First, the strengthening of authoritarian centralization.
The main feature of the political system in Song Dynasty is the strengthening of autocratic centralization, which is reflected in the system of on-the-job officials. There are five characteristics, that is, centralization, emperor centralization, separation of powers among officials, emphasis on literature over military affairs, and military affairs over foreign affairs. The evolution of the political system in the Song Dynasty was bounded by the reform of Yuanfeng (the title of Song Shenzong). There was a stage before and after the reform, and another stage in the Southern Song Dynasty.
(a) evolution of central institutions
The central organization of the Song Dynasty was the "two-dynasty system", that is, it set up two institutions, namely, the Chinese book and the Privy Council, and "held two handles, namely, the two dynasties". The second government system is characterized by the separation of civil and military powers.
The "Zhongshu" in the Song Dynasty, like the "Zhongshumen" in the Tang Dynasty, is the place where the prime minister works. In addition to Zhongshu, although the names of Shangshu Province and Menxia Province exist, they have all become foreign countries, not prime ministers.
In the early Song Dynasty, the system of the late Tang Dynasty was followed, with the prime minister as "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" and the deputy minister as the participant in politics. From Shangshucheng. Lang can add titles such as prime minister or deputy minister to the third division. The governors of the three provinces, such as Shangshuling, Shizhong and Zhongshuling, are often "not good enough to say."
Yuanfeng was restructured, with Shangshu as the left servant and assistant minister as the prime minister; Take the right servant of Shangshu and assistant minister of Zhongshu as the second phase. In fact, the nominally restored three provinces are more inclined to one province, and the assistant minister who is also a Chinese book is closer to the emperor because of the request. Deputy ministers include assistant ministers under the door, assistant ministers in Chinese books and left and right ministers. During the reign of Hui Zong, the prime minister was once changed to too slaughter, and the second period was less slaughter.
In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Shang Shu left and right servants as prime ministers and Zhongshu assistant ministers. The assistant minister of Zhongshu was changed to the assistant minister of politics, and the officials of Shangshu were abolished. Judging from the rank of prime minister, the three provinces merged into one province. When I was filial, I simply changed the servant of Shangshu to the prime minister of Zhongshu, and learned that politics has not changed (left. Right Prime Minister, when Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was governor of Shangshu Province, and in Song Dynasty was governor of Zhongshu).
There were also some special prime ministers in the Song Dynasty. At the time of Cai Jing's greatest power, he used to be a "master who always led the way and saved trouble", while Wen Yanbo and Lv Gongzhu took "Pingzhang Military Affairs Importance" and "Pingzhang Military Affairs Importance" as their elders. When Han Tuozhou was in power in the Southern Song Dynasty, he served as the "Pingzhangjun State Affairs". He doesn't need the title of "heavy" military affairs, because the power measured by the word "heavy" is limited and he can only ask about important things; Using "same" means that power is not exclusive. Cai's and Han's titles were all a trick for the powerful ministers to play politics, which was not a conventional system in the Song Dynasty. The origin of the Privy Council is also unusual. There were left and right ambassadors in the Tang Dynasty, with eunuchs as generals. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Privy Council had another province besides the three provinces, and its internal envoy had a prime minister besides the prime minister, which was a redundant institution besides the normal state institutions and the product of the eunuch's authoritarian power under the absolute monarchy. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, before Zhu Wen seized power, he killed all the eunuchs who held the real power of the imperial court and replaced them with the officials of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty changed from full power to military affairs. The Song Dynasty inherited the system of the Five Dynasties, and also established the Privy Council in charge of military affairs and the official system of the Tang Dynasty. The establishment of the Tang envoy under the two-government system divided the power of the prime minister and formed the separation of civil servants and military and political affairs; At the same time, it usurped the power of the Ministry of War, which was originally in charge of military affairs. In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council Chief called himself "this soldier".
