 and the spring of 20 10, 9 provinces can produce10.2 billion plants, and can afforest1.110,000 mu.

4. Collection and preservation of Camellia oleifera germplasm resources

At present, the germplasm resources of Camellia oleifera are collected and preserved in Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces. Hunan Academy of Forestry has collected and preserved more than 200 excellent clones and families of Camellia oleifera since 2003. Jiangxi Academy of Forestry has collected and preserved more than 100 excellent clones and farm varieties. Zhejiang Forest Seedling Station cooperated with the Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry to establish a germplasm resource bank of Camellia oleifera in Dongfanghong Forest Farm, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, and collected and preserved 275 clones of Camellia oleifera. 75 propagation materials of superior trees were collected and preserved in Liping County, Guizhou Province.

Second, the evolution of China Camellia oleifera industry

China's existing Camellia oleifera forest covers an area of 4.5310.2 million mu, which is dominated by common Camellia oleifera, involving the Yangtze River basin and its south 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Since 1950s, after nearly 60 years of development and changes, it has experienced ups and downs. Until the 1990s, with the improvement of people's understanding of Camellia oleifera, the deepening of scientific research on Camellia oleifera and the gradual popularization of new achievements, especially the large-scale demonstration and application of excellent clones of Camellia oleifera, and the vigorous promotion of local governments, Camellia oleifera production really entered the track of stable development. After entering 2 1 century, the output exceeded 200,000 tons.

(A) the initial development stage of Camellia oleifera production

This stage began in the 1950s. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Camellia oleifera production in China was in a semi-barren state. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), under the leadership of the Party and the government, camellia production, like other construction undertakings, has developed rapidly. Farmers who have been allocated land actively respond to the party's call and vigorously develop grain, cotton and oil production. Under the instruction of "mobilizing farmers to increase oil crops", the forestry departments of various provinces have formulated various policies to organize people in mountainous areas to develop camellia oleifera. During this period, people's enthusiasm for developing Camellia oleifera was very high, and a large area of barren Camellia oleifera land was reclaimed, and the output gradually increased. 1952, the national output of Camellia oleifera was 50,000 tons, and 1956, the output of Camellia oleifera reached 80,000 tons, which doubled compared with the early days of the People's Republic of China. During the period of 1958, the output of Camellia oleifera in China reached its peak.

At present, China is backward in economy, lacking in materials and low in scientific and technological level. Camellia oleifera production is in primitive farming state, and Camellia oleifera afforestation is scattered. Most of the seedlings are seedlings, and the management mainly depends on "human natural cultivation", which leads to the low yield of Camellia oleifera, with an average of about 10 kg of tea seeds per mu and 2.5 kg of tea oil. This is a low-level production period of extensive management. However, Camellia oleifera production, like the vigorously developed grain and cotton production, has also made due contributions to the country, alleviating the difficulty of insufficient edible oil in the country.

(B) Camellia oleifera production recovery and development stage

This stage was from 1960s to 1970s. After 1958, affected by commune movement and three-year natural disasters, the output of Camellia oleifera decreased. By the mid-1960s, a mass movement to build a large-scale camellia oleifera forest base was launched all over the country, and the barren hills in the past turned into a large-scale camellia oleifera forest. After ten years of turmoil, the production of Camellia oleifera has been seriously affected, and the tea mountain is barren, and the output has dropped sharply again. The output of 1976 has returned to the level in the early days of the People's Republic of China. From 1976 to 1979, the state allocated a total of 1 more than 100 million yuan for the construction of woody oil base, which promoted the construction of new forests and the transformation of old forests. The forest area of Camellia oleifera increased rapidly and the output increased steadily. During the Sixth Five-Year Plan period, the output of Camellia oleifera seeds increased by 23.8% compared with that during the Fifth Five-Year Plan period, and the output of Camellia oleifera reached 6544 plants.

During this period, land and Shan Ye were collectively owned. Although Camellia oleifera production has ups and downs, due to the expansion of planting area and the relative concentration of plots, the level of tending management has been greatly improved, especially with the strengthening of Camellia oleifera scientific research, the establishment of Camellia oleifera demonstration field, the breeding of superior trees and farm varieties has been widely used in production, and the output has also been greatly improved. However, the increase in output did not bring economic benefits to farmers. In addition, the tea oil processing industry is backward, and there is no real large-scale camellia oleifera base, which leads to the slow development of camellia oleifera industry and low efficiency.

