Abstract: The word "Sinology" has existed since ancient times, and it first appeared in Zhou Li, bearing the heavy responsibility of musicians' etiquette and music education. In the development of later generations, its meaning is gradually evolving. First of all, based on the records in the History of Hanshu Shihuozhi, it can be inferred that the traditional Chinese studies at that time were mainly local princes and nobles, and assumed the transitional role of transporting local elites to the central government. Since then, Sinology has gradually become a part of the national official school system, forming a relatively perfect system in teaching objects, teaching contents, rules and regulations, thus establishing the status of Sinology as the highest official school.

Keywords: Chinese studies; Ritual and music education; Official research; Ancient education

China Library Classification: K20 Document Identification Code: A

The concept of Chinese studies in the modern sense began in modern times and gradually became synonymous with traditional culture in China. However, the word "Chinese studies" has existed since ancient times, and its meaning has also experienced development and evolution in the long-term historical development. With the introduction of traditional Chinese studies into the academic field of vision under the modern background, various schools are arguing endlessly, and the discussion on its significance often focuses on the excavation and endowing of new meanings. Looking through the records of ancient books, we will find that Chinese studies have been inseparable from ancient education in China for thousands of years, especially as an important part of national official studies, Chinese studies have obviously become the representative of aristocratic studies or the highest Chinese studies. At present, academic research often focuses on the debate in the modern stage and the practical function of Chinese studies, but lacks a detailed analysis of the concept of ancient Chinese studies. This paper will take this as a breakthrough to explore the concept of ancient Chinese studies with limited historical materials and personal knowledge, and hope that scholars can correct me.

1. Ritual and Music Education: Reflections on the Traceability of Chinese Studies

Modern people often trace back from "Zhou Li" to "Chinese studies", that is, "Zhou Li Guan Chun Zongbo Musician" contains: "Musicians are in charge of Chinese studies." [1]50 Based on this exposition and the extension of later works, the academic circles mainly have the following conclusions. One is to regard Chinese studies as the general term of official studies in the Zhou Dynasty, which refers to primary schools and universities. For example, in Sun Yirang in the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese studies were left as a palace in the city's primary school; The second view is that sinology refers to the place where musicians teach ritual courses or spread art; The third view holds that Chinese studies are national education, especially advanced national institutions or schools, which mainly educate aristocratic children, and most of them hold this view. These viewpoints either started from the education of Zhou Dynasty or stood on the overall height of ancient education, but paid little attention to the content of Zhou Li. Therefore, this paper will first take Li Zhoulu as the object of excavation, and make the following analysis on the basis of exploring the origin of Chinese studies.

First of all, what Sinology refers to may be a part of the national ritual and music system at first. In the official position of the Zhou Dynasty, the position of musician was subordinate to the "master" spring official system in charge of rites and music. In the Zhou dynasty, which attached great importance to etiquette, the importance of spring officials can be imagined. Since the appearance of Chinese studies as a musician in the Spring Official System, it has a close relationship with rites and music, and the duties of rites and music are even more important than education. Second, although there were many officials in charge of "teaching Chinese dance" in the Zhou Dynasty, it seems that only the musician's duty clearly mentioned the word "Chinese studies" in the records of official positions, so the early meaning of Chinese studies is probably just a small music dance in rituals and music. Third, the musician's "in charge of Chinese studies" has the function of enlightenment and education. A notable feature of Zhou Dynasty officials is "the unity of officials and teachers", and many functions were performed by politics and religion. Chinese studies organized by musicians may be a part of the official learning system of the country, and it must have the function and color of enlightenment. Fourth, sinology is unlikely to be a school of senior officials in the country. Local officials are "teachers and learners", but the educational function of spring officials is relatively weak, so it seems that the educational role of musicians belonging to spring officials is not the main position. In this regard, the author speculates that the origin of sinology is that sinology, as one of the duties of musicians, is a small-scale music and dance belonging to the national ritual and music system of Zhou Dynasty, with educational functions, but it is not a national senior official school.