The official of the Privy Council said that in the early Song Dynasty, he was an envoy of the Tang Dynasty, or he knew about the Privy Council, knew about the Privy Council together, and signed books together. The reform of Yuanfeng was called Privy Council and Privy Council. During the restructuring, it was discussed whether the Privy Council would continue to exist, and it was suggested that the power should be merged into the Ministry of War. Zongshen emphasized the ancestral system. He said: "The ancestors did not belong to the department with the handle of soldiers, but only appointed officials to unify and safeguard each other's systems. How can they be abolished? " Therefore, when Yuanfeng was restructured, only the Privy Council was retained. As usual, the Tang envoys and Privy Council officials in the Song Dynasty were filled by literati, and the adjutants sometimes used military personnel, which fully reflected the political characteristics of valuing literature over martial arts.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a term called "domination", which was a general term for prime minister and ruling. Slaughter refers to the prime minister, which is limited to the prime minister and deputy prime ministers, just like Pingzhang, Shangshu Zuo Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister, Shangshu Right Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister of Chinese Books, and Shangshu Zuo Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister of Chinese Books in Southern Song Dynasty. Deputy ministers include assistant ministers who participate in politics, assistant ministers under the door, assistant ministers in Chinese books, ministers around Chinese books, and deputy chiefs of the Privy Council, collectively referred to as "ruling".
In the early Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and Privy Council were in charge of civil and military affairs, and their powers could not be combined into one, so there was no such thing as a prime minister and a Tang envoy. Later, because Xixia used troops, the prime minister was at odds with the Privy Council chief, which was not conducive to military command, so he was appointed as prime minister and Tang envoy in the Qing Dynasty. Xixia ended the war and returned to its original state. Part-time job has not formed a system. In the Southern Song Dynasty, some high-ranking ministers, such as, Shi, Jia Sidao, etc. Once served as prime minister as a Tang envoy, but it was not customized. After Ningzong, the Prime Minister and the Tang Dynasty became a custom. The prime minister can't be an envoy of the Tang Dynasty at the same time, which is to prevent the power of ministers from threatening the imperial power. Later, the powerful minister held two positions, which really affected the imperial power.
(B) the evolution of the central administrative organs
In the late Tang Dynasty, in addition to the normal administrative institutions and official positions, it was common to set up institutions and send officials to take charge of them. When the Song Dynasty was founded, Taizu used Zhao Pu as the prime minister. During the period of Emperor Taizong, there was no unified large-scale adjustment. So the system in the early Song Dynasty was very chaotic. For example, outside the Ministry of War, the Privy Council violated the functions and powers of the Ministry of War and was upgraded to a central institution. In the Tang dynasty, the official department and the military department were responsible for the selection of civil servants and military attache respectively. At this time, there was another examiner, who was responsible for the selection of military attaché s in the East Hospital and in the West Hospital. The functions and powers of the ministers and assistant ministers of the Ministry of Household Affairs were replaced by three departments (in the Five Dynasties, the Ministry of Household Affairs, the Ministry of Salt and Iron, and the Ministry of Local Knowledge were merged into three departments, and their chief officials were three departments), which was called "planning phase", ranking second only to the second government and above the six departments; Courtesy court outside the ritual department; There is a trial court outside the punishments department. When Yuanfeng was restructured, all the systems in the early Tang Dynasty were restored, which was based on the six codes of the Great Tang Dynasty and the rights belonged to six departments. All institutions and officials except the Privy Council will be abolished. From then on, the chaotic state of the official system from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty ended.
(C) The evolution of the remonstrance system in Taiwan Province.
Yushitai in Song Dynasty; There are three hospitals (Tai Yuan, Dian Yuan and chayuan), which are the same as those in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the suggestion doctor, as usual, he took suggestion zhongcheng as the director. Yuanfeng followed the Tang system before the political reform, and the censor was an official. This system was abolished during the system reform. In the Song Dynasty, relatives of the Prime Minister and officials recommended by the Prime Minister were forbidden to serve as directors to avoid collusion between the Prime Minister and directors. In fact, Zai Feng can still control Yushitai, and use it as a tool to attack political enemies (Song Dynasty custom, in Yushitai, Cheng impeached the prime minister, and the prime minister had to resign, and the deputy minister was promoted to prime minister, and in Yushitai, Cheng was in power).