(III) Stable development stage of Camellia oleifera production

This stage is from 1980s to 1990s. Since 1980s, more preferential policies have been implemented, new varieties and technologies have been gradually popularized, and the output of Camellia oleifera has increased year by year, resulting in many high-yield models. The area of Camellia oleifera forest in China has expanded by 50% compared with the time of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and once reached the highest level of 60 million mu. Later, due to the impact of market economy and the influence of objective factors such as low comparative benefit, the production of Camellia oleifera fell into a trough again, and many Camellia oleifera forests with better site conditions were replanted with fruit trees or other economic forests and timber forests with better benefits, and the area of Camellia oleifera decreased. Since the early 1990s, the transformation of Camellia oleifera low-yield forest has been included in the key projects of national comprehensive agricultural development, and the technology of transformation of Camellia oleifera low-yield forest and the popularization and application of improved varieties have been increased, and some economic support has been given, so the output of Camellia oleifera has rebounded. By the end of last century, with the steady increase of Camellia oleifera area, the annual output of Camellia oleifera in China was stable at more than 6.5438+300,000 tons, although the output per unit area did not increase significantly.

During this period, the household contract responsibility system was implemented in the vast rural areas, and the land returned to farmers. Coupled with the impact of the tide of market economy, the market-oriented commodity production with economic benefits as the goal has been fully reflected in rural areas, and the development of Camellia oleifera has only been paid attention to in rural areas after making money. First, the breeding of improved varieties of Camellia oleifera was developed. The National Cooperative Group of Camellia oleifera Seed Breeding has selected a large number of excellent farm varieties in Hunan, Jiangxi and other provinces, and conducted regional tests. However, due to the lag in the construction of improved camellia seed breeding base, its popularization and application are slow, and the low-quality and low-yield camellia forest is still dominant, so it is difficult to form a high-yield camellia forest base. At the same time, the camellia oil production enterprises are small in scale, backward in processing technology and limited in in-depth development ability, which makes the camellia oil industry still at a low level.

In a word, China Camellia oleifera industry has experienced ups and downs, and has been hovering at a low level for a long time. It is always impossible to get out of the development cycle of low level, low efficiency and low productivity, which is closely related to the institutional obstacles of Camellia oleifera production and management system. The bottleneck is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, there is no fundamental breakthrough in the breeding of improved varieties of Camellia oleifera, resulting in a qualitative leap. Although a few provinces have tried to select some excellent varieties (lines) suitable for local growth due to financial constraints. Second, the encouragement and support policies and measures are not in place, the ownership of forest land is unstable, the main body of production and operation is unclear, and the driving force is insufficient, which makes it difficult to give full play to the enthusiasm of forest farmers, resulting in the natural growth of most camellia oleifera forests and low productivity, which can neither form large-scale production nor produce scale benefits; Third, the financial resources of governments at all levels are limited, and the investment in Camellia oleifera production is seriously insufficient. It is difficult to form a large-scale and intensive management level of Camellia oleifera production, and the early investment requirements are high.

Third, the main problems existing in the current development of Camellia oleifera industry

Over the past decades, China's Camellia oleifera industry has experienced several major development processes in base construction, but the national Camellia oleifera industry has not developed and grown. Comprehensive analysis of various reasons, the main problems that restrict the development of China's camellia industry at present are:

(A) the lack of necessary support policies

According to the investigation, the initial investment of new afforestation and old forest regeneration of Camellia oleifera is very large, generally about 1500 yuan per mu; The cost per mu is about 2000 yuan; The annual cost per mu for reclamation and transformation of low-yield forests is around 200 yuan. For the new construction or transformation of Camellia oleifera forest, such a high initial investment is unbearable for ordinary farmers. Although some supporting policies have been introduced in various places in the development of Camellia oleifera industry, due to the shortage of funds, most places have not given the necessary policy support and financial support for Camellia oleifera development.

(b) The comparative advantage is relatively low.