Second, the study on the rule of local governors: taking the records of Hanshu Shihuozhi as an example.

After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the word Sinology appeared gradually, and its meaning also experienced a process of development and evolution. The significance of ancient rites and music education is no longer obvious, and it has gradually become a part of the national education system. At first, it may only be a school under the jurisdiction of the governor, but becoming a national central official school is another matter. This paper takes the description of education in Hanshu Shihuozhi as an example to discuss the initial evolution of Chinese studies.

"Hanshu" says: "It is the moon, and Yu Zi is also lying in the preface room. When I was eight years old, I entered primary school, learned the six-armour, five-prescription and math books, and only knew about parent-child festival. I entered the university, learned the rites and music of sages, and learned the etiquette of the imperial court. If there are differences, they will move to their hometown to learn the order of the country; People who are different from each other will transfer Chinese studies to less studies. In the year of a vassal, the difference between learning less and learning less is that in the son of heaven, learning in a college student becomes a person. " [2]29 1 This narrative appeared in Shihuozhi, which recorded the social and economic production of the Han Dynasty, especially agricultural production. The beginning "is the month" refers to the off-season in winter. This passage describes the learning process of civilian children. The so-called "preface room" is what children learn, while "primary school" and "university" here refer to the step-by-step education level of civilian children, and only those who show off their uniqueness have the right to be recommended. Therefore, the "primary school" and "university" here refer to the local schools attended by ordinary children, which are different from the "university" and "primary school" of the central nobility.

According to the aforementioned "Foodstuffs", "Five neighbors are neighbors, five neighbors are neighbors, four neighbors are homes, five remain unchanged, five permanent members are states, and five states are townships", "The countryside is orderly, and the countryside is awkward. Order is based on Zoroastrianism and order is based on respect. [2]29 1 can be interpreted as "order" is a first-class school in Li, while "chengcheng" is a school at the township level, so the Order is about lower-level local schools controlled by officials or nobles. According to Huang Sheng's explanation in Qing Dynasty, "Xiang Xue Hai is the floorboard of Guo Xu". Chinese studies are synonymous with less learning. " [3] 196, then Xu Xiang is a rural school, and Chinese studies is to learn less. Excellent students in local primary schools and universities can be promoted to study in rural schools (in a disorderly state). Excellent students in rural schools can teach Chinese studies (less studies), and excellent students in Chinese studies can be recommended by governors to universities directly under the emperor. Therefore, Chinese studies are local official schools directly controlled by local governors and nobles.

Through the above analysis, after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, private schools appeared, and the top-down education system recommendation mechanism was gradually improved. In an era when the imperial examination system has not yet taken shape and non-noble folk talents are mainly recommended, Chinese studies has become a local senior official school controlled by princes and nobles, a transitional bridge connecting folk education with central education, and a key step in conveying academic elites from local to central government. In the development of later generations, especially after the establishment of the imperial examination system and the weakening of the talent recommendation function of local nobles, Chinese studies appeared more in the setting of central state institutions and became an important part of central official studies.

Third, the state's highest official school: a multi-angle interpretation of China's ancient school.

With the gradual improvement of the national education system in past dynasties, the meaning of Chinese studies has gradually expanded to "the study of one country" or "the study of one country", and at the same time it has gradually been given the default of national higher education institutions. In the subsequent evolution, Sinology became the representative of the highest official school. When sinology appeared in the central official school system, its interpretation was linked to aristocratic education and talent training, and sinology also became a high-level aristocratic school and the highest source of knowledge in the country. This tradition of Chinese studies has broken away from the color of early rites and music and formed a systematic and sound normative system. The following will roughly examine the concept of Chinese studies as the highest official school in the country from four aspects: the relationship between Chinese studies and Guozi studies, imperial academy, the teaching objects of Chinese studies, the teaching contents of Chinese studies and the regulation of Chinese studies.

(1) Chinese studies, Guozixue and Imperial College London.