Before Yuan Feng's political reform in Song Dynasty, the system of remonstrating officials followed the system of Tang Dynasty. Although there are admonishers in the left and right provinces (about remonstrating with doctors, about remonstrating with departments-about changing from filling gaps to justice-about changing from gleaning to correcting), they are not allowed to remonstrate unless they are specially appointed. There is also a "suggestion court" to tell other officials to know about it. Yuanfeng changed the dynasty, abolished the remonstrance court, restored the authority of remonstrance officials, took the left and right remonstrance officials as remonstrance officials, and still transferred to the left and right provinces.
The status of provincial people and provincial people in Chinese books is more important. What is given is just four products, and the taste is above that of Dr. Zuo. After being in charge of the provincial gate, the right to refute the provincial gate shall be implemented. The level of Zhongshu Sheren is also higher than that of Right Jian Doctor. He is in charge of the provinces after the Chinese book, and the "prefix" of the officials appointed by the emperor can be sealed back if it is considered inappropriate. Therefore, in the Song Dynasty, Shi Zhonghe did not comment, but his assistant ministers and his assistant ministers were both prime ministers or people in power, so the person in charge of Shi Zhonghe became the actual person in charge of the two provinces.
(d) Evolution of the military system
One of the characteristics of the military system in the Song Dynasty is that the military power is in the charge of several institutions, and the power of each department is decentralized, and the power is concentrated in the emperor. There were four departments in charge of military affairs in the Song Dynasty. The Privy Council is responsible for military orders, transfer orders and the appointment and removal of senior officers; "Sanyan" commanded the imperial army; The Ministry of War is responsible for logistics affairs and the management of local compartments; The official department is responsible for the selection of military attaché s (the selection of military attaché s was under the control of the Ministry of Military Affairs in the Tang Dynasty, before the reform of Yuanfeng in the Song Dynasty, it was under the control of the Western Academy of Sciences, and after the reform, the power belonged to the official department).
The recruitment system was implemented in the Song Dynasty, and there were many soldiers. One of them is that whenever there is a famine, soldiers are recruited from the hungry to supplement the city. The Song government was very proud of the method of recruiting soldiers from the hungry people, saying that "all brave men and dereliction of duty in the world are guardians of good people", which meant that the possible rebels in society were turned into oppressors, killing two birds with one stone. There is also a tradition left over from the Zhou Dynasty in the Song Dynasty, that is, selecting the strong from local compartments to enrich the Central Imperial Army. This practice is called "strong cadres and weak branches" and it is also a feature of the military system in Song Dynasty.
In addition, Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu "punished the shortcomings of the buffer region, sent a ban on travel to guard the border town, and formulated more defense laws, so that (soldiers) could learn to combine work and rest. Therefore, the soldiers will not be allowed to specialize and the soldiers will not be arrogant. " (3) This method can achieve the effect of "the soldiers don't know the generals, but they don't know the soldiers" and avoid the threat of the general's autocratic power, but it is very unfavorable to the battle. Only when Zongshen ascended the throne did he know the disadvantages of this method, so he abolished it.
At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, generals were allowed to recruit soldiers, so Yue Jiajun and Han Jiajun appeared. This violated the taboo of the Song Dynasty and was in danger of becoming a private armed force. So in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong and Yue Fei were taken back. Yue Fei made great contributions to the country, but was killed on the charge of "unwarranted".
The "three official departments", namely, the former division of the Guard, the division of the Guard's Army, and the division of the Guard's Army, are three institutions under the central command of the imperial army. In addition to the front office, the highest military official is on the scene, and the deputy officials are on the scene (but not afterwards). The chief officials of all official positions are in command, and the deputy officials are commanding and waiting. Imperial troops were stationed everywhere. Commanders who command the army include military officials such as Commander-in-Chief, Commander-in-Chief and Deputy Commander-in-Chief (first named Deployment, later renamed Commander-in-Chief after avoiding the British Sect). Under the system of Song Dynasty, all military attaché s were civil servants, and soldiers could only serve as deputies.
Xiang army officers are also called commanders and deputy commanders. Xiang army, on the other hand, is old and weak, has no fighting capacity, and the status of soldiers is very low, just like "serving food" (just a "page").
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Military Camp Prohibition Division was established, and after the three generals took over the military power, all the armies were crowned with the word "Military Prohibition Order", and their generals were all in control, control, deputy control and command.