At present, most of the existing Camellia oleifera forests in China are old forests in the 1960s and 1970s. The yield of Camellia oleifera per mu is generally about 5 kg, and the output value of Camellia oleifera per mu does not exceed that of 200 yuan. Compared with other economic forests, the benefits are relatively low. For example, Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, Changshan Huyou, the main economic forest tree species, has an output value of 2000 ~ 3000 yuan per mu, which is much higher than that of Camellia oleifera forest. As a result, in recent years, Camellia oleifera forest with good site conditions in Changshan County was replanted into Huyou, and farmers lacked the enthusiasm of Camellia oleifera propagation. As a result, a large number of Camellia oleifera forests are barren and the output is declining, which limits the development of Camellia oleifera industry.

(c) High-yielding varieties have not been widely used.

So far, most of the camellia oleifera forests in Jiangxi and Anhui provinces are ordinary seedling forests in the 1950s and 1960s. About 50% of Camellia oleifera forest in Hunan Province existed before the founding of the People's Republic of China, with many generations of germination, mixed varieties and extremely low yield. From the construction of high-yield Camellia oleifera forest base in the late 1970s to the transformation of low-yield Camellia oleifera forest since 1990s, the planting area of improved Camellia oleifera in Hunan Province is less than 60%. The utilization rate of improved camellia oleifera varieties in other provinces is low. The variety aging and extensive management of Camellia oleifera forest are prominent problems in the main producing areas of Camellia oleifera. The potential resource advantages of Camellia oleifera can only be transformed into industrial advantages through large-scale renewal of excellent Camellia oleifera varieties. Since the beginning of 2 1 century, a series of high-yield and excellent varieties (lines) of Camellia oleifera have been bred in various places, many of which are suitable for local high-yield and excellent, but few of them have been widely popularized and applied in production. The reason is that large-scale popularization and application need a lot of financial support, such as the construction of Camellia oleifera seedling breeding base, cutting seedling of improved varieties and so on. Due to the limited investment, it is impossible to produce high-yield and high-quality Camellia oleifera seedlings in batches to meet the needs of seedling production.

(D) insufficient publicity

Camellia oleifera, olive, oil palm and coconut are also called the four major woody oil plants in the world. Tea oil has all the functional characteristics of high-quality edible oil, and its chemical composition and fatty acid ratio are similar to those of olive oil, and some indexes are even higher than those of olive oil. But people's understanding of the characteristics of olive oil is much higher than that of tea oil. Generally speaking, olive oil is considered as high-quality oil, but little is known about tea oil. Only in the main producing areas of Camellia oleifera, people have a certain understanding of it, and most parts of northern and western China are basically unfamiliar with Camellia oleifera. China imports about 4500 tons of olive oil every year, and its foreign exchange is more than 20 million dollars. In addition to eating, a considerable part is used to make high-grade cosmetics and health care products, and olive oil is of considerable value. However, China only exports a small amount of tea oil every year, and its international market awareness is extremely low, which is directly related to the fact that tea oil has not been produced and publicized for a long time.

Fourthly, it is necessary to accelerate the development of Camellia oleifera industry.

(1) Accelerating the development of Camellia oleifera industry is an effective way to ensure the national edible oil safety.

Solving the problem of grain and oil supply security for China's population of 654.38+0.3 billion has always been a top priority for the country and the nation. For a long time, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council put the development of grain and oil production in a prominent position and adopted a series of measures to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers, which greatly improved China's grain and oil supply capacity. However, with the growth of population, the pressure of international grain and oil prices is increasing, and the pressure of long-term supply and demand balance of grain and oil is still great. At present, imported vegetable oil has occupied most of the domestic market, and China has become the world's largest importer of edible vegetable oil and the world's largest oil importer. There are 453 1.2 million mu of camellia oleifera forest in China, and the current output level is very low, with only about 5.8 kilograms of oil per mu. If all the existing low-yield camellia oleifera forests are transformed and nearly 25 million mu of high-yield camellia oleifera forests are built (with an average oil yield of 40 kg per mu), high and stable yield of camellia oleifera will be realized through the application of improved varieties and high-yield cultivation techniques. By then, the output of Camellia oleifera is expected to reach more than 2.5 million tons, which will greatly increase the proportion of Camellia oleifera in the existing edible oil supply, alleviate the increasingly tense contradiction of edible oil supply and ensure the national edible oil safety.