Emperor Wu of Jin began to establish the Guo Zi School, and Sinology gradually became the abbreviation of Guo Zi School or imperial academy in later dynasties. During the period from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, "founding the country" was mentioned many times in the literature records of various dynasties. A reasonable explanation is that the Chinese studies established in the Western Jin Dynasty were referred to as "Chinese studies" and were used by various small courts in the subsequent split state of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. For example, Liang Wudi's Four-year Prison Day: Holding Five Pavilions to Establish a Country [4] 1730, Qi Mingdi's Two-year Jian Yuan's Spending a Long Time on Chinese Studies and Going to School for the First Time [4]666. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese studies were the same as imperial academy's. In the early days of Kublai Khan's rule, "imperial academy was established as the founding supervisor" [5]296. It is worth noting that the Yuan Dynasty also set up the Mongolian Sub-department and the Huihua Sub-department, which reflected the cultural inheritance of all ethnic groups and of course included the color of strict ethnic hierarchy. Since the establishment of Sinology, it has become the highest official school in the country above imperial academy and other schools. Southern Qi Cao once wrote: "As far as I can see, today's Chinese studies are ancient imperial academy. ..... imperial academy and Guoxue are scholars of Jin, which is different from their noble ears. " [6]83 In addition, it is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty: "Gao Zu was ordered ... At the beginning of 72 years of Chinese studies, he was admitted to Grade 3 or above, and his younger brothers were grandchildren; 140 members of the business school, using more than five products; 130 students participated in four courses and learned more than seven products. " [7] 5635 It is also obvious here that the scores and admission conditions of national universities are obviously higher than those of imperial academy and four universities.

(B) the recipients of China studies.

Judging from the recipients of "Chinese studies", the word "Chinese studies" appears in the first sentence "Musicians are in charge of Chinese studies to teach China children small dances", which is obviously aimed at the education of aristocratic bureaucrats' children. In the evolution and development of later generations, the highest official institutions of each generation were mostly named after "Guo Zi", such as Xue, Si and imperial academy, and even simplified to "National Studies". Zheng Xuan noted "Guo Zi" as "the son of Doctor Qing". However, not all children of officials can go to school. Only when the official's grade reaches the corresponding standard can his children enter school. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, "there were 300 Xue Sheng, descendants of civil and military officials with more than three grades, if they were great-grandchildren with more than two grades, sons of heroes with three grades, county officials and Beijing officials" [7] 1 159. After the Song Dynasty, its enrollment target has been gradually relaxed, but in the Ming Dynasty, it has been extended to ordinary people. "Students from all over the world, the sons and nephews of civil and military officials with one product to do, are filled out by people over the age of 12, with hundreds of students as the amount. Folk Junxiu is over 15 years old and can understand four books. He is willing to enter the country as a scholar, with a quota of 50. " [8]253. "Students of Chinese studies" and "Jinshi" have gradually become student representatives who can receive the highest level of education in the country, that is, "children of bureaucrats are merged into Chinese studies" [9]365. Strict identity restrictions and high selection standards show the high threshold for entering Chinese studies and the dignity of Chinese studies. Moreover, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, "the chiefs of Koryo, Baekje, Silla, Gaochang and Tubo also sent their children to Chinese studies" [10]303, which reflected the openness of Chinese studies to foreign students.

(3) the teaching content or research content of sinology.

First of all, respect for Confucius. Since the Han Dynasty took Confucianism as the official philosophy, the supremacy of Confucianism lasted for thousands of years, and the highest officials of the country respected Confucius. Dong Zhongshu, the originator of Confucianism, has been a doctor of imperial academy for many years, and strongly advocates that "anyone who is not in the subject of six arts is unique." The Book of the Later Han Dynasty once recorded that Zhu Fu, an official of the Eastern Han Dynasty, played "prospering the country with Chinese studies" and "seeking doctors to be the masters of the world, so that Confucius' words can be spread endlessly" [1 1]3 16, which also shows that Chinese studies respect Confucius. In addition, there are many records about offering sacrifices to Confucius or setting up Confucius temples in Chinese studies. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, "In the second year of Zhenguan, Duke Zhou was stopped as a saint, Confucius Temple was set up in Chinese studies, and Zhong Ni was regarded as a saint" [12]252. In the Yuan Dynasty, when the country was founded in the 24th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Confucius Temple was the capital of learning, and Zhu Yuanzhang was named Confucius' descendant Kong Ne, the etiquette officer sent Chinese studies with Fang Le, and scholars led more than 2,000 students to a meeting in Chengxian Street [13] 7297, all of which were distinct manifestations of Chinese studies in past dynasties.