(E) the characteristics of the local official system
In Song Dynasty, the local administrative division was basically a two-level system, that is, the government, state, army and prison were the first level, and the county was the first level. In Song Dynasty, local officials were all sent by central officials to "understand XX", while senior officials called it "examining XX". Taking the state as the standard unit, it is often called "knowing X state military affairs". As usual, it is well known that Xiang Jun is printing mail. Except as we all know, every state has a "judge", whose position is similar to that of the Sui Dynasty. Documents issued at the state level must be signed by a unanimous ruling before they can take effect. The purpose is to seize the power of the year.
Officials at the county level mainly include magistrate, county magistrate, chief bookkeeper and county commandant. The magistrate of a county is an official sent by the central government and also a kind of dispatch.
The area above the military overseers of counties and counties is called "road". Organizations and officials at the road level include supervisors and commanders. The supervision department includes: "Cao Si (that is, the transshipment department, the chief called the transshipment ambassador) is responsible for the fiscal revenue and supervision along the way; Kenji (that is, to mention some prison affairs, the chief said to mention some prison affairs), responsible for all prisons; Cang Si (the merchant called Chang Ping by the leader) is responsible for warehousing along the way. The Secretary for Constitutional Affairs and the Secretary for the Treasury also have the responsibility of monitoring, so the road level can be regarded as a monitoring scope. The commander-in-chief is the appeasement department and the chief executive is the appeasement ambassador. As usual, Ambassador Anfu also serves as the general manager of the Imperial Military Region and other military attaché s, as well as the local official of a state or a government. Therefore, there are shogunate officials in charge of the army and Cao Yu officials in charge of local affairs under the Anfu envoy. Ambassador Anfu is the leader of the imperial army and a local governor, with wide authority. In order to prevent the emissary's excessive power from causing harm, the emissary should be supervised by the first-level road supervisor, and at the same time supervised by his subordinates, who can report the emissary's situation directly to the court. Due to the decentralization of military, political, financial and prison power at the road level, there was no official in charge of each power, so the local administrative divisions and officials in the Song Dynasty never formally formed a three-level system.
The envoys and observations of the Song Dynasty existed in name only, but were actually abolished. The curtain officer and Cao Yu officer under the two envoys are different from those in the Tang Dynasty, but they are just idle jobs.
The Song Dynasty attached great importance to summing up the advantages and disadvantages of the former political system, and reformed and adjusted it to strengthen the centralization of absolutism, which achieved certain results. However, some old hidden dangers have been eliminated, and some new disadvantages have been bred, which has affected the development of the national strength of the Song Dynasty.
Second, the special preferential treatment system for scholar-officials.
"Paying more attention to literature than martial arts" is a prominent feature of the official system in the Song Dynasty, which is more fully reflected in some special systems that give preferential treatment to literati.
Obtain official qualifications
There are three main ways to obtain the qualification of being an official, namely, imperial examination (including Jinshi, various subjects and martial arts), compulsory exercise (special exercise) and shadow supplement.
1. The system of "playing names exclusively" has been widely absorbed by scholars.
In the Song Dynasty system, the rites department set up Jinshi and other subjects. Themes include Nine Classics, Five Classics, Kai Yuan Li, Three History, Three Rites, Three Biographies, Scholars, Ming Jing and Faming. Xiang Gong, "The judges of each state try Jinshi, and the clerk joins the army to try all subjects. If you fail to pass the righteousness, you should not choose an official to take the exam, but should be supervised by a judge. " Those who pass the exam are the "first place", signed by the supervisor and examiner, and then awarded. After the does exam, there is a court exam (court exam). At the beginning of the year, does not prepare. Yingzong was a "three-year-old tribute department". The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty was stricter. Song Taizu abolished "public recommendation" to avoid asking for help. "Public recommendation" was a bad habit in the Tang Dynasty, which affected the fairness of imperial examinations. In the Song Dynasty, the management of examinations was strengthened: incumbent officials had to take the closed-door examination of Jinshi to verify their identity and virtue. Those who should be promoted should "protect each other's interests, no rebellious relatives, unfilial people, no promotion step by step, hide industrial and commercial heterogeneity and return to the secular world" (5). The test paper has a sealing system, and the name is affixed so that the examiner does not know the child's name; There is a copying system, and the test paper will be copied again to prevent the examiner from recognizing handwriting and colluding with cheating. Examiners and Juzi are in-laws, teachers and students in love, and have a withdrawal system. When I was in Song Taizong, I had to have a second interview with the children of officials.