(2) Accelerating the development of Camellia oleifera industry is the need to solve the rigid shortage of cultivated land resources in China.

For a long time, the rigid shortage of cultivated land in China has been an indisputable fact. Intensive cultivation of cultivated land has reached a considerable level, and there is very limited room for improvement in grain and oil yield. As a forest land resource, among the 287 million mu of forest land in 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) producing camellia oleifera, the barren hills and wasteland suitable for planting camellia oleifera are about 538 10000 mu, which has a strong forest land (ground) resource base for developing camellia oleifera.

After years of scientific research and practical accumulation, there is a huge room for greatly improving the output of Camellia oleifera. According to the calculation, the output level of Camellia oleifera forest land can be increased by about 10 times on the current level, and the oil production level of Camellia oleifera seeds is basically the same as that of rapeseed with the same planting area. The development of Camellia oleifera has the remarkable characteristics of not competing for land with grain, which not only does not occupy cultivated land, but also frees up more cultivated land resources to grow other crops, thus greatly alleviating the pressure of shortage of cultivated land resources in China. Therefore, vigorously developing Camellia oleifera industry is of great strategic significance for efficient use of land resources and safeguarding national grain and oil security.

(3) Accelerating the development of Camellia oleifera industry is the need to increase farmers' income and employment and promote the construction of new socialist countryside.

69% of China's land area is mountainous, and 56% of the country's population lives in mountainous areas. Developing mountain economy and solving the problem of increasing farmers' income is the key to solve the problem of agriculture, countryside and farmers. The main cultivation areas of Camellia oleifera are basically located in economically underdeveloped areas. Camellia oleifera is the most distinctive forestry resource in these areas and has good basic conditions for development. After the implementation of the plan, only the normal operation of Camellia oleifera can solve the employment of nearly 2 million farmers for a long time. Farmers plant 10 mu of high-quality camellia oleifera forest, and their annual income can reach 20 thousand yuan in the stable production period. Vigorously developing camellia oleifera industry is an important way to revitalize China's mountainous economy, promote the construction of new socialist countryside in the main camellia oleifera producing areas and accelerate the people in mountainous areas to get rich.

(4) Accelerating the development of Camellia oleifera industry is the need to optimize the consumption structure of edible oil and improve the national dietary health level.

At present, the consumption of edible oil in China is mainly soybean oil, rapeseed oil and other common oils, and the consumption ratio of high-grade health edible oil is very low. Tea oil is known as "Oriental olive oil" and is a specialty of our country. Judging from its edible function, it is bright in color, fragrant in taste and high in unsaturated fatty acids. Long-term consumption of tea oil has a good medical and health care effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and FAO has regarded it as a healthy high-grade edible oil. Therefore, vigorously developing camellia oleifera industry, providing high-quality camellia oil supply market and meeting the demand of Chinese people for high-grade edible oil will help improve the consumption structure of national edible oil and improve the physical quality of the people.

(5) Accelerating the development of Camellia oleifera industry is the need to speed up the national greening and realize the sound and rapid development of forestry.

Camellia oleifera belongs to evergreen tree species, with evergreen seasons, developed roots, drought tolerance, wide adaptability and remarkable ecological benefits. Vigorously developing camellia oleifera can afforest barren hills, conserve water and soil, prevent fire and insects, and improve rural ecological outlook and living environment. At the same time, because most of the areas where Camellia oleifera is suitable are provinces with collective forest right reform, it is of great significance to vigorously develop Camellia oleifera industry for consolidating and expanding the achievements of collective forest right system reform. For farmers, obtaining forest ownership and forest land use right is only the first step, and more importantly, they can get tangible benefits from it. Only by developing forestry industries such as woody grain and oil, including camellia oleifera, can farmers have the enthusiasm to manage mountain forests, forestry can develop well and rapidly, and the achievements of forest right system reform can be consolidated for a long time. According to statistics, the area of Camellia oleifera forest in China only accounts for 1.73% of the national forest area. Making full use of forest land resources in mountainous areas, expanding the planting area of Camellia oleifera and improving the management level of existing Camellia oleifera forests can not only make full use of land resources and green the country, but also effectively improve the ecological environment and beautify the mountainous areas.