Secondly, it continued the ancient etiquette teaching, entered Chinese studies with a complex and standardized etiquette system, and accepted the courtesy of aristocratic bureaucrats and sages. Although Duke Zhou was once revered as a saint in the early Tang Dynasty, he was also respected as a man who valued ceremony. Confucius held him in high esteem, and he himself had profound thoughts on ceremony and music. Emperor Taizong returned to Chinese studies and respected Confucius. As the highest institution of learning in the country, Chinese studies must set an example, and the tradition of valuing ceremony in Chinese studies is extremely profound. As Dr. Yu Ji, a Yuan Confucian, said, "Chinese studies are also the expression of propriety and righteousness" [6] 4 175. When the children of aristocratic officials enter Chinese studies, they make a ceremony of offering teeth or wine, and there are also royal families and officials to watch the ceremony. In the Tang Dynasty, both Ling Hu and Teng Jun wrote the poem "Poetry points to the sun, customs and songs", which was passed down to later generations. Wei Yihe, one after another ",[14] 2849" Susu Temple, Yi sub-group. Full court ceremony, opening an account to pay homage to Qingfen ","Respecting Confucianism in the holy family, offering Mao Xun in the Spring and Autumn Period "[15] 2850, used for the ceremony of celebrating Chinese studies.

Third, the content of the professor of Chinese studies is mainly Confucian classics and the knowledge of other schools. In Liang Wudi's time, "The Five Classics was always the professor of the study of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and only Chinese studies were the classics, each with its own auxiliary cloud" [16]433. In the first year of Taiji in Tang Ruizong, "The Crown Prince's Chinese studies personally offered a libation to make him talk about the Book of Filial Piety and the Book of Rites [17] 3163. Most of the children of aristocratic officials in the imperial dynasty entered Chinese studies at the prescribed age, and the emperor personally consulted Confucian laws and regulations many times. . In addition, the research object of Chinese studies not only focuses on Confucian classics, but also includes classics and history. For example, in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, with the exchange and collision of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Chinese studies were also influenced by this trend. Tang Gaozu Li Yuan once "explained the meaning of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Chinese studies" [18] 160.

(D) the norms of Chinese studies

Including students and serving officials, when the national strength is strong, the number of Chinese studies can reach thousands and there are more than 1,000 schools. The regulations are grand and amazing. Sinology not only gathered a large number of academic elites at that time, but also trained many academic successors. This shows that China has always attached great importance to cultural education. Especially in the period of Emperor Taizong, not only the country was strong, the culture was prosperous, and foreign exchanges were frequent, but also the development of Chinese studies was spectacular. Chinese studies, including foreign students, "increased the number of academic libraries to 1200" and "Chinese studies exceeded 8,000" [10] 302. In the Yuan Dynasty, although it was ruled by Mongols, it still dared not ignore Confucianism. Han Han official Han Hanshan once said that "Chinese studies flourished in past dynasties, and there were 400 students in China alone" [5]786, indicating that 400 students were a minority. Of course, there are also people who are few, such as Xiao Daocheng, the founding emperor of the Southern Dynasties, who wrote a letter to the founding of the country in the first month of four years, setting up 150 people [6]82, but it is still a "small court" living alone in a corner. As the country's highest academic institution, especially Sinology, it shoulders the heavy responsibility of cultivating the emperors' nobles and recruiting the world's top outstanding students. It is not only a reserve force for the emperor's think tank, but also a national cultural center. Its huge organizational system is the need to preserve national cultural heritage, and it is also the need to fundamentally continue the supremacy of Confucianism and protect imperial power.

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