The imperial examination in Song Dynasty was initially divided into Grade A and Grade B, and later Jinshi was divided into Grade III. The examination system is divided into five grades, the second grade is A, which is given to Jinshi and; Third-class dimethyl, given Jinshi origin; Four or five grades are the top three, and those with the same Jinshi background can only be called "Jinshi". All "and that is, life to the official", do not have to be tried by the official department, which is different from the Tang system.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a system of "playing titles exclusively" that allowed "additional examinations". Scholars who "pay tribute to their hometown, but are often confined to the Ministry of Rites, or are not recorded in the imperial examinations" met the emperor who "played it in its name and allowed it to be attached to the examination, so it was called" special playing name ". For example, in the third year of Xianping (1 0,000), 840 people such as Chen Yaozi were personally tested, more than 900 people were characterized, and more than 700 people were * * * [6].
In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system became more and more strict, not influenced by family background, with fewer people seeking and more places being admitted, which was open to all walks of life and expanded the ruling foundation of the Song Dynasty.
2. "Self-recommendation" system that allows scholars to recommend themselves.
"Making a move" is also called the subject, and it is often called a big subject or a virtuous person. The system is very selective and will only be held after the emperor issues a decree. The specific subjects and strike time are not fixed and often change. At the beginning, there is no restriction on the qualifications of candidates. Current officials and ordinary scholars can take the exam and are allowed to recommend themselves. After the restrictions gradually increased, the self-recommendation was changed to the secretary's recommendation; Cloth should be inspected by local officials; Before the imperial examination, add the "cabinet test" (the test center is in the secret cabinet, and the pass is "Tongge"). The imperial examination, that is, the court examination, requires more content (the examination strategy is more than 3,000 words, which was completed on the same day). The exam results are divided into five grades, the second grade has never been won, and the third grade is equivalent to the first place in the Jinshi. All the officials were promoted or promoted. The system is not very selective, but it provides an important opportunity for scholars to enter official positions.
3. Senior officials' children care system.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a shadow compensation system for officials' children, and the scope of shadow compensation was wider than that of the previous generation. Senior officials, from Taishi to civil servants of Kaifu Yitong Company, can be children, grandchildren, relatives, people with different surnames, friends or guests; Chen Wu, from envoys to observers and doctors in the Tang Dynasty, can be a shadow, a grandson, a relative or a relative with a different surname. In case it is a national gift, officials can also make it up. Ordinary officials can insinuate their own children and grandchildren, and prime ministers and ruling officials can insinuate that "one is from the same family, one is from a different surname, one is from the same family, and one is a doctor". A senior official is an official. "Once the prime minister, now there are three junior ministers and envoys: (Yin) three" (8). Once an official such as Shangshu and Assistant Minister, one person can also be Yin. When the minister is dead, it can also be covered up according to the legacy table. "Once the prime minister met with any three people, he made a photo" levies, up to five people. Because there are many opportunities for officials to make up for it, the number of places has expanded, and the highest record has reached 4000 children at the same time, resulting in a lonely person unable to serve for ten years. The preferential treatment of ministers in Song Dynasty was certainly beneficial to consolidating the ruling class, but it was also one of the reasons for the redundancy of officials in Song Dynasty.
(B) "post", a special title of bureaucratic scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty.
Before Yuanfeng's political reform, ordinary officials had three titles: official position, post and difference. "Don't be sent to take charge of internal and external affairs when the official ranks in Lu, narrates his post, and chooses his works." ⑽ The official position in the early Tang Dynasty has become the symbol of the official rank in the late Tang Dynasty, which was followed by the early Song Dynasty. The actual position of an official depends on the task. "Song History Official Records" said, "Therefore, officials are distinguished by being on the stage and are not proud of their speed; It is important to make important plays, not to focus on rank, honor and title. " Kou Zhun, for example, was a doctor in a dangerous department and a bachelor's degree in Council in the true dynasty, and was sentenced to the official department of Dongquan. A doctor is an official, a bachelor is a post, and a judge in a lawsuit is an actual duty. Yuanfeng was restructured, and the rank official sent Lu (the official position was twenty-four; There are 52 ranks of officers. Five or more products are doctors, and six or less products are lang. Those who came from the imperial examination, such as Jinshi, various subjects and martial arts, also turned the distribution of knowledge and judgment into a department.
There were many titles in the Song Dynasty, which were divided into several grades. As far as the term "bachelor" is concerned, it can be roughly divided into three categories according to its nature.
The first kind of bachelor is Hanlin Bachelor, Zhi Zhihao and Hanlin Assistant Bachelor.
Bachelor's College, namely Hanlin Bachelor's College. His position is "in charge of system, patent, imperial edict and decree". His official positions are Bachelor of Hanlin and Zhi Zhi Patent. The great official is "Bachelor of Hanlin". "Chengzhi, don't often buy, have a bachelor's degree for a long time. Those who don't get a bachelor's degree are called straight colleges; Lack of bachelor's degree, being an official in a temporary hospital means being right-straight. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the Yuanfeng official system, hundreds of things were actually lost and many things were corrected. A bachelor's degree will inherit the old code of the Tang Dynasty and will not change it. " ⑿ In the Song Dynasty, there was a banquet official specially called the emperor to read the scriptures, also called the Bible reader. The lecturers are Hanlin's Bachelor of Attendance, Bachelor of Attendance, Attendance and Attendance. "Yuan Feng restructuring, cancel the academician shi read, shi shi bachelor did not take an examination of, but thought and officer. However, if you have more attendants, you can have both. Your low rank is telling stories. Cheng Yi (Northern Song Dynasty) and Zhu (Southern Song Dynasty) both served as storytellers in Chongzheng Hall.
Knowing the law was originally sent, that is, drafting imperial edicts, which is the work of China calligraphers. After the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, an academician was appointed, with the title of knowing the imperial edict, to be responsible for drafting the imperial edict, which was called "internal system"; China officials are only responsible for drafting the imperial edict of "external life", which is called "external system", so there are internal system and external system, referred to as "two systems". Bachelor of Hanlin in Song Dynasty, who took office after passing the examination before entering the school, added the post of "knowing the law" in the admission case. Co-authors of Chinese books do not have the title of "knowing patents", and those who enter undergraduate colleges are exempt from the examination. Before Yuanfeng's political reform, many positions in the Song government were held by officials above the two systems. Therefore, the qualification of "two systems" has become an important basis for the promotion of civil servants. "Know the patent" has also evolved into a professional title.
The second kind of bachelor is the library. Bachelor of Temple.
In the early Song Dynasty, following the Tang system, three museums were set up. The curator of the three museums, the curator of the museum of Zhaowen University, the national history supervisor (curator of the history museum) and the college (hall) of Jixian University are part-time prime ministers. Yuanfeng was restructured, the Zhaowen Museum and Jixian Institute were ignored, the History Museum was merged into the Secretary Province, and the title of the third part-time job of the Prime Minister was cancelled. The Secret Pavilion is the Royal Library, which has three kinds of books. The official post of a library or college is called "library post", and the official post of another college is called "post post". Internal and external business officials are called "attachment" when they are on duty, and "resignation" when they are dismissed. Yuanfeng changed its system to "the name of Zhiting and Zhiyuan, with Zhimi Pavilion as its post", without examination.
The highest official positions in the Song Dynasty are called Guan Wendian, Guan Shidian, Zi Zhengdian, Zi Zhengdian and Duan Mingdian. "Bachelor's degree, extremely steep, no collectors. No job, just a consultant waiting to be prepared. " [14] Bachelor Guan Wendian must have been a prime minister, and Bachelor Guan Wendian was "not a former ruler." ⒂ University students and bachelors are also honorary titles of prime minister and ruling in Senior Minister Hall. Duanmingtang (later renamed Yankangtang) had bachelor's degrees in five generations, and Yuanfeng later "aimed at the present administration". ⒃
The third type of bachelor is a cabinet bachelor.
In Song Dynasty, there was a special name for cabinet bachelor, which was referred to as "cabinet post". There are four grades: bachelor, straight bachelor, waiting system and straight cabinet. Under the Song Dynasty system, after the death of every emperor, a pavilion was built to preserve the cultural relics left by the former emperor. For example, Longtuge contains "Taizong imperial books, imperial collections, ancient books, pictures and treasures, as well as books and genealogies entered by the Zongzheng Hall". ⒄ After that, there were Zhang Tianting, Bao Wenting, Xianmo Pavilion, Yuhui Pavilion and Wenfu Pavilion, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Zhang Huan, Wenhua, Mo Bao, Baozhang and Xianwen Pavilion.
In addition to the bachelor's degree in each museum, there is also a direct bachelor's degree in the Council (later changed to a direct bachelor's degree in the ancient temple), which is also a post, and its level is above that in Longtuge.
Officials in Song Dynasty attached great importance to professional titles. The person who enters the cabinet must be a scholar. "Once this post is posted, it will become a celebrity." Any official with a professional title can enjoy some special treatment. In fact, conferring Guan Ge was an important means to win over the literati in the Song Dynasty.
(3) The system of inviting officials in county temples.
In Song Dynasty, there was a special preferential treatment for high-ranking officials such as domination, that is, the system of "inviting counties". The prime minister can ask to be a foreign minister because he holds too many posts or conflicts with his colleagues' political views, which is called "seeking a county" If our prime minister is appointed by the original title of our prime minister, it is called "envoy"
Appointing officials in temples and shrines is a unique official system in Song Dynasty. The Emperor of the Song Dynasty advocated Taoism and built many temples inside and outside the capital. In Beijing, there are Beijing words, and outside are foreign temples. Song Zhenzong ordered Prime Minister Wang Dan to use Zhao Yuqing as the palace envoy, which was the beginning of Prime Minister and Palace Envoy. Subsequently, consorts, imperial clan and Zaizhi were dismissed from office to stay in the capital and served as palace officials for many times. Officials who are too old to be officials also hold this position. So a system was formed: all ministers stopped their posts and were ordered to manage Taoist temples to show their respect and courtesy, but in the name of "eating their wealth", they were called "Cilu". At first, the position of ambassador to the palace was very few. Xining, Wang Anshi was in power. In order to arrange people who oppose the political reform, it is stipulated that the number of palace officials is not limited, and officials at or above the prefecture level can be sent. The salary and term of office of any palace official should be given according to different levels.
Since the implementation of this system, the number of posts has been expanding. During the Zheng He period, there were nearly 100 officials in the temple. In the first year of Jingkang, Qin Zong wrote to a group of palace officials. After crossing the river, there will be no more palace officials, only three kinds of palace officials will be kept, namely, Yiquan Ambassador, Wanshou Palace Ambassador and Guardian Ambassador. In Shaoxing, when the scholar-officials were displaced, there was no official vacancy in the court, and Xu promised to "send the official to the palace once"; There are also many elected people (collectively known as low-level civil servants such as curtain officials and prefects), and there are no vacancies to fill, and giving Lu's unique skill to Yue Temple is an exception. There is also a tradition in the Song Dynasty. It is well known that senior officials who are over 60 years old (70 years old in the Southern Song Dynasty) can't be directors have to ask themselves to leave. This is a palace view. Those who don't admit themselves and the court has sent someone to interview the palace belong to the fall; However, the official department can still treat it as a gift from Chen Gongguan.
What is the essence of various preferential treatments for bureaucrats and literati? Wen Yanbo, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty, revealed it most clearly. He said, "Rule the world by scholar-officials, not by the people." ⒇ It should be said that these measures in the Song Dynasty really inspired the literati to "take the world as their own responsibility" and have certain positive significance.
Precautions:
(1) ⑽ ⑾ The Official History of the Song Dynasty.
⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃ ⒄ The Official History of the Song Dynasty, Volume II.
③ The History of Song Dynasty.
[5] [6] Selected Annals of Song History.
⑺ ⑻ Ten History of Song Dynasty.
⒅ Top Ten History of Song Dynasty.
⒇ "Long Compilation, Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Volume 22 1.